Wearable soft robotic device for post-stroke shoulder rehabilitation: identifying misalignments

Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in the United States, affecting over 795,000 people annually. In order to regain motor function of the upper body, patients are usually treated by regular sessions with a dedicated physical therapist. A cost-effective wearable upper body orthotics system that can be used at home to empower both the patients and physical therapists is described. The system is composed of a thin, compliant, lightweight, cost-effective soft orthotic device with an integrated cable actuation system that is worn over the upper body, an embedded limb position sensing system, an electric actuator package and controller. The proposed device is robust to misalignments that may occur during actuation of the compliant brace or when putting on the system. Through simulations and experimental evaluation, it was demonstrated i) that the soft orthotic cable-driven shoulder brace can be successfully actuated without the production of off-axis torques in the presence of misalignments and ii) that the proposed model can identify linear and angular misalignments online.

Biokerosene from coconut, babassu, camelina and palm kernel oils: production and properties of their blends with fossil kerosene

On December 20th 2006 the European Commission approved a law proposal to include the civil aviation sector in the European market of carbon dioxide emission rights [European Union Emissions Trading System, EUETS). On July 8th 2009, the European Parliament and Conseil agreed that all flights leaving or landing in the EU airports starting from January 1st 2012 should be included in the EUETS. On November 19th 2008, the EU Directive 2008/101/CE [1] included the civil aviation activities in the EUETS, and this directive was transposed by the Spanish law 13/2010 of July 5th 2010 [2]. Thus, in 2012 the aviation sector should reduce their emissions to 97 % of the mean values registered in the period 2004-2006, and for 2013 these emission reductions should reach 95 % of the mean values for that same period. Trying to face this situation, the aviation companies are planning seriously the use of alternative jet fuels to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and to lower their costs. However, some US airlines have issued a lawsuit before the European Court of Justice based in that this EU action violates a long standing worldwide aviation treaty, the Chicago convention of 1944, and also the Chinese aviation companies have rejected to pay any EU carbon dioxide tax [3]. Moreover, the USA Departments of Agriculture and Energy and the Navy will invest a total of up to $150 million over three years to spur production of aviation and marine biofuels for commercial and military applications [4]. However, the jet fuels should fulfill a set of extraordinarily sensitive properties to guarantee the safety of planes and passengers during all the flights.

Transport interchange and local urban environment integration

Among the different interchange design aspects, integrated land use and infrastructure planning is maybe one of the most problematic fields in practice, given that a joint transport and urban planning spills over the regular scope of action of interchange developers, whereas it involves the cooperation and agreement of various authorities. Not only this, but the very issue of land use-transport integration seems to be a long-standing mantra in planning and transport research, lacking scientific evidence. This paper is an output of an ongoing European research project called ?NODES - New tOols for Design and OpEration of Urban Transport InterchangeS?. Its aim is to start re-focusing the academic-scientific evidence on the question and to foresee a specific and practical framework to approach the problem. The underlying hypothesis is that the interchange could be a catalyst of life and security in the city.

