A new procedure for race analysis in swimming based on individual distance measurements

biomecanica de la natación

A set of canonical problems in sloshing. Part 0: Experimental setup and data processing

In a series of attempts to research and document relevant sloshing type phenomena, a series of experiments have been conducted. The aim of this paper is to describe the setup and data processing of such experiments. A sloshing tank is subjected to angular motion. As a result pressure registers are obtained at several locations, together with the motion data, torque and a collection of image and video information. The experimental rig and the data acquisition systems are described. Useful information for experimental sloshing research practitioners is provided. This information is related to the liquids used in the experiments, the dying techniques, tank building processes, synchronization of acquisition systems, etc. A new procedure for reconstructing experimental data, that takes into account experimental uncertainties, is presented. This procedure is based on a least squares spline approximation of the data. Based on a deterministic approach to the first sloshing wave impact event in a sloshing experiment, an uncertainty analysis procedure of the associated first pressure peak value is described.

Shadow Analysis of Soil Surface Roughness Compared to the Chain Set Method and Direct Measurement of Micro-relief.

Erosion potential and the effects of tillage can be evaluated from quantitative descriptions of soil surface roughness. The present study therefore aimed to fill the need for a reliable, low-cost and convenient method to measure that parameter. Based on the interpretation of micro-topographic shadows, this new procedure is primarily designed for use in the field after tillage. The principle underlying shadow analysis is the direct relationship between soil surface roughness and the shadows cast by soil structures under fixed sunlight conditions. The results obtained with this method were compared to the statistical indexes used to interpret field readings recorded by a pin meter. The tests were conducted on 4-m2 sandy loam and sandy clay loam plots divided into 1-m2 subplots tilled with three different tools: chisel, tiller and roller. The highly significant correlation between the statistical indexes and shadow analysis results obtained in the laboratory as well as in the field for all the soil?tool combinations proved that both variability (CV) and dispersion (SD) are accommodated by the new method. This procedure simplifies the interpretation of soil surface roughness and shortens the time involved in field operations by a factor ranging from 12 to 20.

A bi-cubic transformation for the numerical evaluation of the Cauchy principal value integrals in boundary methods

The numerical strategies employed in the evaluation of singular integrals existing in the Cauchy principal value (CPV) sense are, undoubtedly, one of the key aspects which remarkably affect the performance and accuracy of the boundary element method (BEM). Thus, a new procedure, based upon a bi-cubic co-ordinate transformation and oriented towards the numerical evaluation of both the CPV integrals and some others which contain different types of singularity is developed. Both the ideas and some details involved in the proposed formulae are presented, obtaining rather simple and-attractive expressions for the numerical quadrature which are also easily embodied into existing BEM codes. Some illustrative examples which assess the stability and accuracy of the new formulae are included.

Elastostatics

In this chapter, we are going to describe the main features as well as the basic steps of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) as applied to elastostatic problems and to compare them with other numerical procedures. As we shall show, it is easy to appreciate the adventages of the BEM, but it is also advisable to refrain from a possible unrestrained enthusiasm, as there are also limitations to its usefulness in certain types of problems. The number of these problems, nevertheless, is sufficient to justify the interest and activity that the new procedure has aroused among researchers all over the world. Briefly speaking, the most frequently used version of the BEM as applied to elastostatics works with the fundamental solution, i.e. the singular solution of the governing equations, as an influence function and tries to satisfy the boundary conditions of the problem with the aid of a discretization scheme which consists exclusively of boundary elements. As in other numerical methods, the BEM was developed thanks to the computational possibilities offered by modern computers on totally "classical" basis. That is, the theoretical grounds are based on linear elasticity theory, incorporated long ago into the curricula of most engineering schools. Its delay in gaining popularity is probably due to the enormous momentum with which Finite Element Method (FEM) penetrated the professional and academic media. Nevertheless, the fact that these methods were developed before the BEM has been beneficial because de BEM successfully uses those results and techniques studied in past decades. Some authors even consider the BEM as a particular case of the FEM while others view both methods as special cases of the general weighted residual technique. The first paper usually cited in connection with the BEM as applied to elastostatics is that of Rizzo, even though the works of Jaswon et al., Massonet and Oliveira were published at about the same time, the reason probably being the attractiveness of the "direct" approach over the "indirect" one. The work of Tizzo and the subssequent work of Cruse initiated a fruitful period with applicatons of the direct BEM to problems of elastostacs, elastodynamics, fracture, etc. The next key contribution was that of Lachat and Watson incorporating all the FEM discretization philosophy in what is sometimes called the "second BEM generation". This has no doubt, led directly to the current developments. Among the various researchers who worked on elastostatics by employing the direct BEM, one can additionallly mention Rizzo and Shippy, Cruse et al., Lachat and Watson, Alarcón et al., Brebbia el al, Howell and Doyle, Kuhn and Möhrmann and Patterson and Sheikh, and among those who used the indirect BEM, one can additionally mention Benjumea and Sikarskie, Butterfield, Banerjee et al., Niwa et al., and Altiero and Gavazza. An interesting version of the indirct method, called the Displacement Discontinuity Method (DDM) has been developed by Crounh. A comprehensive study on various special aspects of the elastostatic BEM has been done by Heisse, while review-type articles on the subject have been reported by Watson and Hartmann. At the present time, the method is well established and is being used for the solution of variety of problems in engineering mechanics. Numerous introductory and advanced books have been published as well as research-orientated ones. In this sense, it is worth noting the series of conferences promoted by Brebbia since 1978, wich have provoked a continuous research effort all over the world in relation to the BEM. In the following sections, we shall concentrate on developing the direct BEM as applied to elastostatics.

