Differential invariants of second-order ordinary differential equations

The notion of a differential invariant for systems of second-order differential equations on a manifold M with respect to the group of vertical automorphisms of the projection is de?ned and the Chern connection attached to a SODE allows one to determine a basis for second-order differential invariants of a SODE.

Full scale test for explosion water barriers in small cross-section galleries

Underground coal mines explosions generally arise from the inflammation of a methane/air mixture. This explosion can also generate a subsequent coal dust explosion. Traditionally such explosions have being fought eliminating one or several of the factors needed by the explosion to take place. Although several preventive measures are taken to prevent explosions, other measures should be considered to reduce the effects or even to extinguish the flame front. Unlike other protection methods that remove one or two of the explosion triangle elements, namely; the ignition source, the oxidizing agent and the fuel, explosion barriers removes all of them: reduces the quantity of coal in suspension, cools the flame front and the steam generated by vaporization removes the oxygen present in the flame. Passive water barriers are autonomous protection systems against explosions that reduce to a satisfactory safety level the effects of methane and/or flammable dust explosions. The barriers are activated by the pressure wave provoked in the explosion destroying the barrier troughs and producing a uniform dispersion of the extinguishing agent throughout the gallery section in quantity enough to extinguish the explosion flame. Full scale tests have been carried out in Polish Barbara experimental mine at GIG Central Mining Institute in order to determine the requirements and the optimal installation conditions of these devices for small sections galleries which are very frequent in the Spanish coal mines. Full scale tests results have been analyzed to understand the explosion timing and development, in order to assess on the use of water barriers in the typical small crosssection Spanish galleries. Several arrangements of water barriers have been designed and tested to verify the effectiveness of the explosion suppression in each case. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of the water barriers in stopping the flame front even with smaller amounts of water than those established by the European standard. According to the tests realized, water barriers activation times are between 0.52 s and 0.78 s and the flame propagation speed are between 75 m/s and 80 m/s. The maximum pressures (Pmax) obtained in the full scale tests have varied between 0.2 bar and 1.8 bar. Passive barriers protect effectively against the spread of the flame but cannot be used as a safeguard of the gallery between the ignition source and the first row of water troughs or bags, or even after them, as the pressure could remain high after them even if the flame front has been extinguished.

Experiences of spanish public administration in requirements management and acquisition management processes

This paper shows the main contributions of the 1st Symposium on Improvement Process Models and Software Quality of Public Administrations. The obtained results expose the need to promote the implementation of Software Maturity Models and show possible advantages of its application in software processes of Public Administrations. Specifically, it was analyzed the current status in two process areas: Requirements Management and Subcontracting Management.

Splicing Systems: Accepting Versus Generating.

In this paper we propose a condition for rejecting the input word by an accepting splicing system which is defined by a finite set of forbidding words. We investigate the computational power of the new variants of accepting splicing systems. We show that the new condition strictly increases the computational power of accepting splicing systems. Rather surprisingly, accepting splicing systems considered here can accept non-regular languages, a situation that has never occurred in the case of (extended) finite splicing systems without additional restrictions.

Flammability properties of dry sewage sludges

Dry sewage sludge are being considered as a possible energy source for direct firing. They have interesting properties to be used as an alternative fuel, but also other characteristics must be considered from the point of view of its safe operation: the most important are ignition sensitivity, explosion severity, thermal sensitivity and thermal stability. The aim of this study was to determine if sewage sludge have different characteristics due to different locations or seasons and how this influences their flammability properties. To study these characteristics sludge samples were selected from different locations in Spain, taken during different seasons. In addition, relationships between flammability parameters and chemical analysis were observed. Some parameters can be controlled during normal operation, such as granulometry or humidity, and may mean a decrease in the risk of explosion. Those relationships are well known for other dusts materials, like coal, but not yet for sewage sludge dusts. Finally, properties related to spontaneous combustion were determined (thermal susceptibility and stability). The addition of those properties to the study provides an overview of the thermal behavior of sewage sludge during their utilization, including transport and storage.

