High data rate modulation of high power 1060-nm DBR tapered lasers with separate contacts

Direct optical modulation at 2.5 Gb/s with amplitude of more than 0.5 W has been demonstrated in single longitudinal mode distributed Bragg reflector tapered lasers emitting at 1060 nm with separated injection of the ridge waveguide and tapered sections. The modulating signal of ~110 mA peak to peak was applied to the ridge waveguide section, yielding a high modulation efficiency of ~5 W/A. The large-signal frequency response of the experimental set-up was limited by the bandwidth of the electrical amplifier rather than by the internal dynamics of the laser, indicating that higher bit rates could be achieved with improved driving electronics.

Ti/Pd/Ag Contacts to n-Type GaAs for High Current Density Devices

The metallization stack Ti/Pd/Ag on n-type Si has been readily used in solar cells due to its low metal/semiconductor specific contact resistance, very high sheet conductance, bondability, long-term durability, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, the use of Ti/Pd/Ag metallization on n-type GaAs is examined, targeting electronic devices that need to handle high current densities and with grid-like contacts with limited surface coverage (i.e., solar cells, lasers, or light emitting diodes). Ti/Pd/Ag (50 nm/50 nm/1000 nm) metal layers were deposited on n-type GaAs by electron beam evaporation and the contact quality was assessed for different doping levels (from 1.3 × 1018 cm−3 to 1.6 × 1019 cm−3) and annealing temperatures (from 300°C to 750°C). The metal/semiconductor specific contact resistance, metal resistivity, and the morphology of the contacts were studied. The results show that samples doped in the range of 1018 cm−3 had Schottky-like I–V characteristics and only samples doped 1.6 × 1019 cm−3 exhibited ohmic behavior even before annealing. For the ohmic contacts, increasing annealing temperature causes a decrease in the specific contact resistance (ρ c,Ti/Pd/Ag ~ 5 × 10−4 Ω cm2). In regard to the metal resistivity, Ti/Pd/Ag metallization presents a very good metal conductivity for samples treated below 500°C (ρ M,Ti/Pd/Ag ~ 2.3 × 10−6 Ω cm); however, for samples treated at 750°C, metal resistivity is strongly degraded due to morphological degradation and contamination in the silver overlayer. As compared to the classic AuGe/Ni/Au metal system, the Ti/Pd/Ag system shows higher metal/semiconductor specific contact resistance and one order of magnitude lower metal resistivity.

Nanotechnology for more efficient photovoltaics: the quantum dot intermediate band solar cell

The intermediate band solar cell [1] has been proposed as a concept able to substantially enhance the efficiency limit of an ordinary single junction solar cell. If a band permitted for electrons is inserted within the forbidden band of a semiconductor then a novel path for photo generation is open: electron hole pairs may be formed by the successive absorption of two sub band gap photons using the intermediate band (IB) as a stepping stone. While the increase of the photovoltaic (PV) current is not a big achievement —it suffices to reduce the band gap— the achievement of this extra current at high voltage is the key of the IB concept. In ordinary cells the voltage is limited by the band gap so that reducing it would also reduce the band gap. In the intermediate band solar cell the high voltage is produced when the IB is permitted to have a Quasi Fermi Level (QFL) different from those of the Conduction Band (CB) and the Valence Band (VB). For it the cell must be properly isolated from the external contacts, which is achieved by putting the IB material between two n- and p-type ordinary semiconductors [2]. Efficiency thermodynamic limit of 63% is obtained for the IB solar cell1 vs. the 40% obtained [3] for ordinary single junction solar cells. Detailed information about the IB solar cells can be found elsewhere [4].

A visual object counter based on a multimodal data association for embedded systems with limited computational power

A low complex but highly-efficient object counter algorithm is presented that can be embedded in hardware with a low computational power. This is achieved by a novel soft-data association strategy that can handle multimodal distributions.

Optimization of laser-firing processes for silicon-heterojunction solar-cell back contacts

One of the key steps to achieve high efficiencies in amorphous/crystalline silicon photovoltaic structures is to design low-ohmic-resistance backcontacts with good passivation in the rear part of the cell. A well known approach to achieve this goal is to use laser-fired contact (LFC) processes in which a metal layer is fired through the dielectric to define good contacts with the semiconductor. However, and despite the fact that this approach has demonstrated to be extremely successful, there is still enough room for process improvement with an appropriate optimization. In this paper, a study focused on the optimal adjustment of the irradiation parameters to produce laser-fired contacts in a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunctionsolarcells is presented. We used samples consisting of crystalline-silicon (c-Si) wafers together with a passivation layer of intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H(i)) deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical deposition (PECVD). Then, an aluminum layer was evaporated on both sides, the thickness of this layer varied from 0.2 to 1 μm in order to identify the optimal amount of Al required to create an appropriate contact. A q-switched Nd:YVO4laser source, λ = 532 nm, was used to locally fire the aluminum through the thin a-Si:H(i)-layers to form the LFC. The effects of laser fluences were analyzed using a comprehensive morphological and electrical characterization.