The variability and interdependence of spider viscid line tensile properties

True stress-true strain curves of naturally spun viscid line fibers retrieved directly from the spiral of orb-webs built by Argiope trifasciata spiders were measured using a novel methodology. This new procedure combines a method for removing the aqueous coating of the fibers and a technique that allows the accurate measurement of their cross sectional area. Comparison of the tensile behaviour of different samples indicates that naturally spun viscid lines show a large variability, comparable to that of other silks, such as major ampullate gland silk and silkworm silk. Nevertheless, application of a statistical analysis allowed identifying two independent parameters that underlie the variability and characterize the observed range of true stress-true strain curves. Combination of this result with previous mechanical and microstructural data suggested the assignment of these two independent effects to the degree of alignment of the protein chains and to the local relative humidity which, in turn, depends on the composition of the viscous coating and on the external environmental conditions.

Mejora de los modelos térmicos de las presas bóveda en explotación : aplicación al análisis del efecto del cambio climático

Las cargas de origen térmico causadas por las acciones medioambientales generan esfuerzos apreciables en estructuras hiperestáticas masivas, como es el caso de las presas bóvedas. Ciertas investigaciones apuntan que la variación de la temperatura ambiental es la segunda causa de reparaciones en las presas del hormigón en servicio. Del mismo modo, es una causa de fisuración en un porcentaje apreciable de casos. Las presas son infraestructuras singulares por sus dimensiones, su vida útil, su impacto sobre el territorio y por el riesgo que implica su presencia. La evaluación de ese riesgo requiere, entre otras herramientas, de modelos matemáticos de predicción del comportamiento. Los modelos han de reproducir la realidad del modo más fidedigno posible. Además, en un escenario de posible cambio climático en el que se prevé un aumento de las temperaturas medias, la sociedad ha de conocer cuál será el comportamiento estructural de las infraestructuras sensibles en los futuros escenarios climáticos. No obstante, existen escasos estudios enfocados a determinar el campo de temperaturas de las presas de hormigón. Así, en esta investigación se han mejorado los modelos de cálculo térmico existentes con la incorporación de nuevos fenómenos físicos de transferencia de calor entre la estructura y el medio ambiente que la rodea. También se han propuesto nuevas metodologías más eficientes para cuantificar otros mecanismos de transferencia de calor. La nueva metodología se ha aplicado a un caso de estudio donde se disponía de un amplio registro de temperaturas de su hormigón. Se ha comprobado la calidad de las predicciones realizadas por los diversos modelos térmicos en el caso piloto. También se han comparado los resultados de los diversos modelos entre sí. Finalmente, se ha determinado las consecuencias de las predicciones de las temperaturas por algunos de los modelos térmicos sobre la respuesta estructural del caso de estudio. Los modelos térmicos se han empleado para caracterizar térmicamente las presas bóveda. Se ha estudiado el efecto de ciertas variables atmosféricas y determinados aspectos geométricos de las presas sobre su respuesta térmica. También se ha propuesto una metodología para evaluar la respuesta térmica y estructural de las infraestructuras frente a los posibles cambios meteorológicos inducidos por el cambio climático. La metodología se ha aplicado a un caso de estudio, una presa bóveda, y se ha obtenido su futura respuesta térmica y estructural frente a diversos escenarios climáticos. Frente a este posible cambio de las variables meteorológicas, se han detallado diversas medidas de adaptación y se ha propuesto una modificación de la normativa española de proyecto de presas en el punto acerca del cálculo de la distribución de temperaturas de diseño. Finalmente, se han extraído una serie de conclusiones y se han sugerido posibles futuras líneas de investigación para ampliar el conocimiento del fenómeno de la distribución de temperaturas en el interior de las presas y las consecuencias sobre su respuesta estructural. También se han propuesto futuras investigaciones para desarrollar nuevos procedimiento para definir las cargas térmicas de diseño, así como posibles medidas de adaptación frente al cambio climático. Thermal loads produced by external temperature variations may cause stresses in massive hyperstatic structures, such as arch dams. External temperature changes are pointed out as the second most major repairs in dams during operation. Moreover, cracking is caused by thermal loads in a quite number of cases. Dams are unique infrastructures given their dimensions, lifetime, spatial impacts and the risks involve by their