Optimización de la Exactitud Geométrica al Integrar Diversas Fuentes de Datos en Proyectos de Inventario Forestal Basados en Escaneo Laser Aerotransportado=Optimizing Geometric Accuracy in Data Source Integration for Airborne Laser Scanning-based Forest Inventory Projects

La mayoría de las aplicaciones forestales del escaneo laser aerotransportado (ALS, del inglés airborne laser scanning) requieren la integración y uso simultaneo de diversas fuentes de datos, con el propósito de conseguir diversos objetivos. Los proyectos basados en sensores remotos normalmente consisten en aumentar la escala de estudio progresivamente a lo largo de varias fases de fusión de datos: desde la información más detallada obtenida sobre un área limitada (la parcela de campo), hasta una respuesta general de la cubierta forestal detectada a distancia de forma más incierta pero cubriendo un área mucho más amplia (la extensión cubierta por el vuelo o el satélite). Todas las fuentes de datos necesitan en ultimo termino basarse en las tecnologías de sistemas de navegación global por satélite (GNSS, del inglés global navigation satellite systems), las cuales son especialmente erróneas al operar por debajo del dosel forestal. Otras etapas adicionales de procesamiento, como la ortorectificación, también pueden verse afectadas por la presencia de vegetación, deteriorando la exactitud de las coordenadas de referencia de las imágenes ópticas. Todos estos errores introducen ruido en los modelos, ya que los predictores se desplazan de la posición real donde se sitúa su variable respuesta. El grado por el que las estimaciones forestales se ven afectadas depende de la dispersión espacial de las variables involucradas, y también de la escala utilizada en cada caso. Esta tesis revisa las fuentes de error posicional que pueden afectar a los diversos datos de entrada involucrados en un proyecto de inventario forestal basado en teledetección ALS, y como las propiedades del dosel forestal en sí afecta a su magnitud, aconsejando en consecuencia métodos para su reducción. También se incluye una discusión sobre las formas más apropiadas de medir exactitud y precisión en cada caso, y como los errores de posicionamiento de hecho afectan a la calidad de las estimaciones, con vistas a una planificación eficiente de la adquisición de los datos. La optimización final en el posicionamiento GNSS y de la radiometría del sensor óptico permitió detectar la importancia de este ultimo en la predicción de la desidad relativa de un bosque monoespecífico de Pinus sylvestris L. ABSTRACT Most forestry applications of airborne laser scanning (ALS) require the integration and simultaneous use of various data sources, pursuing a variety of different objectives. Projects based on remotely-sensed data generally consist in upscaling data fusion stages: from the most detailed information obtained for a limited area (field plot) to a more uncertain forest response sensed over a larger extent (airborne and satellite swath). All data sources ultimately rely on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), which are especially error-prone when operating under forest canopies. Other additional processing stages, such as orthorectification, may as well be affected by vegetation, hence deteriorating the accuracy of optical imagery’s reference coordinates. These errors introduce noise to the models, as predictors displace from their corresponding response. The degree to which forest estimations are affected depends on the spatial dispersion of the variables involved and the scale used. This thesis reviews the sources of positioning errors which may affect the different inputs involved in an ALS-assisted forest inventory project, and how the properties of the forest canopy itself affects their magnitude, advising on methods for diminishing them. It is also discussed how accuracy should be assessed, and how positioning errors actually affect forest estimation, toward a cost-efficient planning for data acquisition. The final optimization in positioning the GNSS and optical image allowed to detect the importance of the latter in predicting relative density in a monospecific Pinus sylvestris L. forest.

Impacts of global change on iberian forest ecosystems inferred from the spanish national forest inventory = Impactos del cambio global en ecosistemas forestales ibéricos a partir del inventario forestal nacional