Applying concept mapping strategies to improve students’ lifelong learning in physical chemistry

Este artículo ofrece una reflexión sobre el papel de los mapas conceptuales en el actual escenario de la educación In the present paper, we carry out the application of concept mapping strategies to learning Physical Chemistry, in particular, of all aspect of Corrosion. This strategy is an alternative method to supplement examinations: it can show the teacher how much the students knew and how much they didn´t know; and the students can evaluate their own learning. Before giving tile matter on Corrosion, the teachers evaluated the previous knowledge of the students in the field and explained to the students how create the conceptual maps with Cmap tools. When the subject is finished, teachers are assessed the conceptual maps developed by students and therefore also the level of the students learning. Teachers verified that the concept mapping is quite suitable for complicated theorics as Corrosion and it is an appropriate tool for the consolidation of educational experiences and for improvement affective lifelong learning. By using this method we demonstrated that the set of concepts accumulated in the cognitive structure of every student in unique and every student has therefore arranged the concepts from top to bottom in the mapping field in different ways with different linking" phrases, although these are involved in the same learning task.

Contribución a integración de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados a la red: recurso solar y predicción de la generación

En los últimos años se ha producido un aumento constante en la potencia fotovoltaica instalada a nivel mundial. Este crecimiento, acompañado de crecimientos similares en el resto de energías renovables, está motivado por la necesidad de dar respuesta a varios de los retos que planteados al sector energético: creciente preocupación por los efectos en el medioambiente de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, entre los que cabe destacar el cambio climático (IPCC 2011); el inevitable agotamiento de algunas fuentes tradicionales de energía eléctrica, basadas en combustibles fósiles, que llevara aparejado en las próximas décadas un aumento en el coste asociado a producir energía eléctrica mediante estas fuentes como indican Bentley (2002), Gori (2007), Kjastard (2009), Owen (2010) y Hughes (2011), y la necesidad para algunos países de asegurar su independencia energética, factor especialmente crítico para los países europeos debido a su escasez en reservas naturales de combustibles fósiles. La energía solar fotovoltaica, al igual que el resto de energías renovables, proporciona energía eléctrica de manera limpia y segura y plantea soluciones a los problemas mencionados. Asimismo, las energías renovables también presentan beneficios sociales como la creación de empleo cualificado en actividades de ingeniería, fabricación, instalación y mantenimiento, así como en la investigación, desarrollo e innovación. Es por estos motivos que las energías renovables se han visto beneficiadas a lo largo de las últimas décadas de mecanismos favorables, subvenciones y primas a la producción, conducentes a su implantación y desarrollo. La Figura 1.1 muestra la evolución de la potencia total instalada a nivel mundial y su tasa de crecimiento del 2000 al 2012, de acuerdo con datos proporcionados por la Agencia Internacional de la Energía: IEA (2012a, 2013). Los datos incluidos en la Figura 1.1 solo incluyen a los países que pertenecen a la Agencia Internacional de la Energía: Alemania, Australia, Austria, Bélgica, Canadá, China, Corea, Dinamarca, España, Estados Unidos, Finlandia, Francia, Holanda, Israel, Italia, Japón, Malasia, México, Noruega, Portugal, Reino Unido, Suecia, Suiza y Turquía. La potencia instalada muestra un crecimiento de tipo exponencial, incrementándose cada año un 41,6% de media. A los 88,5 GWP de potencia fotovoltaica instalada en todos los países miembros de la IEA a finales de 2012 habría que añadir, siempre según la IEA (2013), 7 GWP adicionales repartidos en seis países que no pertenecen a este organismo: Republica Checa, Grecia, Bulgaria, Eslovaquia, Ucrania y Tailandia. Esta tendencia en la tasa de crecimiento se mantiene incluso en los últimos años del periodo cuando varios países han reducido los incentivos a las energías renovables. Como consecuencia de este crecimiento en algunos países la proporción de energía eléctrica total de origen fotovoltaico empieza a ser apreciable. Para los casos de España, Alemania e Italia, el porcentaje de energía eléctrica final producida sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados a la red (SFCR) fue, respectivamente, de 3,1% y 4,7% en 2012 y de 3,1% en 2011 en Italia. La potencia instalada, la energía producida y la demanda total en estos países desde el año 2006 al 2012, de acuerdo con REE (2012, 2012, 2013), BMU (2013) y TERNA (2013), se recoge en la Tabla 1.1. Para el caso de Italia se incluyen únicamente datos hasta el año 2011 por no encontrarse disponibles datos para 2012. A medida que el nivel de penetración de la energía solar fotovoltaica en los sistemas eléctricos aumenta la necesidad de que este tipo de energía se integre de manera efectiva en dichos sistemas aumenta. La integración efectiva de un generador en el sistema eléctrico requiere que su producción sea conocida de antemano para poder incluirlo en la planificación del sistema eléctrico con el objetivo de que la producción programada para los distintos generadores iguale a la demanda esperada. Esta planificación del sistema eléctrico se suele hacer a escala diaria. Asimismo, además de equilibrar la generación con la demanda esperada un generador eléctrico debe ser capaz de proporcionar servicios auxiliares al sistema eléctrico como compensación de desequilibrios entre generación y consumo, regulación de tensión o inyección de potencia reactiva, entre otros. Por ejemplo, los sistemas fotovoltaicos cuya potencia sea superior a 2 MWP deben contribuir en España desde el 2010 a garantizar la continuidad del suministro eléctrico frente a huecos de tensión (España, 2010), aplicándose a estos sistemas fotovoltaicos el mismo procedimiento de operación – PO 12.3, REE(2006) – que ya se aplicó en su día a los generadores eólicos (España, 2007). La energía fotovoltaica, junto a otras energías renovables como la eólica, ha sido considerada tradicionalmente una fuente de energía no regulable. En consecuencia, no ha sido tenida en cuenta por los operadores de los sistemas eléctricos como una fuente de energía fiable. Esta consideración de la fotovoltaica como fuente de energía no fiable se debe a su dependencia de las condiciones meteorológicas, radiación y temperatura, para producir energía. Si la producción de un sistema fotovoltaico pudiese conocerse con exactitud y con la suficiente antelación se facilitaría su integración en los sistemas eléctricos. Sin embargo, la mera predicción de cuanta energía producirá un sistema fotovoltaico, aun cuando esta predicción se haga sin error, puede no ser suficiente; la energía producida por el sistema fotovoltaico sigue estando limitada por las condiciones meteorológicas y no es posible regular esta producción de energía. Como ya se ha comentado, la capacidad por parte de un generador eléctrico de regular su potencia de salida, tanto anticipadamente como en tiempo real, es crucial a la hora de su integración en el sistema eléctrico.