presence. The risks are assessed by means of mathematical models which compute the behavior of the structure. The behavior has to be reproduced as reliable as possible. Moreover, since mean temperature on Earth is expected to increase, society has to know the structural behavior of sensitive structures to climate change. However, few studies have addressed the assessment of the thermal field in concrete dams. Thermal models are improved in this research. New heat transfer phenomena have been accounted for. Moreover, new and more efficient methodologies for computing other heat transfer phenomena have been proposed. The methodology has been applied to a case study where observations from thermometers embedded in the concrete were available. Recorded data were predicted by several thermal models and the quality of the predictions was assessed. Furthermore, predictions were compared between them. Finally, the consequences on the stress calculations were analyzed. Thermal models have been used to characterize arch dams from a thermal point of view. The effect of some meteorological and geometrical variables on the thermal response of the dam has been analyzed. Moreover, a methodology for assessing the impacts of global warming on the thermal and structural behavior of infrastructures has been proposed. The methodology was applied to a case study, an arch dam, and its thermal and structural response to several future climatic scenarios was computed. In addition, several adaptation strategies has been outlined and a new formulation for computing design thermal loads in concrete dams has been proposed. Finally, some conclusions have been reported and some future research works have been outlined. Future research works will increase the knowledge of the concrete thermal field and its consequences on the structural response of the infrastructures. Moreover, research works will develope a new procedure for computing the design thermal loads and will study some adaptation strategies against the climate change.

A new approach on the long term dynamics of neo's under Yarkorsky effect

To calculate the force associated with the Yarkovsky effect the temperature distribution on the surface of the asteroid should be determined; it depends on the asteroid orbit, size and shape, spin axis orientation and period, mass, density of surface layers, albedo, thermal conductivity, capacity and IR emissivity of the material. The uncertainty of many of these parameters invites to develop simplified methods to calculate the influence of the Yarkovsky effect on long term dynamics of asteroids. In this paper we present one of this method based in a special perturbation procedure developed in our group.

Calibration proposal for new antenna array architectures and technologies for space communications

In large antenna arrays with a large number of antenna elements, the required number of measurements for the characterization of the antenna array is very demanding in cost and time. This letter presents a new offline calibration process for active antenna arrays that reduces the number of measurements by subarray-level characterization. This letter embraces measurements, characterization, and calibration as a global procedure assessing about the most adequate calibration technique and computing of compensation matrices. The procedure has been fully validated with measurements of a 45-element triangular panel array designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite tracking that compensates the degradation due to gain and phase imbalances and mutual coupling.

A new feature extraction method for signal classification applied to cat spinal cord signals

In the spinal cord of the anesthetized cat, spontaneous cord dorsum potentials (CDPs) appear synchronously along the lumbo-sacral segments. These CDPs have different shapes and magnitudes. Previous work has indicated that some CDPs appear to be specially associated with the activation of spinal pathways that lead to primary afferent depolarization and presynaptic inhibition. Visual detection and classification of these CDPs provides relevant information on the functional organization of the neural networks involved in the control of sensory information and allows the characterization of the changes produced by acute nerve and spinal lesions. We now present a novel feature extraction approach for signal classification, applied to CDP detection. The method is based on an intuitive procedure. We first remove by convolution the noise from the CDPs recorded in each given spinal segment. Then, we assign a coefficient for each main local maximum of the signal using its amplitude and distance to the most important maximum of the signal. These coefficients will be the input for the subsequent classification algorithm. In particular, we employ gradient boosting classification trees. This combination of approaches allows a faster and more accurate discrimination of CDPs than is obtained by other methods.