Los efectos del cambio global sobre los bosques son una de las grandes preocupaciones de la sociedad del siglo XXI. Algunas de sus posibles consecuencias como son los efectos en la producción, la sostenibilidad, la pérdida de biodiversidad o cambios en la distribución y ensamblaje de especies forestales pueden tener grandes repercusiones sociales, ecológicas y económicas. La detección y seguimiento de estos efectos constituyen uno de los retos a los que se enfrentan en la actualidad científicos y gestores forestales. En base a la comparación de series históricas del Inventario Forestal Nacional Español (IFN), esta tesis trata de arrojar luz sobre algunos de los impactos que los cambios socioeconómicos y ambientales de las últimas décadas han generado sobre nuestros bosques. En primer lugar, esta tesis presenta una innovadora metodología con base geoestadística que permite la comparación de diferentes ciclos de inventario sin importar los diferentes métodos de muestreo empleados en cada uno de ellos (Capítulo 3). Esta metodología permite analizar cambios en la dinámica y distribución espacial de especies forestales en diferentes gradientes geográficos. Mediante su aplicación, se constatarán y cuantificarán algunas de las primeras evidencias de cambio en la distribución altitudinal y latitudinal de diferentes especies forestales ibéricas, que junto al estudio de su dinámica poblacional y tasas demográficas, ayudarán a testar algunas hipótesis biogeográficas en un escenario de cambio global en zonas de especial vulnerabilidad (Capítulos 3, 4 y 5). Por último, mediante la comparación de ciclos de parcelas permanentes del IFN se ahondará en el conocimiento de la evolución en las últimas décadas de especies invasoras en los ecosistemas forestales del cuadrante noroccidental ibérico, uno de los más afectados por la invasión de esta flora (Capítulo 6). ABSTRACT The effects of global change on forests are one of the major concerns of the XXI century. Some of the potential impacts of global change on forest growth, productivity, biodiversity or changes in species assembly and spatial distribution may have great ecological and economic consequences. The detection and monitoring of these effects are some of the major challenges that scientists and forest managers face nowadays. Based on the comparison of historical series of the Spanish National Forest Inventory (NFI), this thesis tries to shed some light on some of the impacts driven by recent socio-economic and environmental changes on our forest ecosystems. Firstly, this thesis presents an innovative methodology based on geostatistical techniques that allows the comparison of different NFI cycles regardless of the different sampling methods used in each of them (Chapter 3). This methodology, in conjunction with other statistical techniques, allows to analyze changes in the spatial distribution and population dynamics of forest species along different geographic gradients. By its application, this thesis presents some of the first evidences of changes in species distribution along different geographical gradients in the Iberian Peninsula. The analysis of these findings, of species population dynamics and demographic rates will help to test some biogeographical hypothesis on forests under climate change scenarios in areas of particular vulnerability (Chapters 3, 4 and 5). Finally, by comparing NFI cycles with permanent plots, this thesis increases our knowledge about the patterns and processes associated with the recent evolution of invasive species in the forest ecosystems of North-western Iberia, one of the areas most affected by the invasion of allien species at national scale (Chapter 6).

A new method for the identification of old-growth trees in National Forest Inventories: Application to Pinus halepensis Mill. stands in Spain

Old-growth trees play a very important role in the maintenance of biodiversity in forests. However, no clear definition is yet available to help identify them since tree age is usually not recorded in National Forest Inventories. To develop and test a new method to identify old-growth trees using a species-specific threshold for tree diameter in National Forest Inventories. Different nonlinear mixed models for diameter ? age were generated using data from the Spanish Forest Inventory in order to identify the most appropriate one for Aleppo pine in its South-western distribution area. The asymptote of the optimal model indicates the threshold diameter for defining an old-growth tree. Additionally, five site index curves were examined to analyze the influence of site quality on these models.

Assessing forest response-type diversity to natural disturbances in Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands = Evaluación de la diversidad de tipos de respuesta a perturbaciones naturales en la España peninsular e Islas Baleares

Disturbances shape forest ecosystems by influencing their composition, structure, and processes. In the Mediterranean Basin, changes in the disturbance regimes have been predicted to occur in the next future with a higher occurrence of extreme events of drought, wildfire, and – to a lesser extent – windstorm. Woody species are the main elements defining the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. Recently, response-type diversity has been pointed out as an appropriate indicator of ecosystems resilience. For this, we have elaborated a complete response-trait database for the tree and shrubby species considered in the Third Spanish National Forest Inventory (3SNFI). In the database, the presence or absence of nine response traits associated to drought, fire, and wind were assigned to each species. The database reflected the lack of information about some important traits (in particular for shrubby species) and allowed to determine those traits most widely distributed. The information contained in the database was then used to assess a relative index of forest resilience to these disturbances calculated from the abundance of response traits and the species redundancy for each plot of the 3SNFI; considering both tree and shrubby species. In general, few plots showed high values of the resilience index, probably because some traits were scarcely presented in the species and also because most plots presented very few species. The cartographic representation of the index showed low values for the stands located in mountainous ranges, which are mostly composed by species typical from central Europe. In the other side, Eucalyptus plantations in Galicia appeared as one thee the most resilient ecosystems, due to its higher adaptive capacity to persist after the occurrence of drought, fire, and windstorm events. We conclude that the response traits database can constitute a useful tool for forest management and planning and for future research to enhance the forest resilience.

