Caracterización de colectores para sistemas de concentración fotovoltaica

Este proyecto, titulado “Caracterización de colectores para concentración fotovoltaica”, consiste en una aplicación en Labview para obtener las características de los elementos ópticos utilizados en sistemas de concentración fotovoltaica , atendiendo a la distribución espacial del foco de luz concentrado que generan. Un sistema de concentración fotovoltaica utiliza un sistema óptico para transmitir la radiación luminosa a la célula solar aumentando la densidad de potencia luminosa. Estos sistemas ópticos están formados por espejos o lentes para recoger la radiación incidente en ellos y concentrar el haz de luz en una superficie mucho menor. De esta manera se puede reducir el área de material semiconductor necesario, lo que conlleva una importante reducción del coste del sistema. Se pueden distinguir diferentes sistemas de concentración dependiendo de la óptica que emplee, la estructura del receptor o el rango de concentración. Sin embargo, ya que el objetivo es analizar la distribución espacial, diferenciaremos dos tipos de concentradores dependiendo de la geometría que presenta el foco de luz. El concentrador lineal o cilíndrico que enfoca sobre una línea, y el concentrador de foco puntual o circular que enfoca la luz sobre un punto. Debido a esta diferencia el análisis en ambos casos se realizará de forma distinta. El análisis se realiza procesando una imagen del foco tomada en el lugar del receptor, este método se llama LS-CCD (Difusión de luz y captura con CCD). Puede utilizarse en varios montajes dependiendo si se capta la imagen por reflexión o por transmisión en el receptor. En algunos montajes no es posible captar la imagen perpendicular al receptor por lo que la aplicación realizará un ajuste de perspectiva para obtener el foco con su forma original. La imagen del foco ofrece información detallada acerca de la uniformidad del foco mediante el mapa de superficie, que es una representación en 3D de la imagen pero que resulta poco manejable. Una representación más sencilla y útil es la que ofrecen los llamados “perfiles de intensidad”. El perfil de intensidad o distribución de la irradiancia que representa la distribución de la luz para cada distancia al centro, y el perfil acumulado o irradiancia acumulada que representa la luz contenida en relación también al centro. Las representaciones de estos perfiles en el caso de un concentrador lineal y otro circular son distintas debido a su diferente geometría. Mientras que para un foco lineal se expresa el perfil en función de la semi-anchura del receptor, para uno circular se expresa en función del radio. En cualquiera de los casos ofrecen información sobre la uniformidad y el tamaño del foco de luz necesarios para diseñar el receptor. El objetivo de este proyecto es la creación de una aplicación software que realice el procesado y análisis de las imágenes obtenidas del foco de luz de los sistemas ópticos a caracterizar. La aplicación tiene una interfaz sencilla e intuitiva para que pueda ser empleada por cualquier usuario. Los recursos necesarios para realizar el proyecto son: un PC con sistema operativo Windows, el software Labview 8.6 Professional Edition y los módulos NI Vision Development Module (para trabajar con imágenes) y NI Report Generation Toolkit (para realizar reportes y guardar datos de la aplicación). ABSTRACT This project, called “Characterization of collectors for concentration photovoltaic systems”, consists in a Labview application to obtain the characteristics of the optical elements used in photovoltaic concentrator, taking into account the spatial distribution of concentrated light source generated. A concentrator photovoltaic system uses an optical system to transmit light radiation to the solar cell by increasing the light power density. This optical system are formed by mirrors or lenses to collect the radiation incident on them and focus the beam of light in a much smaller surface area. In this way you can reduce the area of semiconductor material needed, which implies a significant reduction in system cost. There are different concentration systems depending on the optics used, receptor structure or concentration range. However, as the aim is to analyze the spatial distribution, distinguish between two types of concentrators depending on the geometry that has the light focus. The linear or cylindrical concentrator that focused on a line, and the circular concentrator that focused light onto a point. Because this difference in both cases the analysis will be carried out differently. The analysis is performed by processing a focus image taken at the receiver site, this method is called “LS-CCD” (Light Scattering and CCD recording). Can be used in several mountings depending on whether the image is captured by reflection or transmission on the receiver. In some mountings it is not possible to capture the image perpendicular to the receivers so that the application makes an adjustment of perspective to get the focus to its original shape. The focus image provides detail information about the uniformity of focus through the surface map, which is a 3D image representation but it is unwieldy. A simple and useful representation is provided by so called “intensity profiles”. The intensity profile or irradiance distribution which represents the distribution of light to each distance to the center. The accumulated profile or accumulated irradiance that represents the cumulative light contained in relation also to the center. The representation of these profiles in the case of a linear and a circular concentrator are different due to their distinct geometry. While for a line focus profile is expressed in terms of semi-width of the receiver, for a circular concentrator is expressed in terms of radius. In either case provides information about the uniformity and size of focus needed to design the receiver. The objective of this project is the creation of a software application to perform processing and analysis of images obtained from light source of optical systems to characterize.The application has a simple and a intuitive interface so it can be used for any users. The resources required for the project are: a PC with Windows operating system, LabVIEW 8.6 Professional Edition and the modules NI Vision Development Module (for working with images) and NI Report Generation Toolkit (for reports and store application data .)