Maximum likelihood estimation of new state space models for operational modal analysis

The modal analysis of a structural system consists on computing its vibrational modes. The experimental way to estimate these modes requires to excite the system with a measured or known input and then to measure the system output at different points using sensors. Finally, system inputs and outputs are used to compute the modes of vibration. When the system refers to large structures like buildings or bridges, the tests have to be performed in situ, so it is not possible to measure system inputs such as wind, traffic, . . .Even if a known input is applied, the procedure is usually difficult and expensive, and there are still uncontrolled disturbances acting at the time of the test. These facts led to the idea of computing the modes of vibration using only the measured vibrations and regardless of the inputs that originated them, whether they are ambient vibrations (wind, earthquakes, . . . ) or operational loads (traffic, human loading, . . . ). This procedure is usually called Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), and in general consists on to fit a mathematical model to the measured data assuming the unobserved excitations are realizations of a stationary stochastic process (usually white noise processes). Then, the modes of vibration are computed from the estimated model. The first issue investigated in this thesis is the performance of the Expectation- Maximization (EM) algorithm for the maximum likelihood estimation of the state space model in the field of OMA. The algorithm is described in detail and it is analysed how to apply it to vibration data. After that, it is compared to another well known method, the Stochastic Subspace Identification algorithm. The maximum likelihood estimate enjoys some optimal properties from a statistical point of view what makes it very attractive in practice, but the most remarkable property of the EM algorithm is that it can be used to address a wide range of situations in OMA. In this work, three additional state space models are proposed and estimated using the EM algorithm: • The first model is proposed to estimate the modes of vibration when several tests are performed in the same structural system. Instead of analyse record by record and then compute averages, the EM algorithm is extended for the joint estimation of the proposed state space model using all the available data. • The second state space model is used to estimate the modes of vibration when the number of available sensors is lower than the number of points to be tested. In these cases it is usual to perform several tests changing the position of the sensors from one test to the following (multiple setups of sensors). Here, the proposed state space model and the EM algorithm are used to estimate the modal parameters taking into account the data of all setups. • And last, a state space model is proposed to estimate the modes of vibration in the presence of unmeasured inputs that cannot be modelled as white noise processes. In these cases, the frequency components of the inputs cannot be separated from the eigenfrequencies of the system, and spurious modes are obtained in the identification process. The idea is to measure the response of the structure corresponding to different inputs; then, it is assumed that the parameters common to all the data correspond to the structure (modes of vibration), and the parameters found in a specific test correspond to the input in that test. The problem is solved using the proposed state space model and the EM algorithm. Resumen El análisis modal de un sistema estructural consiste en calcular sus modos de vibración. Para estimar estos modos experimentalmente es preciso excitar el sistema con entradas conocidas y registrar las salidas del sistema en diferentes puntos por medio de sensores. Finalmente, los modos de vibración se calculan utilizando las entradas y salidas registradas. Cuando el sistema es una gran estructura como un puente o un edificio, los experimentos tienen que realizarse in situ, por lo que no es posible registrar entradas al sistema tales como viento, tráfico, . . . Incluso si se aplica una entrada conocida, el procedimiento suele ser complicado y caro, y todavía están presentes perturbaciones no controladas que excitan el sistema durante el test. Estos hechos han llevado a la idea de calcular los modos de vibración utilizando sólo las vibraciones registradas en la estructura y sin tener en cuenta las cargas que las originan, ya sean cargas ambientales (viento, terremotos, . . . ) o cargas de explotación (tráfico, cargas humanas, . . . ). Este procedimiento se conoce en la literatura especializada como Análisis Modal Operacional, y en general consiste en ajustar un modelo matemático a los datos registrados adoptando la hipótesis de que las excitaciones no conocidas son realizaciones de un proceso estocástico estacionario (generalmente ruido blanco). Posteriormente, los modos de vibración se calculan a partir del modelo estimado. El primer problema que se ha investigado en esta tesis es la utilización de máxima verosimilitud y el algoritmo EM (Expectation-Maximization) para la estimación del modelo espacio de los estados en el ámbito del Análisis Modal Operacional. El algoritmo se describe en detalle y también se analiza como aplicarlo cuando se dispone de datos de vibraciones de una estructura. A continuación se compara con otro método muy conocido, el método de los Subespacios. Los estimadores máximo verosímiles presentan una serie de propiedades que los hacen óptimos desde un punto de vista estadístico, pero la propiedad más destacable del algoritmo EM es que puede utilizarse para resolver un amplio abanico de situaciones que se presentan en el Análisis Modal Operacional. En este trabajo se proponen y estiman tres modelos en el espacio de los estados: • El primer modelo se utiliza para estimar los modos de vibración cuando se dispone de datos correspondientes a varios experimentos realizados en la misma estructura. En lugar de analizar registro a registro y calcular promedios, se utiliza algoritmo EM para la estimación conjunta del modelo propuesto utilizando todos los datos disponibles. • El segundo modelo en el espacio de los estados propuesto se utiliza para estimar los modos de vibración cuando el número de sensores disponibles es menor que vi Resumen el número de puntos que se quieren analizar en la estructura. En estos casos es usual realizar varios ensayos cambiando la posición de los sensores de un ensayo a otro (múltiples configuraciones de sensores). En este trabajo se utiliza el algoritmo EM para estimar los parámetros modales teniendo en cuenta los datos de todas las configuraciones. • Por último, se propone otro modelo en el espacio de los estados para estimar los modos de vibración en la presencia de entradas al sistema que no pueden modelarse como procesos estocásticos de ruido blanco. En estos casos, las frecuencias de las entradas no se pueden separar de las frecuencias del sistema y se obtienen modos espurios en la fase de identificación. La idea es registrar la respuesta de la estructura correspondiente a diferentes entradas; entonces se adopta la hipótesis de que los parámetros comunes a todos los registros corresponden a la estructura (modos de vibración), y los parámetros encontrados en un registro específico corresponden a la entrada en dicho ensayo. El problema se resuelve utilizando el modelo propuesto y el algoritmo EM.

