Influence of gravity on heavy particle statistics in turbulent channel and pipe flow at matched Kàrmàn number

In this work, we use large eddy simulations (LES) and Lagrangian tracking to study the influence of gravity on particle statistics in a fully developed turbulent upward/downward flow in a vertical channel and pipe at matched Kàrmàn number. Only drag and gravity are considered in the equation of motion for solid particles, which are assumed to have no influence on the flow field. Particle interactions with the wall are fully elastic. Our findings obtained from the particle statistics confirm that: (i) the gravity seems to modify both the quantitative and qualitative behavior of the particle distribution and statistics of the particle velocity in wall normal direction; (ii) however, only the quantitative behavior of velocity particle in streamwise direction and the root mean square of velocity components is modified; (iii) the statistics of fluid and particles coincide very well near the wall in channel and pipe flow with equal Kàrmàn number; (iv) pipe curvature seems to have quantitative and qualitative influence on the particle velocity and on the particle concentration in wall normal direction.

Air quality modeling and mortality impact of fine particles reduction policies in Spain

Background: In recent years, Spain has implemented a number of air quality control measures that are expected to lead to a future reduction in fine particle concentrations and an ensuing positive impact on public health. Objectives: We aimed to assess the impact on mortality attributable to a reduction in fine particle levels in Spain in 2014 in relation to the estimated level for 2007. Methods: To estimate exposure, we constructed fine particle distribution models for Spain for 2007 (reference scenario) and 2014 (projected scenario) with a spatial resolution of 16x16 km2. In a second step, we used the concentration-response functions proposed by cohort studies carried out in Europe (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects and Rome longitudinal cohort) and North America (American Cancer Society cohort, Harvard Six Cities study and Canadian national cohort) to calculate the number of attributable annual deaths corresponding to all causes, all non-accidental causes, ischemic heart disease and lung cancer among persons aged over 25 years (2005-2007 mortality rate data). We examined the effect of the Spanish demographic shift in our analysis using 2007 and 2012 population figures. Results: Our model suggested that there would be a mean overall reduction in fine particle levels of 1mg/m3 by 2014. Taking into account 2007 population data, between 8 and 15 all-cause deaths per 100,000 population could be postponed annually by the expected reduction in fine particle levels. For specific subgroups, estimates varied from 10 to 30 deaths for all non-accidental causes, from 1 to 5 for lung cancer, and from 2 to 6 for ischemic heart disease. The expected burden of preventable mortality would be even higher in the future due to the Spanish population growth. Taking into account the population older than 30 years in 2012, the absolute mortality impact estimate would increase approximately by 18%. Conclusions: Effective implementation of air quality measures in Spain, in a scenario with a short-term projection, would amount to an appreciable decline infine particle concentrations, and this, in turn, would lead to notable health-related benefits. Recent European cohort studies strengthen the evidence of an association between long-term exposure to fine particles and health effects, and could enhance the health impact quantification in Europe. Air quality models can contribute to improved assessment of air pollution health impact estimates, particularly in study areas without air pollution monitoring data.

Binary metal oxides for composite ultrafiltration membranes

A new ultrafiltration membrane was developed by the incorporation of binary metal oxides inside polyethersulfone. Physico-chemical characterization of the binary metal oxides demonstrated that the presence of Ti in the TiO2?ZrO2 system results in an increase of the size of the oxides, and also their dispersity. The crystalline phases of the synthesized binary metal oxides were identified as srilankite and zirconium titanium oxide. The effect of the addition of ZrO2 can be expressed in terms of the inhibition of crystal growth of anocrystalline TiO2 during the synthesis process. For photocatalytic applications the band gap of the synthesized semiconductors was determined, confirming a gradual increase (blue shift) in the band gap as the amount of Zr loading increases. Distinct distributions of binary metal oxides were found along the permeation axis for the synthesized membranes. Particles with Ti are more uniformly dispersed throughout the membrane cross-section. The physico-chemical characterization of membranes showed a strong correlation between some key membrane properties and the spatial particle distribution in the membrane structure. The proximity of metal oxide fillers to the membrane surface determines the hydrophilicity and porosity of modified membranes. Membranes incorporating binary metal oxides were found to be promising candidates for wastewater treatment by ultrafiltration, considering the observed improvement influx and anti-fouling properties of doped membranes. Multi-run fouling tests of doped membranes confirmed the stability of permeation through membranes embedded with binary TiO2?ZrO2 particles.