Sewage sludge gasification. Dolomite performance under different operating conditions

Gasification is a technology that can replace traditional management alternatives used up to date to deal with this waste (landfilling, composting and incineration) and which fulfils the social, environmental and legislative requirements. The main products of sewage sludge gasification are permanent gases (useful to generate energy or to be used as raw material in chemical synthesis processes), liquids (tars) and char. One of the main problems to be solved in gasification is tar production. Tars are organic impurities which can condense at relatively high temperatures making impossible to use the produced gases for most applications. This work deals with the effect of some primary tar removal processes (performed inside the gasifier) on sewage sludge gasification products. For this purpose, analysis of the gas composition, tar production, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion were carried out. The tests were performed with air in a laboratory scale plant consisting mainly of a bubbling bed gasifier. No catalyzed and catalyzed (10% wt of dolomite in the bed and in the feeding) tests were carried out at different temperatures (750ºC, 800ºC and 850ºC) in order to know the effect of these parameters in the gasification products. As far as tars were concerned, qualitative and quantitative tar composition was determined. In all tests the Equivalence Ratio (ER) was kept at 0.3. Temperature is one of the most influential variables in sewage sludge gasification. Higher temperatures favoured hydrogen and CO production while CO2 content decreased, which might be partially explained by the effect of the cracking, Boudouard and CO2 reforming reactions. At 850ºC, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion reached 49% and 76%, respectively. The presence of dolomite as catalyst increased the production of H2 reaching contents of 15.5% by volume at 850 °C. Similar behaviour was found for CO whereas CO2 and CnHm (light hydrocarbons) production decreased. In the presence of dolomite, a tar reduction of up to 51% was reached in comparison with no catalyzed tests, as well as improvements on cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion. Several assays were developed in order to test catalyst performance under more rough gasification conditions. For this purpose, the throughput value (TR), defined as kg sludge “as received” fed to the gasifier per hour and per m2 of cross sectional area of the gasifier, was modified. Specifically, the TR values used were 110 (reference value), 215 and 322 kg/h·m2. When TR increased, the H2, CO and CH4 production decreased while the CO2 and the CnHm production increased. Tar production increased drastically with TR during no catalysed tests what is related to the lower residence time of the gas inside the reactor. Nevertheless, even at TR=322 kg/h·m2, tar production decreased by nearly 50% with in-bed use of dolomite in comparison with no catalyzed assays under the same operating conditions. Regarding relative tar composition, there was an increase in benzene and naphthalene content when temperature increased while the content of the rest of compounds decreased. The dolomite seemed to be effective all over the range of molecular weight studied showing tar removal efficiencies between 35-55% in most cases. High values of the TR caused a significant increase in tar production but a slight effect on tar composition.

On track for solar grade silicon through a siemens process-type laboratory reactor: operating conditions and energy savings

Polysilicon cost impacts significantly on the photovoltaics (PV) cost and on the energy payback time. Nowadays, the besetting production process is the so called Siemens process, polysilicon deposition by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from Trichlorosilane. Polysilicon purification level for PV is to a certain extent less demanding that for microelectronics. At the Instituto de Energía Solar (IES) research on this subject is performed through a Siemens process-type laboratory reactor. Through the laboratory CVD prototype at the IES laboratories, valuable information about the phenomena involved in the polysilicon deposition process and the operating conditions is obtained. Polysilicon deposition by CVD is a complex process due to the big number of parameters involved. A study on the influence of temperature and inlet gas mixture composition on the polysilicon deposition growth rate, based on experimental experience, is shown. Moreover, CVD process accounts for the largest contribution to the energy consumption of the polysilicon production. In addition, radiation phenomenon is the major responsible for low energetic efficiency of the whole process. This work presents a model of radiation heat loss, and the theoretical calculations are confirmed experimentally through a prototype reactor at our disposal, yielding a valuable know-how for energy consumption reduction at industrial Siemens reactors.