Procedure for verification of sound source coverage over façades according to the International Standard ISO 140-5

This paper presents a new verification procedure for sound source coverage according to ISO 140?5 requirements. The ISO 140?5 standard applies to the measurement of façade insulation and requires a sound source able to achieve a sufficiently uniform sound field in free field conditions on the façade under study. The proposed method involves the electroacoustic characterisation of the sound source in laboratory free field conditions (anechoic room) and the subsequent prediction by computer simulation of the sound free field radiated on a rectangular surface equal in size to the façade being measured. The loudspeaker is characterised in an anechoic room under laboratory controlled conditions, carefully measuring directivity, and then a computer model is designed to calculate the acoustic free field coverage for different loudspeaker positions and façade sizes. For each sound source position, the method provides the maximum direct acoustic level differences on a façade specimen and therefore determines whether the loudspeaker verifies the maximum allowed level difference of 5 dB (or 10 dB for façade dimensions greater than 5 m) required by the ISO standard. Additionally, the maximum horizontal dimension of the façade meeting the standard is calculated and provided for each sound source position, both with the 5 dB and 10 dB criteria. In the last section of the paper, the proposed procedure is compared with another method used by the authors in the past to achieve the same purpose: in situ outdoor measurements attempting to recreate free field conditions. From this comparison, it is concluded that the proposed method is able to reproduce the actual measurements with high accuracy, for example, the ground reflection effect, at least at low frequencies, which is difficult to avoid in the outdoor measurement method, and it is fully eliminated with the proposed method to achieve the free field requisite.

LED bulb lamps technical specification and testing procedure for solar home systems.

With the consolidation of the new solid state lighting LEOs devices, te5t1n9 the compliance 01 lamps based on this technology lor Solar Home Systems (SHS) have been analyzed. The definition of the laboratory procedures to be used with final products 15 a necessary step in arder to be able to assure the quality of the lamps prior to be installed [1]. As well as with CFL technology. particular attention has been given to simplicity and technical affordability in arder to facilitate the implementation of the test with basie and simple laboratory too15 even on the same SHS electrification program locations. The block of test procedures has been applied to a set of 14 low-cost lamps. They apply to lamp resistance, reliability and performance under normal, extreme and abnormal operating conditions as a simple but complete quality meter tool 01 any LEO bulb.