Refining predictions of iberian plant distribution: lessons from p. nigra and p. sylvestris palaeoecological-based habitat suitability models

In recent years, challenged by the climate scenarios put forward by the IPCC and its potential impact on plant distribution, numerous predictive techniques -including the so called habitat suitability models (HSM)- have been developed. Yet, as the output of the different methods produces different distribution areas, developing validation tools are strong needs to reduce uncertainties. Focused in the Iberian Peninsula, we propose a palaeo-based method to increase the robustness of the HSM, by developing an ecological approach to understand the mismatches between the palaeoecological information and the projections of the HSMs. Here, we present the result of (1) investigating causal relationships between environmental variables and presence of Pinus sylvestris L. and P. nigra Arn. available from the 3rd Spanish Forest Inventory, (2) developing present and past presence-predictions through the MaxEnt model for 6 and 21 kyr BP, and (3) assessing these models through comparisons with biomized palaeoecological data available from the European Pollen Database for the Iberian Peninsula.

An empirical mixed model to quantify climate influence on the growth of Pinus halepensis Mill. stands in South-Eastern Spain

The influence of climate on forest stand composition, development and growth is undeniable. Many studies have tried to quantify the effect of climatic variables on forest growth and yield. These works become especially important because there is a need to predict the effects of climate change on the development of forest ecosystems. One of the ways of facing this problem is the inclusion of climatic variables into the classic empirical growth models. The work has a double objective: (i) to identify the indicators which best describe the effect of climate on Pinus halepensis growth and (ii) to quantify such effect in several scenarios of rainfall decrease which are likely to occur in the Mediterranean area. A growth mixed model for P. halepensis including climatic variables is presented in this work. Growth estimates are based on data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory (SNFI). The best results are obtained for the indices including rainfall, or rainfall and temperature together, with annual precipitation, precipitation effectiveness, Emberger?s index or free bioclimatic intensity standing out among them. The final model includes Emberger?s index, free bioclimatic intensity and interactions between competition and climate indices. The results obtained show that a rainfall decrease about 5% leads to a decrease in volume growth of 5.5?7.5% depending on site quality.

Mixing effect on volume growth of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris is modulated by stand density

Despite the increasing relevance of mixed stands due to their potential benefits; little information is available with regard to the effect of mixtures on yield in forest systems. Hence, it is necessary to study inter-specific relationships, and the resulting yield in mixed stands, which may vary with stand development, site or stand density, etc. In Spain, the province of Navarra is considered one of the biodiversity reservoirs; however, mixed forests occupy only a small area, probably as a consequence of management plans, in which there is an excessive focus on the productivity aspect, favoring the presence of pure stands of the most marketable species. The aim of this paper is to study how growth efficiencies of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pine (Pinus sylvestris) are modified by the admixture of the other species and to determine whether stand density modifies interspecific relationships and to what extent. Two models were fitted from Spanish National Forest Inventory data, for P. sylvestris and F. sylvatica respectively, which relate the growth efficiency of the species, i.e. the volume increment of the species divided by the species proportion by area, with dominant height, quadratic mean diameter, stocking degree, and the species proportions by area of each species. Growth efficiency of pine increased with the admixture of beech, decreasing this positive effect when stocking degree increased. However, the positive effect of pine admixture on beech growth was greater at higher stocking degrees. Growth efficiency of beech was also dependent on stand dominant height, resulting in a net negative mixing effect when stand dominant heights and stocking degrees were simultaneously low. There is a relatively large range of species proportions and stocking degrees which results in transgressive overyielding: higher volume increments in mixed stands than that of the most productive pure pine stands. We concluded that stocking degree is a key factor in between-species interactions, being the effects of mixing not always greater at higher stand densities, but it depends on species composition.