Analysis of the operating efficiency of mobile operators during the 2002 to 2008 period

This article aims to quantify the efficiency of mobile operators in Spain and other European countries such as France and Germany. The period considered is from 2002 to 2008. Linear regression is used to analyze the relationship between growth in revenue and gross operating margin (EBITDA) generated by the relevant operators and the aggregate industry in each country. At the industry level, it is shown that (i) there is a strong correlation between revenue and margin; and (ii) this correlation weakens when competitive intensity grows. At the operator level, those which achieved larger increases in revenues did not sacrifice their margins, but offset the additional investments and costs required to achieve said growth through economies of scale.

Diseño e implementación de un controlador de ratón gestual para Microsoft Windows con Kinect - Touchless Gesture User Interface

El dispositivo Microsoft Kinect for Windows y similares, han introducido en el mundo del PC una nueva forma de interacción denominada “Touchless Gesture User Interface” o TGUI (Interfaz de Usuario por Gestos sin Contacto) [Gentile et al. 2011]. Se trata de una tecnología novedosa en proceso de evolución. La tecnología de Kinect detecta la presencia de un usuario y monitoriza la posición en el espacio de sus articulaciones principales. Esta información permite desarrollar aplicaciones que posibiliten interactuar al usuario con una computadora mediante gestos y sin la necesidad de estar en contacto con periférico alguno. Desde la invención del periférico ratón en los años 60, resulta curioso que con la frenética evolución que ha experimentado el mundo de la informática en todos estos años, este dispositivo no haya sufrido cambios significativos o no haya sido incluso sustituido por otro periférico. En este proyecto se ha abordado el reto de desarrollar un controlador de ratón gestual para Windows utilizando Microsoft Kinect, de tal forma que se sustituya el uso del típico ratón y sea el propio usuario el que actúe como controlador mediante gestos y movimientos de sus manos. El resultado es llamativo y aporta numerosas mejoras y novedades frente a aplicaciones similares, aunque deja en evidencia algunas de las limitaciones de la tecnología implementada por Kinect a día de hoy. Es de esperar que cuando evolucione su tecnología, su uso se convierta en cotidiano.

An Internet of Things approach for managing smart services provided by wearable devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing at a fast pace with new devices getting connected all the time. A new emerging group of these devices are the wearable devices, and Wireless Sensor Networks are a good way to integrate them in the IoT concept and bring new experiences to the daily life activities. In this paper we present an everyday life application involving a WSN as the base of a novel context-awareness sports scenario where physiological parameters are measured and sent to the WSN by wearable devices. Applications with several hardware components introduce the problem of heterogeneity in the network. In order to integrate different hardware platforms and to introduce a service-oriented semantic middleware solution into a single application, we propose the use of an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) as a bridge for guaranteeing interoperability and integration of the different environments, thus introducing a semantic added value needed in the world of IoT-based systems. This approach places all the data acquired (e.g., via Internet data access) at application developers disposal, opening the system to new user applications. The user can then access the data through a wide variety of devices (smartphones, tablets, computers) and Operating Systems (Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, etc.).