Nuevas arquitecturas de transpondedores de microondas = New transponder architectures at microwave frequencies = Nouvelles architectures des transpondeurs d’hyperfréquences

En la última década, los sistemas de telecomunicación de alta frecuencia han evolucionado tremendamente. Las bandas de frecuencias, los anchos de banda del usuario, las técnicas de modulación y otras características eléctricas están en constante cambio de acuerdo a la evolución de la tecnología y la aparición de nuevas aplicaciones. Las arquitecturas de los transceptores modernos son diferentes de las tradicionales. Muchas de las funciones convencionalmente realizadas por circuitos analógicos han sido asignadas gradualmente a procesadores digitales de señal, de esta manera, las fronteras entre la banda base y las funcionalidades de RF se difuminan. Además, los transceptores inalámbricos digitales modernos son capaces de soportar protocolos de datos de alta velocidad, por lo que emplean una elevada escala de integración para muchos de los subsistemas que componen las diferentes etapas. Uno de los objetivos de este trabajo de investigación es realizar un estudio de las nuevas configuraciones en el desarrollo de demostradores de radiofrecuencia (un receptor y un transmisor) y transpondedores para fines de comunicaciones y militares, respectivamente. Algunos trabajos se han llevado a cabo en el marco del proyecto TECRAIL, donde se ha implementado un demostrador de la capa física LTE para evaluar la viabilidad del estándar LTE en el entorno ferroviario. En el ámbito militar y asociado al proyecto de calibración de radares (CALRADAR), se ha efectuado una actividad importante en el campo de la calibración de radares balísticos Doppler donde se ha analizado cuidadosamente su precisión y se ha desarrollado la unidad generadora de Doppler de un patrón electrónico para la calibración de estos radares. Dicha unidad Doppler es la responsable de la elevada resolución en frecuencia del generador de “blancos” radar construido. Por otro lado, se ha elaborado un análisis completo de las incertidumbres del sistema para optimizar el proceso de calibración. En una segunda fase se han propuesto soluciones en el desarrollo de dispositivos electro-ópticos para aplicaciones de comunicaciones. Estos dispositivos son considerados, debido a sus ventajas, tecnologías de soporte para futuros dispositivos y subsistemas de RF/microondas. Algunas demandas de radio definida por software podrían cubrirse aplicando nuevos conceptos de circuitos sintonizables mediante parámetros programables de un modo dinámico. También se ha realizado una contribución relacionada con el diseño de filtros paso banda con topología “Hairpin”, los cuales son compactos y se pueden integrar fácilmente en circuitos de microondas en una amplia gama de aplicaciones destinadas a las comunicaciones y a los sistemas militares. Como importante aportación final, se ha presentado una propuesta para ecualizar y mejorar las transmisiones de señales discretas de temporización entre los TRMs y otras unidades de procesamiento, en el satélite de última generación SEOSAR/PAZ. Tras un análisis exhaustivo, se ha obtenido la configuración óptima de los buses de transmisión de datos de alta velocidad basadas en una red de transceptores. ABSTRACT In the last decade, high-frequency telecommunications systems have extremely evolved. Frequency bands, user bandwidths, modulation techniques and other electrical characteristics of these systems are constantly changing following to the evolution of technology and the emergence of new applications. The architectures of modern transceivers are different from the traditional ones. Many of the functions conventionally performed by analog circuitry have gradually been assigned to digital signal processors. In this way, boundaries between baseband and RF functionalities are diffused. The design of modern digital wireless transceivers are capable of supporting high-speed data protocols. Therefore, a high integration scale is required for many of the components in the block chain. One of the goals of this research work is to investigate new configurations in the development of RF demonstrators (a receiver and a transmitter) and transponders for communications and military purposes, respectively. A LTE physical layer demonstrator has been implemented to assess the viability of LTE in railway scenario under the framework of the TECRAIL project. An important activity, related to the CALRADAR project, for the calibration of Doppler radars with extremely high precision has been performed. The contribution is the Doppler unit of the radar target generator developed that reveals a high frequency resolution. In order to assure the accuracy of radar calibration process, a complete analysis of the uncertainty in the above mentioned procedure has been carried out. Another important research topic has been the development of photonic devices that are considered enabling technologies for future RF and microwave devices and subsystems. Some Software Defined Radio demands are addressed by the proposed novel circuit concepts based on photonically tunable elements with dynamically programmable parameters. A small contribution has been made