Estimación y evolución temporal de variables forestales con tecnología LiDAR en el Valle de la Fuenfría (Cercedilla, Madrid)

Este estudio profundiza en la estimación de variables forestales a partir de información LiDAR en el Valle de la Fuenfría (Cercedilla, Madrid). Para ello se dispone de dos vuelos realizados con sensor LiDAR en los años 2002 y 2011 y en el invierno de 2013 se ha realizado un inventario de 60 parcelas de campo. En primer lugar se han estimado seis variables dasométricas (volumen, área basimétrica, biomasa total, altura dominante, densidad y diámetro medio cuadrático) para 2013, tanto a nivel de píxel como a nivel de rodal y monte. Se construyeron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple que permitieron estimar con precisión dichas variables. En segundo lugar, se probaron diferentes métodos para la estimación de la distribución diamétrica. Por un lado, el método de predicción de percentiles y, por otro lado, el método de predicción de parámetros. Este segundo método se probó para una función Weibull simple, una función Weibull doble y una combinación de ambas según la distribución que mejor se ajustaba a cada parcela. Sin embargo, ninguno de los métodos ha resultado suficientemente válido para predecir la distribución diamétrica. Por último se estimaron el crecimiento en volumen y área basimétrica a partir de la comparación de los vuelos del 2002 y 2011. A pesar de que la tecnología LiDAR era diferente y solo se disponía de un inventario completo, realizado en 2013, los modelos construidos presentan buenas bondades de ajuste. Asimismo, el crecimiento a nivel de pixel se ha mostrado estar relacionado de forma estadísticamente significativa con la pendiente, orientación y altitud media del píxel. ABSTRACT This project goes in depth on the estimation of forest attributes by means of LiDAR data in Fuenfria’s Valley (Cercedilla, Madrid). The available information was two LiDAR flights (2002 and 2011) and a forest inventory consisting of 60 plots (2013). First, six different dasometric attributes (volume, basal area, total aboveground biomass, top height, density and quadratic mean diameter) were estimated in 2013 both at a pixel, stand and forest level. The models were developed using multiple linear regression and were good enough to predict these attributes with great accuracy. Second, the measured diameter distribution at each plot was fitted to a simple and a double Weibull distribution and different methods for its estimation were tested. Neither parameter prediction method nor percentile prediction method were able to account for the diameter distribution. Finally, volume and top height growths were estimated comparing 2011 LiDAR flight with 2002 LiDAR flight. Even though the LiDAR technology was not the same and there was just one forest inventory with sample plots, the models properly explain the growth. Besides, growth at each pixel is significantly related to its average slope, orientation and altitude.

Analyzing size-symmetric vs. size-asymmetric and intra-vs. inter-specific competition in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) mixed stands

In mixed stands, inter-specific competition can be lower than intra-specific competition when niche complementarity and/or facilitation between species prevail. These positive interactions can take place at belowground and/or aboveground levels. Belowground competition tends to be size symmetric while the aboveground competition is usually for light and almost always size-asymmetric. Interactions between forest tree species can be explored analyzing growth at tree level by comparing intra and inter-specific competition. At the same time, possible causes of niche complementarity can be inferred relating intra and inter-specific competition with the mode of competition, i.e. size-symmetric or sizeasymmetric. The aim of this paper is to further our understanding of the interactions between species and to detect possible causes of competition reduction in mixed stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) with other species: pine?beech, oak?beech and fir?beech. To test whether species growth is better explained by size-symmetric and/or size-asymmetric competition, five different competition structures where included in basal area growth models fitted using data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory for the Pyrenees. These models considered either size-symmetry only (Reineke?s stand density index, SDI), size-asymmetry only (SDI of large trees or SDI of small trees), or both combined. In order to assess the influence of the admixture, these indices were introduced in two different ways, one of which was to consider that trees of all species compete in a similar way, and the other was to split the stand density indices into intra- and inter-specific competition components. The results showed that in pine?beech mixtures, there is a slightly negative effect of beech on pine basal area growth while beech benefitted from the admixture of Scots pine; this positive effect being greater as the proportion of pine trees in larger size classes increases. In oak?beech mixtures, beech growth was also positively influenced by the presence of oaks that were larger than the beech trees. The growth of oak, however, decreased when the proportion of beech in SDI increased, although the presence of beech in larger size classes promoted oak growth. Finally, in fir?beech mixtures, neither fir nor beech basal area growth were influenced by the presence of the other species. The results indicate that size-asymmetric is stronger than size-symmetric competition in these mixtures, highlighting the importance of light in competition. Positive species interactions in size-asymmetric competition involved a reduction of asymmetry in tree size-growth relationships.