Estudio cinemático del cuerpo humano mediante Kinect

La cámara Kinect está desarrollada por Prime Sense en colaboración con Microsoft para la consola XBox, ofrece imágenes de profundidad gracias a un sensor infrarrojo. Este dispositivo también incluye una cámara RGB que ofrece imágenes a color además de una serie de micrófonos colocados de tal manera que son capaces de saber de qué ángulo proviene el sonido. En un principio Kinect se creó para el ocio doméstico pero su bajo precio (en comparación con otras cámaras de iguales características) y la aceptación por parte de desarrolladores han explotado sus posibilidades. El objetivo de este proyecto es, partiendo de estos datos, la obtención de variables cinemáticas tales como posición, velocidad y aceleración de determinados puntos de control del cuerpo de un individuo como pueden ser el cabeza, cuello, hombros, codos, muñecas, caderas, rodillas y tobillos a partir de los cuales poder extraer patrones de movimiento. Para ello se necesita un middleware mediante el entorno de libre distribución (GNU) multiplataforma. Como IDE se ha utilizado Processing, un entorno open source creado para proyectos de diseño. Además se ha utilizado el contenedor SimpleOpenNI, desarrollado por estudiantes e investigadores que trabajan con Kinect. Esto ofrece la posibilidad de prescindir del SDK de Microsoft, el cual es propietario y obliga a utilizar su sistema operativo, Windows. Usando estas herramientas se consigue una solución viable para varios sistemas operativos. Se han utilizado métodos y facilidades que ofrece el lenguaje orientado a objetos Java (Proccesing hereda de este), y se ha planteado una solución basada en un modelo cliente servidor que dota de escalabilidad al proyecto. El resultado del proyecto es útil en aplicaciones para poblaciones con riesgo de exclusión (como es el espectro autista), en telediagnóstico, y en general entornos donde se necesite estudiar hábitos y comportamientos a partir del movimiento humano. Con este proyecto se busca tener una continuidad mediante otras aplicaciones que analicen los datos ofrecidos. ABSTRACT. The Kinect camera is developed by PrimeSense in collaboration with Microsoft for the xBox console provides depth images thanks to an infrared sensor. This device also includes an RGB camera that provides color images in addition to a number of microphones placed such that they are able to know what angle the sound comes. Kinect initially created for domestic leisure but its low prices (compared to other cameras with the same characteristics) and acceptance by developers have exploited its possibilities. The objective of this project is based on this data to obtain kinematic variables such as position, velocity and acceleration of certain control points of the body of an individual from which to extract movement patterns. These points can be the head, neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees and ankles. This requires a middleware using freely distributed environment (GNU) platform. Processing has been used as a development environment, and open source environment created for design projects. Besides the container SimpleOpenNi has been used, it developed by students and researchers working with Kinect. This offers the possibility to dispense with the Microsoft SDK which owns and agrees to use its operating system, Windows. Using these tools will get a viable solution for multiple operating systems. We used methods and facilities of the Java object-oriented language (Processing inherits from this) and has proposed a solution based on a client-server model which provides scalability to the project. The result of the project is useful in applications to populations at risk of exclusion (such as autistic spectrum), in remote diagnostic, and in general environments that need study habits and behaviors from human motion. This project aims to have continuity using other applications to analyze the data provided.

Explotación de servicios de la Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de España (IDEE) en dispositivos móviles