Ciudades intermedias latinoamericanas ante modelos urbanos externos

En su proceso de crecimiento, las ciudades de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) han tenido una vinculación histórica con la dinámica de implementación de herramientas, metodologías y proyectos urbanos, gestados en otros contextos, especialmente desde Europa (UE) y Estados Unidos (EE.UU). Desde la época colonial hasta hoy, la mayor parte de las ciudades de ALC han experimentado diversos tipos de influencia urbana externa, que han dejado huellas tangibles. Esta influencia ha ido variando a través de los años, desde la implantación directa de un modelo urbano, propia de la época colonial; hasta la importación de modelos urbanos total o parcialmente, de manera autónoma y ajena al origen de este. Actualmente, en ALC se han generado diversas iniciativas para abordar las necesidades urbanas desde sus especificidades, pero los instrumentos y proyectos vanguardistas utilizados en países desarrollados, siguen teniendo mayor fuerza de atracción y diseminación que las iniciativas vecinas. Se observa que las ciudades intermedias, que crecen con mayor velocidad que las grandes ciudades, también participan activamente en este proceso, aunque con otras limitaciones y condicionantes, diferentes a las encontradas en las grandes ciudades de la Región. ¿Por qué se produce esta dinámica?, ¿quiénes participan?, ¿cuáles son sus procesos?, ¿responden a las necesidades del complejo y diverso contexto urbano latinoamericano? Las Ciudades Intermedias Latinoamericanas ante los Modelos Urbanos Externos, es una investigación que aborda la dinámica de implementación de modelos de desarrollo urbanos1 exógenos, en ciudades emergentes que, en su proceso de crecimiento, tienden a repetir patrones de las grandes ciudades, y que en sí mismas, representan una oportunidad ante los desequilibrios territoriales de ALC. Esta dinámica, ha sido abordada por investigadores de diversas disciplinas, cuyos puntos de vista en muchas ocasiones no coinciden, pero revelan que estamos frente a una discusión de larga data, entre las visiones modernistas y las visiones identitarias de la historia urbana de ALC. Por ello, el trabajo recoge la evolución de los procesos de toma de decisiones, desarrollados bajo un efecto cascada (Global, Internacional, Regional, Nacional, Subnacional, Local), donde actualmente el nivel Local asciende a espacios del nivel Regional (ALC) e Internacional; pasando de meros receptores de políticas generadas en un plano superior derivadas de las relaciones geopolíticas y geoeconómicas de escala mundial; a ser sujetos proactivos del desarrollo de sus territorios. Para observar la concatenación de este proceso macro-disciplinar-micro (grosso modo), se plantea una herramienta metodológica de triangulación, desde la que se pueda visualizar el contexto en el que se produce la dinámica y como éste la condiciona. Con dicha metodología se abordará ALC como caso de estudio general, haciendo una aproximación al detalle en dos casos particulares: Ciudad Guayana (República Bolivariana de Venezuela) y Santiago de los Caballeros (República Dominicana). Estos casos, sumados a las observaciones de actores vinculados a la dinámica de transferencia de modelos urbanos, coadyuvarán en este esfuerzo de aproximación, para definir con más claridad un proceso que se incrementa y complejiza, en medio de la denominada “era de las ciudades”. ABSTRACT In its growth process, the cities of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have had a historical link with the dynamics of implementation tools and engendered in other contexts, especially from Europe (EU) and the US methodologies (USA). From colonial times until today, most LAC cities have experienced various types of external urban influence that have left tangible traces. This influence has varied over the years, since the introduction of direct, typical of the colonial era; to import all or part independently and outside the origin of this urban model. Currently, in LAC they have generated various initiatives to address urban needs from its specificities, but notes that the instruments used in cutting-edge projects and developed countries, are still more attractive force and spread to neighboring initiatives. It is observed that the intermediate cities, which grow faster than big cities are also actively involved in this process, although with different constraints and other limitations to the big cities of the region. Why this dynamic occurs?, Who ?, which involved processes are ?, respond to the needs of complex and diverse Latin American urban context? Intermediate Latin American cities to external urban models, is a research that addresses the dynamics of exogenous implementation of urban development models in emerging cities in their growth process, they tend to repeat patterns of large cities, and represent a shot at LAC regional imbalances. This dynamic has been addressed by researchers from various disciplines, whose views often do not match, but show that we are facing a long-standing debate between modernists and identity visions on urban history of ALC. Therefore, the work shows the evolution of the processes of decision making, developed under a (global, international, regional, national, subnational, local) cascade effect, which currently stands at the Local level Regional level spaces (ALC) and International, from mere recipients of policies generated on a higher plane derived from the geopolitical and geo-economic relations worldwide; to be proactive in the development of their territories subject. To observe this process concatenation macro-micro-discipline (roughly), a triangulation methodology tool, from which it can view the context in which the dynamic occurs and how it affects what arises. ALC will address her as if general study, making an approach to detail two particular cases: Ciudad Guayana (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) and Santiago de los Caballeros (Dominican Republic). These cases, together with the comments of stakeholders involved in the dynamics of transfer of urban models, will assist in this effort approach to define more clearly a process that increases and more complex, amid the so-called "era of the cities".