Metodología para la estimación de indicadores armonizados a partir de los inventarios forestales nacionales europeos con especial énfasis en la biodiversidad forestal

Durante las últimas décadas el objetivo principal de la silvicultura y la gestión forestal en Europa ha pasado de ser la producción de madera a ser la gestión sostenible de los ecosistemas, por lo que se deben considerar todos los bienes y servicios que proporcionan los bosques. En consecuencia, es necesario contar con información forestal periódica de diversos indicadores forestales a nivel europeo para apoyar el desarrollo y la implementación de políticas medioambientales y que se realice una gestión adecuada. Para ello, se requiere un seguimiento intensivo sobre el estado de los bosques, por lo que los Inventarios Forestales Nacionales (IFN), (principal fuente de información forestal a gran escala), han aumentado el número de variables muestreadas para cumplir con los crecientes requerimientos de información. Sin embargo, las estimaciones proporcionadas por los diferentes países no son fácilmente comparables debido a las diferencias en las definiciones, los diseños de muestreo, las variables medidas y los protocolos de medición. Por esto, la armonización de los datos que proporcionan los diferentes países es fundamental para la contar con una información forestal sólida y fiable en la Unión europea (UE). La presente tesis tiene dos objetivos principales: (i) establecer el diseño de una metodología para evaluar la biodiversidad forestal en el marco del Inventario forestal nacional de España teniendo en cuenta las diferentes iniciativas nacionales e internacionales, con el objetivo de producir estimaciones comparables con las de otros países de la UE y (ii) armonizar los indicadores más relevantes para satisfacer los requerimientos nacionales e internacionales. Como consecuencia del estudio realizado para alcanzar el primer objetivo, la metodología diseñada para estimar la biodiversidad fue adoptada por el Tercer Inventario forestal nacional. Ésta se componía de indicadores agrupados en: cobertura del suelo, composición de árboles y especies de arbustos, riqueza de especies herbáceas y helechos, especies amenazadas, estructura, madera muerta, y líquenes epífitos. Tras el análisis del diseño metodológico y de los datos proporcionados, se observó la conveniencia de modificarla con el fin de optimizar los costes, viabilidad, calidad y cantidad de los datos registrados. En consecuencia, en el Cuarto Inventario Forestal Nacional se aplica una metodología modificada, puesto que se eliminó el muestreo de especies herbáceas y helechos, de líquenes epífitos y de especies amenazadas, se modificaron los protocolos de la toma de datos de estructura y madera muerta y se añadió el muestreo de especies invasoras, edad, ramoneo y grado de naturalidad de la masa. En lo que se refiere al segundo objetivo, se ha avanzado en la armonización de tres grupos de variables considerados como relevantes en el marco de los IFN: los indicadores de vegetación no arbórea (que juegan un papel relevante en los ecosistemas, es donde existe la mayor diversidad de plantas y hasta ahora no se conocían los datos muestreados en los IFN), la determinación de los árboles añosos (que tienen un importante papel como nicho ecológico y su identificación es especialmente relevante para la evaluación de la biodiversidad forestal) y el bosque disponible para el suministro de madera (indicador básico de los requerimientos internacionales de información forestal). Se llevó a cabo un estudio completo de la posible armonización de los indicadores de la vegetación no arbórea en los IFN. Para ello, se identificaron y analizaron las diferentes definiciones y diseños de muestreo empleados por los IFN, se establecieron definiciones de referencia y se propusieron y analizaron dos indicadores que pudiesen ser armonizados: MSC (mean species cover) que corresponde a la media de la fracción de cabida cubierta de cada especie por tipo de bosque y MTC (mean total cover). Se estableció una nueva metodología que permite identificar los árboles añosos con los datos proporcionados por los inventarios forestales nacionales con el objetivo de proporcionar una herramienta eficaz para facilitar la gestión forestal considerando la diversidad de los sistemas forestales. Se analizó el concepto de "bosque disponible para el suministro de madera" (FAWS) estudiando la consistencia de la información internacional disponible con el fin de armonizar su estimación y de proporcionar recomendaciones para satisfacer los requerimientos europeos. Como resultado, se elaboró una nueva definición de referencia de FAWS (que será adoptada por el proceso paneuropeo) y se analiza el impacto de la adopción de esta nueva definición en siete países europeos. El trabajo realizado en esta tesis, puede facilitar el suministrar y/o armonizar parcial o totalmente casi la mitad de los indicadores de información forestal solicitados por los requerimientos internacionales (47%). De éstos, prácticamente un 85% tienen relación con los datos inventariados empleando la metodología propuesta para la estimación de la biodiversidad forestal, y el resto, con el establecimiento de la definición de bosque disponible para el suministro de madera. No obstante, y pese a que esta tesis supone un avance importante, queda patente que las necesidades de información forestal son cambiantes y es imprescindible continuar el proceso de armonización de los IFN europeos. ABSTRACT Over the last few decades, the objectives on forestry and forest management in Europe have shifted from being primarily focused on wood production to sustainable ecosystem management, which should consider all the goods and services provided by the forest. Therefore, there is a