En los últimos años el número de dispositivos móviles y smartphones ha aumentado drásticamente, así como el número de aplicaciones destinadas a estos. Los desarrolladores siempre se han visto frenados en la creación de estas aplicaciones debido a la complejidad que supone la diversidad de sistemas operativos (Android, iOS, Windows Phone, etc), que utilizan lenguajes de programación diferentes, haciendo que, para poder desarrollar una aplicación que funcione en estas plataformas, en verdad haya que implementar una aplicación independiente para cada una de las plataformas. Para solucionar este problema han surgido frameworks, como Appcelerator Titanium, que permiten escribir una sola vez la aplicación y compilarla para las diferentes plataformas móviles objetivo. Sin embargo, estos frameworks están aún en estado muy temprano de desarrollo, por lo que no resuelven toda la problemática ni dan una respuesta completa a los desarrolladores. El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado ha sido contribuir a la evolución de estos frameworks mediante la creación de un módulo para Appcelerator Titanium que permita construir de manera ágil aplicaciones multiplataforma que hagan uso de visualizadores de información geográfica. Para ello se propone el desarrollo de un módulo de mapa con soporte para capas WMS, rutas y polígonos en WKT, KML y GeoJSON. Se facilitará además que estas aplicaciones puedan acceder a capacidades del hardware como la brújula y el GPS para realizar un seguimiento de la localización, a la vez que se hace uso de la aceleración por el hardware subyacente para mejorar la velocidad y fluidez de la información visualizada en el mapa. A partir de este módulo se ha creado una aplicación que hace uso de todas sus características y posteriormente se ha migrado a la plataforma Wirecloud4Tablet como componente nativo que puede integrarse con otros componentes web (widgets) mediante técnicas de mashup. Gracias a esto se ha podido fusionar por un lado todas las ventajas que ofrece Wirecloud para el rápido desarrollo de aplicaciones sin necesidad de tener conocimientos de programación, junto con las ventajas que ofrecen las aplicaciones nativas en cuanto a rendimiento y características extras. Usando los resultados de este proyecto, se pueden crear de manera ágil aplicaciones composicionales nativas multiplataforma que hagan uso de visualización de información geográfica; es decir, se pueden crear aplicaciones en pocos minutos y sin conocimientos de programación que pueden ejecutar diferentes componentes (como el mapa) de manera nativa en múltiples plataformas. Se facilita también la integración de componentes nativos (como es el mapa desarrollado) con otros componentes web (widgets) en un mashup que puede visualizarse en dispositivos móviles mediante la plataforma Wirecloud. ---ABSTRACT---In recent years the number of mobile devices and smartphones has increased dramatically as well as the number of applications targeted at them. Developers always have been slowed in the creation of these applications due to the complexity caused by the diversity of operating systems (Android, iOS, Windows Phone, etc), each of them using different programming languages, so that, in order to develop an application that works on these platforms, the developer really has to implement a different application for each platform. To solve this problem frameworks such as Appcelerator Titanium have emerged, allowing developers to write the application once and to compile it for different target mobile platforms. However, these frameworks are still in very early stage of development, so they do not solve all the difficulties nor give a complete solution to the developers. The objective of this final year dissertation is to contribute to the evolution of these frameworks by creating a module for Appcelerator Titanium that permits to nimbly build multi-platform applications that make use of geographical information visualization. To this end, the development of a map module with support for WMS layers, paths, and polygons in WKT, KML, and GeoJSON is proposed. This module will also facilitate these applications to access hardware capabilities such as GPS and compass to track the location, while it makes use of the underlying hardware acceleration to improve the speed and fluidity of the information displayed on the map. Based on this module, it has been created an application that makes use of all its features and subsequently it has been migrated to the platform Wirecloud4Tablet as a native component that can be integrated with other web components (widgets) using mashup techniques. As a result, it has been fused on one side all the advantages Wirecloud provides for fast application development without the need of programming skills, along with the advantages of native apps, such as performance and extra features. Using the results of this project, compositional platform native applications that make use of geographical information visualization can be created in an agile way; ie, in a few minutes and without having programming skills, a developer could create applications that can run different components (like the map) natively on multiple platforms. It also facilitates the integration of native components (like the map) with other web components (widgets) in a mashup that can be displayed on mobile devices through the Wirecloud platform.

Active learning and generic competences in an operating systems course

The Bologna Declaration and the implementation of the European Higher Education Area are promoting the use of active learning methodologies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects obtained after applying active learning methodologies to the achievement of generic competences as well as to the academic performance. This study has been carried out at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, where these methodologies have been applied to the Operating Systems I subject of the degree in Technical Engineering in Computer Systems. The fundamental hypothesis tested was whether the implementation of active learning methodologies (cooperative learning and problem based learning) favours the achievement of certain generic competences (‘teamwork’ and ‘planning and time management’) and also whether this fact improved the academic performance of our students. The original approach of this work consists in using psychometric tests to measure the degree of acquired student’s generic competences instead of using opinion surveys, as usual. Results indicated that active learning methodologies improve the academic performance when compared to the traditional lecture/discussion method, according to the success rate obtained. These methods seem to have as well an effect on the teamwork competence (the perception of the behaviour of the other members in the group) but not on the perception of each students’ behaviour. Active learning does not produce any significant change in the generic competence ‘planning and time management'.

A CAD development strategy for the next years

This paper suggests a new strategy to develop CAD applications taking into account some of the most interesting proposals which have recently appeared in the technology development arena. Programming languages, operating systems, user devices, software architecture, user interfaces and user experience are among the elements which are considered for a new development framework. This strategy considers the organizational and architectural aspects of the CAD application together with the development framework. The architectural and organizational aspects are based on the programmed design concept, which can be implemented by means of a three-level software architecture. These levels are the conceptual level based on a declarative language, the mathematical level based on the geometric formulation of the product model and the visual level based on the polyhedral representation of the model as required by the graphic card. The development framework which has been considered is Windows 8. This operating system offers three development environments, one for web pplications (HTML5 + CSS3 + JavaScript), and other for native applications C/C++) and of course yet another for .NET applications (C#, VB, F#, etc.). The use rinterface and user experience for non-web application is described ith XAML (a well known declarative XML language) and the 3D API for games and design applications is DirectX. Additionally, Windows 8 facilitates the use of hybrid solutions, in which native and managed code can interoperate easily. Some of the most remarkable advantages of this strategy are the possibility of targeting both desktop and touch screen devices with the same development framework, the usage of several programming paradigms to apply the most appropriate language to each domain and the multilevel segmentation of developers and designers to facilitate the implementation of an open network of collaborators.