Calculation of the spatial distribution of photovoltaic field by arbitrary 2D ilumination patterns en LiNbO3; application to photovoltaic particle trapping.

Patterns of evanescent photovoltaic field induced by illumination on a surface of lithium niobate (LN) have been calculated and compared with the experimental patterns of nano- and microparticles trapped by dielectrophoretic forces. A tool for this calculation has been developed. Calculo de distribución espacial de campo por efecto fotovoltaico con patrones arbitrarios de iluminación, en LiNbO3

A packing computational method relating fractal particle size distribution and void fraction in granular media

The study of granular systems is of great interest to many fields of science and technology. The packing of particles affects to the physical properties of the granular system. In particular, the crucial influence of particle size distribution (PSD) on the random packing structure increase the interest in relating both, either theoretically or by computational methods. A packing computational method is developed in order to estimate the void fraction corresponding to a fractal-like particle size distribution.

Thermodynamic aproach to particle size distribution in granular media

The study of particulate systems is of great interest in many fields of science and technology. Soil, sediments, powders, granular materials, colloidal and particulate suspensions are examples of systems involving many size particles. For those systems, the statistical description of the particle size distribution (PSD), that is, the mathematical distribution that defines the relative amounts of particles present, sorted according to size, is a crutial issue. The PSD can be important in understanding soil hydraulic properties, the geological origin or sediments or the physical and chemical properties of granular materials and ceramics, among others.

Computer simulation of random parckings for self-similar particle size distributions in soil and granular materials: porosity and pore size distribution

A 2D computer simulation method of random packings is applied to sets of particles generated by a self-similar uniparametric model for particle size distributions (PSDs) in granular media. The parameter p which controls the model is the proportion of mass of particles corresponding to the left half of the normalized size interval [0,1]. First the influence on the total porosity of the parameter p is analyzed and interpreted. It is shown that such parameter, and the fractal exponent of the associated power scaling, are efficient packing parameters, but this last one is not in the way predicted in a former published work addressing an analogous research in artificial granular materials. The total porosity reaches the minimum value for p = 0.6. Limited information on the pore size distribution is obtained from the packing simulations and by means of morphological analysis methods. Results show that the range of pore sizes increases for decreasing values of p showing also different shape in the volume pore size distribution. Further research including simulations with a greater number of particles and image resolution are required to obtain finer results on the hierarchical structure of pore space.

A Packing Computational Method Relating Fractal Particle Size Distribution and Void Fraction in Granular Media

The study of granular systems is of great interest to many fields of science and technology. The packing of particles affects to the physical properties of the granular system. In particular, the crucial influence of particle size distribution (PSD) on the random packing structure increase the interest in relating both, either theoretically or by computational methods. A packing computational method is developed in order to estimate the void fraction corresponding to a fractal-like particle size distribution.

Quantifying the relationship between drainage networks at hillslope scale and particle size distribution at pedon scale

Nowadays, translating information about hydrologic and soil properties and processes across scales has emerged as a major theme in soil science and hydrology, and suitable theories for upscaling or downscaling hydrologic and soil information are being looked forward. The recognition of low-order catchments as self-organized systems suggests the existence of a great amount of links at different scales between their elements. The objective of this work was to research in areas of homogeneous bedrock material, the relationship between the hierarchical structure of the drainage networks at hillslope scale and the heterogeneity of the particle-size distribution at pedon scale. One of the most innovative elements in this work is the choice of the parameters to quantify the organization level of the studied features. The fractal dimension has been selected to measure the hierarchical structure of the drainage networks, while the Balanced Entropy Index (BEI) has been the chosen parameter to quantify the heterogeneity of the particle-size distribution from textural data. These parameters have made it possible to establish quantifiable relationships between two features attached to different steps in the scale range. Results suggest that the bedrock lithology of the landscape constrains the architecture of the drainage networks developed on it and the particle soil distribution resulting in the fragmentation processes.