A Knowledge-based Approach for Automatic Generation of Summaries of Behavior

Effective automatic summarization usually requires simulating human reasoning such as abstraction or relevance reasoning. In this paper we describe a solution for this type of reasoning in the particular case of surveillance of the behavior of a dynamic system using sensor data. The paper first presents the approach describing the required type of knowledge with a possible representation. This includes knowledge about the system structure, behavior, interpretation and saliency. Then, the paper shows the inference algorithm to produce a summarization tree based on the exploitation of the physical characteristics of the system. The paper illustrates how the method is used in the context of automatic generation of summaries of behavior in an application for basin surveillance in the presence of river floods.

Quality and productivity analysis in a very small enterprise using TSPi

This article shows the benefits of developing a software project using TSPi in a "Very Small Enterprise" based in quality and productivity measures. An adapted process from the current process based on the TSPi was defined and the team was trained in it. The pilot project had schedule and budget constraints. The workaround began by gathering historical data from previous projects in order to get a measurement repository, and then the project metrics were collected. Finally, the process, product and quality improvements were verified

Benefits of TSPi in a software project under a small settings enviroment

This article presents a case study about the TSPi benefits in a software project under a Small Settings environment. An adapted process based on the TSPi was defined. The pilot project had a schedule and budget restricted. The process began collecting historical projects data in order to get a measure repository. The project was launched defining the following goals: increase the productivity, reduce the test time and improve the product quality. Finally, the results were analysed and the goals were verified.