Análisis de bocinas en MatLab

El presente proyecto parte de un programa utilizado en las prácticas de laboratorio en la asignatura Antenas y Compatibilidad Electromagnética del sexto semestre llamado SABOR, que pretende ser actualizado para que en las nuevas versiones de los sistemas operativos ofrecidos por la compañía Windows pueda ser operativo. El objetivo principal será diseñar e implementar nuevas funcionalidades así como desarrollar mejoras y corregir errores del mismo. Para su mejor entendimiento se ha creado una herramienta en entorno MATLAB para analizar uno de los tipos más comunes de Apertura que se utilizan actualmente, las bocinas. Dicha herramienta es una interfaz gráfica que tiene como entradas las variables elementales de diseño de la apertura como por ejemplo: dimensiones de la propia bocina o los parámetros generales comunes a todas ellas. A su vez, el software nos genera algunos de los parámetros de salida fundamentales de las antenas: Directividad, Ancho de haz, Centro de fase y Spillover. Para el correcto desarrollo del software se ha realizado numerosas pruebas con el fin de depurar y corregir errores con respecto a la anterior versión del SABOR. Por otra parte se ha hecho también hincapié en la funcionalidad del programa para que sea más intuitivo y evitar complejidades. El tipo de antena que se pretende estudiar es la bocina que consiste en una guía de onda en la cual el área de la sección se va incrementando progresivamente hasta un extremo abierto, que se comporta como una apertura. Se utilizan extensamente en satélites comerciales para coberturas globales desde órbitas geoestacionarias, pero el uso más común es como elemento de radiación para reflectores de antenas. Los tipos de bocinas que se van a examinar en la herramienta son: Sectorial H, Sectorial E, Piramidal, Cónica, Cónica Corrugada y Piramidal Corrugada. El proyecto está desarrollado de manera que pueda servir de información teórico-práctico de todo el software SABOR. Por ello, el documento además de revisar la teoría de las bocinas analizadas, mostrará la información relacionada con la programación orientado a objetos en entorno MATLAB cuyo objetivo propio es adquirir una nueva forma de pensamiento acerca del proceso de descomposición de problemas y desarrollo de soluciones de programación. Finalmente se ha creado un manual de autoayuda para dar soporte al software y se han incluido los resultados de diversas pruebas realizadas para poder observar todos los detalles de su funcionamiento, así como las conclusiones y líneas futuras de acción. ABSTRACT This Project comes from a program used in the labs of the subject Antennas and Electromagnetic Compatibility in the sixth semester called SABOR, which aims to be updated in order to any type of computer running a Windows operating systems(Windows 7 and subsequent versions). The main objectives are design and improve existing functionalities and develop new features. In addition, we will correct mistakes in earlier versions. For a better understanding a new custom tool using MATLAB environment has been created to analyze one of the most common types of apertura antenna which is used for the moment, horns. This tool is a graphical interface that has elementary design variables as a inputs, for example: Dimensions of the own horn or common general parameters of all horns. At the same time, the software generate us some of the fundamental parameters of antennas output like Directivity, Beamwidth, Phase centre and Spillover. This software has been performed numerous tests for the proper functioning of the Software and we have been cared in order to debug and correct errors that were detected in earlier versions of SABOR. In addition, it has also been emphasized the program's functionality in order to be more intuitive and avoiding unnecessary barriers or complexities. The type of antenna that we are going to study is the horn which consists of a waveguides which the section area has been gradually increasing to an open-ended, that behaves as an aperture. It is widely used in comercial satellites for global coverage from geostationary orbits. However, the most common use is radiating element for antenna reflectors. The types of horns which is going to be considered are: Rectangular H-plane sectorial, Rectangular E-plane sectorial, Rectangular Pyramidal, Circular, Corrugated Circular and Corrugated Pyramidal. The Project is developed so that it can be used as practical-theorical information around the SABOR software. Therefore, In addition to thoroughly reviewing the theory document of analyzed horns, it display information related to the object-oriented programming in MATLAB environment whose goal leads us to a new way of thinking about the process of decomposition of problems and solutions development programming. Finally, it has been created a self-help manual in order to support the software and has been included the results of different tests to observe all the details of their operations, as well as the conclusions and future action lines.

