Identification procedure of mealy apples by instrumental means. Extraction of storage features.

Mealiness is a negative attribute of sensory texture that combines the sensation of a disaggregated tissue with the sensation of lack of juiciness. Since January 1996, a wide EC Project entitled : "Mealiness in fruits. Consumers perception and means for detection'" is being carried out. Within it, three sensory panels have been trained at : the Institute of Food Research (IFR, United Kingdom), the Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA, Spain) and the Institut voor Agrotechnologisch Onderzoek (ATO-DLO, Netherlands) to assess mealiness in apples. In all three cases, mealiness has been described as a multidimensional sensory descriptor capable of gathering the loss of consistency (of crispness and of hardness) and of juiciness. Also within the EC Project several instrumental procedures have been tested for mealiness assessment. In this sense the Physical Properties Laboratory (ETS1A-UPM) has focused its aims in a first stage on performing instrumental tests for assessing some textural descriptors as crispiness, hardness and juiciness. The results obtained within these tests have shown to correlate well with the sensory measurements (Barreiro et Ruiz-Altisent, 1997) in apples, but also have succeed when trying to generate several texture degradation levels on peaches from which mealiness appears to be the last stage (Ortiz et al. 1997).

Optimal safety incentives in road concession contracts

Changes in the roles of the government and the private sector in the provision of public services along with budget constraints are resulting in an increasing use of the concession approach for financing and managing roads. In the last few years, many of these contracts set up incentives linked to bonuses to encourage the concessionaire to render a better service to the users. Road safety is one the aspects on the basis of which concessionaires can be rewarded according to their performance. The goal of this paper is to evaluate whether road safety incentives are being defined in the right way nowadays in different European countries and also identify what incentives would need to be implemented to achieve a socially optimal road safety level. To that end, we develop a specific incentive for road concession contracts that encourages companies to achieve the optimal level. We apply this methodology to three case studies of concessions recently awarded in order to determine to what extend the incentives they set up are closer or farther to the optimum.