in the field of Hairpin-line bandpass filters. These filters are compact and can also be easily integrated into microwave circuits finding a wide range of applications in communication and military systems. In this research field, the contributions made have been the improvements in the design and the simulations of wideband filters. Finally, an important proposal to balance and enhance transmissions of discrete timing signals between TRMs and other processing units into the state of the art SEOSAR/PAZ Satellite has been carried out obtaining the optimal configuration of the high-speed data transmission buses based on a transceiver network. RÉSUMÉ Les systèmes d'hyperfréquence dédiés aux télécommunications ont beaucoup évolué dans la dernière décennie. Les bandes de fréquences, les bandes passantes par utilisateur, les techniques de modulation et d'autres caractéristiques électriques sont en constant changement en fonction de l'évolution des technologies et l'émergence de nouvelles applications. Les architectures modernes des transcepteurs sont différentes des traditionnelles. Un grand nombre d’opérations normalement effectuées par les circuits analogiques a été progressivement alloué à des processeurs de signaux numériques. Ainsi, les frontières entre la bande de base et la fonctionnalité RF sont floues. Les transcepteurs sans fils numériques modernes sont capables de transférer des données à haute vitesse selon les différents protocoles de communication utilisés. C'est pour cette raison qu’un niveau élevé d'intégration est nécessaire pour un grand nombre de composants qui constitue les différentes étapes des systèmes. L'un des objectifs de cette recherche est d'étudier les nouvelles configurations dans le développement des démonstrateurs RF (récepteur et émetteur) et des transpondeurs à des fins militaire et de communication. Certains travaux ont été réalisés dans le cadre du projet TECRAIL, où un démonstrateur de la couche physique LTE a été mis en place pour évaluer la faisabilité de la norme LTE dans l'environnement ferroviaire. Une contribution importante, liée au projet CALRADAR, est proposée dans le domaine des systèmes d’étalonnage de radar Doppler de haute précision. Cette contribution est le module Doppler de génération d’hyperfréquence intégré dans le système électronique de génération de cibles radar virtuelles que présente une résolution de fréquence très élevée. Une analyse complète de l'incertitude dans l'étalonnage des radars Doppler a été effectuée, afin d'assurer la précision du calibrage. La conception et la mise en oeuvre de quelques dispositifs photoniques sont un autre sujet important du travail de recherche présenté dans cette thèse. De tels dispositifs sont considérés comme étant des technologies habilitantes clés pour les futurs dispositifs et sous-systèmes RF et micro-ondes grâce à leurs avantages. Certaines demandes de radio définies par logiciel pourraient être supportées par nouveaux concepts de circuits basés sur des éléments dynamiquement programmables en utilisant des paramètres ajustables. Une petite contribution a été apportée pour améliorer la conception et les simulations des filtres passe-bande Hairpin à large bande. Ces filtres sont compacts et peuvent également être intégrés dans des circuits à micro-ondes compatibles avec un large éventail d'applications dans les systèmes militaires et de communication. Finalement, une proposition a été effectuée visant à équilibrer et améliorer la transmission des signaux discrets de synchronisation entre les TRMs et d'autres unités de traitement dans le satellite SEOSAR/PAZ de dernière génération et permettant l’obtention de la configuration optimale des bus de transmission de données à grande vitesse basés sur un réseau de transcepteurs.

LED bulbs technical specification and testing procedure for solar home systems

The definition of technical specifications and the corresponding laboratory procedures are necessary steps in order to assure the quality of the devices prior to be installed in Solar Home Systems (SHS). To clarify and unify criteria a European project supported the development of the Universal Technical Standard for Solar Home Systems (UTSfSHS). Its principles were to generate simple and affordable technical requirements to be optimized in order to facilitate the implementation of tests with basic and simple laboratory tools even on the same SHS electrification program countries. These requirements cover the main aspects of this type of installations and its lighting chapter was developed based on the most used technology at that time: fluorescent tubes and CFLs. However, with the consolidation of the new LED solid state lighting devices, particular attention is being given to this matter and new procedures are required. In this work we develop a complete set of technical specifications and test procedures that have been designed within the frame of the UTSfSHS, based on an intense review of the scientific and technical publications related to LED lighting and their practical application. They apply to lamp reliability, performance and safety under normal, extreme and abnormal operating conditions as a simple but complete quality meter tool for any LED bulb.