Aprendizaje, simulación y desarrollo sobre las tecnologías de voz y datos

El objetivo del Proyecto Fin de Carrera (PFC) es el de conocer, simular y crear una red VoIP sobre una red de datos en un entorno docente, más concretamente, en la asignatura Redes y Servicios de telecomunicación en Grado en Ingeniería de Telecomunicaciones en la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM). Una vez se adquieran los conocimientos necesarios, se propondrán una serie de prácticas para que los alumnos se vayan familiarizando con el software y hardware utilizados, de manera que, se irá subiendo el grado de dificultad hasta que puedan realizar una auténtica red VoIP por sí mismos. A parte de la realización de las prácticas, los alumnos deberán pasar una prueba de los conocimientos adquiridos al final de cada práctica mediante preguntas tipo test. Los sistemas elegidos para la implantación de una red VoIP en los módulos de laboratorio son: 3CX System Phone y Asteisk-Trixbox. Los cuales, son capaces de trabajar mediante gestores gráficos para simplificar el nivel de dificultad de la configuración. 3CX es una PBX que trabaja sobre Windows y se basa exclusivamente en el protocolo SIP. Esto facilita el manejo para usuarios que solo han usado Windows sin quitar funcionalidades que tienen otras centralitas en otros sistemas operativos. La versión demo activa todas las opciones para poder familiarizarse con este sistema. Por otro lado, Asterisk trabaja en todas las plataformas, aunque se ha seleccionado trabajar sobre Linux. Esta selección se ha realizado porque el resto de plataformas limitan la configuración de la IP PBX, esta es de código abierto y permite realizar todo tipo de configuraciones. Además, es un software gratuito, esto es una ventaja a la hora de configurar novedades o resolver problemas, ya que hay muchos especialistas que dan soporte y ayudan de forma gratuita. La voz sobre Internet es habitualmente conocida como VoIP (Voice Over IP), debido a que IP (Internet Protocol) es el protocolo de red de Internet. Como tecnología, la VoIP no es solo un paso más en el crecimiento de las comunicaciones por voz, sino que supone integrar las comunicaciones de datos y las de voz en una misma red, y en concreto, en la red con mayor cobertura mundial: Internet. La mayor importancia y motivación de este Proyecto Fin de Carrera es que el alumno sea capaz de llegar a un entorno laboral y pueda tener unos conocimientos capaces de afrontar esta tecnología que esta tan a la orden del día. La importancia que estas redes tienen y tendrán en un futuro muy próximo en el mundo de la informática y las comunicaciones. Cabe decir, que se observa que estas disciplinas tecnológicas evolucionan a pasos agigantados y se requieren conocimientos más sólidos. ABSTRACT. The objective of my final project during my studies in university was, to simulate and create a VoIP network over a data network in a teaching environment, more specifically on the subject of telecommunications networks and services in Telecommunication Engineering Degree in Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM). Once acquiring the necessary knowledge a number of practices were proposed to the students to become familiar with the software and hardware used, so that it would rise to the level of difficulty that they could make a real VoIP network for themselves. Parts of the experimental practices were that students must pass a test of knowledge acquired at the end of each practice by choice questions. The systems chosen for the implementation of a VoIP network in the laboratory modules are: 3CX Phone System and Asteisk - Trixbox. Which were able to work with graphics operators to simplify the difficulty level of the configuration. 3CX is a PBX that works on Windows and is based solely on the SIP protocol. This facilitates handling for users who have only used Windows without removing functionality with other exchanges in other operating systems. Active demo version all options to get to grips with this system. Moreover, Asterisk works on all platforms, but has been selected to work on Linux. This selection was made because other platforms limit the IP PBX configuration, as this is open source and allows all kinds of configurations. Also, Linux is a free software and an advantage when configuring new or solve problems, as there are many specialists that support and help for free. Voice over Internet is commonly known as VoIP (Voice Over IP), because IP (Internet Protocol) is the Internet protocol network. As technology, VoIP is not just another step in the growth of voice communications, but communications of integrating data and voice on a single network, and in particular, in the network with the largest global coverage: Internet. The increased importance and motivation of this Thesis is that the student is able to reach a working environment and may have some knowledge to deal with these technologies that is so much the order of the day. The importances of these networks have and will be of essences in the very near future in the world of computing and communications. It must be said it is observed that these technological disciplines evolve by leaps and bounds stronger knowledge required.