continued need for forest indicators and assessments at EU level to support the development and implementation of a number of European environmental policies and to conduct a proper forest management. To address these questions, intensive monitoring on the status of forests is required. Therefore, the scope of National Forest Inventories (NFIs), (primary source of data for national and large-area assessments), has been broadened to include new variables to meet these increasing information requirements. However, estimates produced by different countries are not easily comparable because of differences in NFI definitions, plot configurations, measured variables, and measurement protocols. As consequence, harmonizing data produced at national level is essential for the production of sound EU forest information. The present thesis has two main aims: (i) to establish a methodology design to assess forest biodiversity in the frame of the Spanish National Forest Inventory taking into account the different national and international initiatives with the intention to produce comparable estimates with other EU countries and (ii) to harmonize relevant indicators for national and international requirements. In consequence of the work done related to the first objective, the established methodology to estimate forest biodiversity was adopted and launched under the Third National Forest Inventory. It was composed of indicators grouped into: cover, woody species composition, richness of herbaceous species and ferns, endangered species, stand structure, dead wood, and epiphytic lichens. This methodology was analyzed considering the provided data, time costs, feasibility, and requirements. Consequently, in the ongoing Fourth National Forest Inventory a modified methodology is applied: sampling of herbaceous species and ferns, epiphytic lichens and endangered species were removed, protocols regarding structure and deadwood were modified, and sampling of invasive species, age, browsing impact and naturalness were added. As regards the second objective, progress has been made in harmonizing three groups of variables considered relevant in the context of IFN: Indicators of non-tree vegetation (which play an important role in forest ecosystems, it is where the highest diversity of plants occur and so far the related sampled data in NFIs were not known), the identification of old-growth trees (which have an important role as ecological niche and its identification is especially relevant for the assessment of forest biodiversity) and the available forest for wood supply (basic indicator of international forestry information requirements). A complete analysis of ground vegetation harmonization possibilities within NFIs frame was carried on by identifying and analyzing the different definitions and sampling techniques used by NFIs, providing reference definitions related to ground vegetation and proposing and analyzing two ground vegetation harmonized indicators: “Mean species cover” (MSC) and “Mean total cover” (MTC) for shrubs by European forest categories. A new methodology based on NFI data was established with the aim to provide an efficient tool for policy makers to estimate the number of old-growth trees and thus to be able to perform the analysis of the effect of forest management on the diversity associated to forest systems. The concept of “forest available for wood supply” (FAWS) was discussed and clarified, analyzing the consistency of the available international information on FAWS in order to provide recommendations for data harmonization at European level regarding National Forest Inventories (NFIs). As a result, a new reference definition of FAWS was provided (which will be adopted in the pan-European process) and the consequences of the use of this new definition in seven European countries are analyzed. The studies carried on in this thesis, can facilitate the supply and/or harmonization partially or fully of almost half of the forest indicators (47%) needed for international requirements. Of these, nearly 85% are related to inventoried data using the proposed methodology for the estimation of forest biodiversity, and the rest, with the establishment of the definition of forest available for wood supply. However, despite this thesis imply an important development, forest information needs are changing and it is imperative to continue the process of harmonization of European NFIs.

Spatially-Explicit Testing of a General Aboveground Carbon Density Estimation Model in aWestern Amazonian Forest Using Airborne LiDAR

Mapping aboveground carbon density in tropical forests can support CO2 emissionmonitoring and provide benefits for national resource management. Although LiDAR technology has been shown to be useful for assessing carbon density patterns, the accuracy and generality of calibrations of LiDAR-based aboveground carbon density (ACD) predictions with those obtained from field inventory techniques should be intensified in order to advance tropical forest carbon mapping. Here we present results from the application of a general ACD estimation model applied with small-footprint LiDAR data and field-based estimates of a 50-ha forest plot in Ecuador?s Yasuní National Park. Subplots used for calibration and validation of the general LiDAR equation were selected based on analysis of topographic position and spatial distribution of aboveground carbon stocks. The results showed that stratification of plot locations based on topography can improve the calibration and application of ACD estimation using airborne LiDAR (R2 = 0.94, RMSE = 5.81 Mg?C? ha?1, BIAS = 0.59). These results strongly suggest that a general LiDAR-based approach can be used for mapping aboveground carbon stocks in western lowland Amazonian forests.