Quantifying the relationship between drainage networks at hillslope scale and particle size distribution at pedon scale

Nowadays, translating information about hydrologic and soil properties and processes across scales has emerged as a major theme in soil science and hydrology, and suitable theories for upscaling or downscaling hydrologic and soil information are being looked forward. The recognition of low-order catchments as self-organized systems suggests the existence of a great amount of links at different scales between their elements. The objective of this work was to research in areas of homogeneous bedrock material, the relationship between the hierarchical structure of the drainage networks at hillslope scale and the heterogeneity of the particle-size distribution at pedon scale. One of the most innovative elements in this work is the choice of the parameters to quantify the organization level of the studied features. The fractal dimension has been selected to measure the hierarchical structure of the drainage networks, while the Balanced Entropy Index (BEI) has been the chosen parameter to quantify the heterogeneity of the particle-size distribution from textural data. These parameters have made it possible to establish quantifiable relationships between two features attached to different steps in the scale range. Results suggest that the bedrock lithology of the landscape constrains the architecture of the drainage networks developed on it and the particle soil distribution resulting in the fragmentation processes.

Three dimensional (3D) microstructure-based modeling of interfacial decohesion in particle reinforced metal matrix composites

Modeling and prediction of the overall elastic–plastic response and local damage mechanisms in heterogeneous materials, in particular particle reinforced composites, is a very complex problem. Microstructural complexities such as the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of particles, irregular morphology of the particles, and anisotropy in particle orientation after secondary processing, such as extrusion, significantly affect deformation behavior. We have studied the effect of particle/matrix interface debonding in SiC particle reinforced Al alloy matrix composites with (a) actual microstructure consisting of angular SiC particles and (b) idealized ellipsoidal SiC particles. Tensile deformation in SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites was modeled using actual microstructures reconstructed from serial sectioning approach. Interfacial debonding was modeled using user-defined cohesive zone elements. Modeling with the actual microstructure (versus idealized ellipsoids) has a significant influence on: (a) localized stresses and strains in particle and matrix, and (b) far-field strain at which localized debonding takes place. The angular particles exhibited higher degree of load transfer and are more sensitive to interfacial debonding. Larger decreases in stress are observed in the angular particles, because of the flat surfaces, normal to the loading axis, which bear load. Furthermore, simplification of particle morphology may lead to erroneous results.

1D and 2D neutral particle patterning by dielectrophoretic forces on z-cut Fe:LiNbO3 crystals

1D and 2D patterning of uncharged micro- and nanoparticles via dielectrophoretic forces on photovoltaic z-cut Fe:LiNbO3 have been investigated for the first time. The technique has been successfully applied with dielectric micro-particles of CaCO3 (diameter d = 1-3 μm) and metal nanoparticles of Al (d = 70 nm). At difference with previous experiments in x- and y-cut, the obtained patterns locally reproduce the light distribution with high fidelity. A simple model is provided to analyse the trapping process. The results show the remarkably good capabilities of this geometry for high quality 2D light-induced dielectrophoretic patterning overcoming the important limitations presented by previous configurations.

Efficient photo-induced dielectrophoretic particle trapping on Fe:LiNbO3 for arbitrary two dimensional patterning

1D and 2D patterning of uncharged micro- and nanoparticles via dielectrophoretic forces on photovoltaic z-cut Fe:LiNbO3 have been investigated for the first time. The technique has been successfully applied with dielectric micro-particles of CaCO3 (diameter d = 1-3 ?m) and metal nanoparticles of Al (d = 70 nm). At difference with previous experiments in x- and y-cut, the obtained patterns locally reproduce the light distribution with high fidelity. A simple model is provided to analyse the trapping process. The results show the remarkably good capabilities of this geometry for high quality 2D light-induced dielectrophoretic patterning overcoming the important limitations presented by previous configurations.