Técnicas de diseño de pruebas en sistemas embebidos

El software es, cada vez más, una parte muy importante de cualquier circuito electrónico moderno, por ejemplo, un circuito realizado con algún tipo de microprocesador debe incorporar un programa de control por pequeño que sea. Al utilizarse programas informáticos en los circuitos electrónicos modernos, es muy aconsejable, por no decir imprescindible, realizar una serie de pruebas de calidad del diseño realizado. Estas pruebas son cada vez más complicadas de realizar debido al gran tamaño del software empleado en los sistemas actuales, por este motivo, es necesario estructurar una serie de pruebas con el fin de realizar un sistema de calidad, y en algunos casos, un sistema que no presente ningún peligro para el ser humano o el medio ambiente. Esta propuesta consta de la explicación de las técnicas de diseño de pruebas que existen actualmente (por lo menos las más básicas ya que es un tema muy extenso) para realizar el control de calidad del software que puede contener un sistema embebido. Además, muchos circuitos electrónicos, debido a su control o exigencia hardware, es imprescindible que sean manipulados por algún programa que requiera más que un simple microprocesador, me refiero a que se deban controlar por medio de un pequeño programa manipulado por un sistema operativo, ya sea Linux, AIX, Unix, Windows, etc., en este caso el control de calidad se debería llevar a cabo con otras técnicas de diseño. También se puede dar el caso que el circuito electrónico a controlar se deba hacer por medio de una página web. El objetivo es realizar un estudio de las actuales técnicas de diseño de pruebas que están orientadas al desarrollo de sistemas embebidos. ABSTRACT. Software is increasingly a very important part of any modern electronic circuit, for example, a circuit made with some type of microprocessor must incorporate a control program no matter the small it is. When computer programs are used in modern electronic circuits, it is quite advisable if not indispensable to perform a series of quality tests of the design. These tests are becoming more and more difficult to be performed due to the large size of the software used in current systems, which is why it is necessary to structure a series of tests in order to perform a quality system, and in some cases, a system with no danger to humans or to the environment. This proposal consists of an explanation of the techniques used in the tests (at least the most basic ones since it is a very large topic) for quality control of software which may contain an embedded system. In addition, a lot of electronic circuits, due to its control or required hardware, it is essential to be manipulated by a program that requires more than a simple microprocessor, I mean that they must be controlled by means of a small program handled by an operating system, being Linux, AIX, Unix, Windows, etc., in this case the quality control should be carried out with other design techniques. The objective is to study the current test design techniques that are geared to the development of embedded systems. It can also occur that the electronic circuit should be controlled by means of a web page.

An Implemented of a Real-Time Experimental Setup for Robotic Teleoperation System

The development of this work presents the implementation of an experimental platform, which will permit to investigate on a methodology for the design and analysis of a teleoperated system, considering the delay in the communication channel. The project has been developed in partnership with the laboratory of Automatic and Robotics of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and the Laboratory at the Centro de Tecnologías Avanzadas de Manufactura at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. The mechanical structure of the arm that is located in the remote side has been built and the electric servomechanism has been mounted to control their movement. The experimental test of the Teleoperation system has been developed. The PC104 card commands the power interface and sensors of the DC motor of each articulation of the arm. Has developed the drives for the management of the operations of the master and the slave: send/reception of position, speed, acceleration and current data through a CAN network. The programs for the interconnection through a LAN network, between the Windows Operating System and the Real-time Operating System (QNX), has been developed. The utility of the developed platform (hardware and software) has been demonstrated.

Optimization methods for the operating room management under uncertainty: stochastic programming vs. decomposition approach

The operating theatres are the engine of the hospitals; proper management of the operating rooms and its staff represents a great challenge for managers and its results impact directly in the budget of the hospital. This work presents a MILP model for the efficient schedule of multiple surgeries in Operating Rooms (ORs) during a working day. This model considers multiple surgeons and ORs and different types of surgeries. Stochastic strategies are also implemented for taking into account the uncertain in surgery durations (pre-incision, incision, post-incision times). In addition, a heuristic-based methods and a MILP decomposition approach is proposed for solving large-scale ORs scheduling problems in computational efficient way. All these computer-aided strategies has been implemented in AIMMS, as an advanced modeling and optimization software, developing a user friendly solution tool for the operating room management under uncertainty.