Influence of laser wavelength on Laser-Fired contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells

In the Laser-Fired Contact (LFC) process, a laser beam fires a metallic layer through a dielectric passivating layer into the silicon wafer to form an electrical contact with the silicon bulk [1]. This laser technique is an interesting alternative for the fabrication of both laboratory and industrial scale high efficiency passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC). One of the principal characteristics of this promising technique is the capability to reduce the recombination losses at the rear surface in crystalline silicon solar cells. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize LFC because this process is one of the most promising concepts to produce rear side point contacts at process speeds compatible with the final industrial application. In that sense, this work investigates the optimization of LFC processing to improve the back contact in silicon solar cells using fully commercial solid state lasers with pulse width in the ns range, thus studying the influence of the wavelength using the three first harmonics (corresponding to wavelengths of 1064 nm, 532 nm and 355 nm). Previous studies of our group focused their attention in other processing parameters as laser fluence, number of pulses, passivating material [2, 3] thickness of the rear metallic contact [4], etc. In addition, the present work completes the parametric optimization by assessing the influence of the laser wavelength on the contact property. In particular we report results on the morphology and electrical behaviour of samples specifically designed to assess the quality of the process. In order to study the influence of the laser wavelength on the contact feature we used as figure of merit the specific contact resistance. In all processes the best results have been obtained using green (532 nm) and UV (355 nm), with excellent values for this magnitude far below 1 mΩcm2.

Parameterization of the atmospheric boundary layer for offshore wind resource assessment with a limited length-scale k-ε model

The structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is modelled with the limited- length-scale k-ε model of Apsley and Castro. Contrary to the standard k-ε model, the limited-length-scale k-ε model imposes a maximum mixing length which is derived from the boundary layer height, for neutral and unstable atmospheric situations, or by Monin-Obukhov length when the atmosphere is stably stratified. The model is first verified reproducing the famous Leipzig wind profile. Then the performance of the model is tested with measurements from FINO-1 platform using sonic anemometers to derive the appropriate maximum mixing length.

The orbital-motion-limited regime of cylindrical Langmuir probes

An asymptotic analysis of electron collection at high bias Fp serves to determine the domain of validity of the orbital-motion-limited regime of cylindrical Langmuir probes, which is basic for the workings of conductive bare tethers. The radius of a wire collecting OML current in an unmagnetized plasma at rest cannot exceed a value, Rmax , which is found to exhibit a minimum as a function of Fp ; atFp values of interest, Rmax is already increasing and is larger than the electron Debye length lDe . The breakdown of the regime relates to conditions far fromthe probe, at electron energies comparable to the ion thermal energy, kTi ; Rmax is found to increase with Ti . It is also found that ~1! the maximumwidth of a thin tape, if used instead of a wire, is 4Rmax ; ~2! the electron thermal gyroradius must be larger than both R and lDe for magnetic effects to be negligible; and ~3! conditions applying to the tether case are such that trapped-orbit effects are negligible.

Cylindrical Langmuir probes beyond the orbital-motion-limited regime

The current I to a cylindrical probe at rest in an unmagnetized plasma, with probe bias highly positive, is determined. The way I lags behind the orbital-motion-limited OMLcurrent, 1 OML R, as the radius R exceeds the maximum radius for the OML regime to hold, is of interest for space-tether applications. The ratio I/I OML is roughly a decreasing function of R/lD R max /lDe , which is independent of bias, with lDe the electron Debye length and Rmax /l De roughly an increasing function of the temperature ratio, Ti /Te. The dependence of current on ion energy is used to discuss the effect of probe motion through the plasma, a case applying to tethers in low orbit.

Bile Acids Induce Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Secretion with Limited Effects on Intestinal Adaptation in Early Weaned Pigs

Early weaning is a stressful event characterized by a transient period of intestinal atrophy that may be mediated by reduced secretion of glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 2. We tested whether enterally fed bile acids or plant sterols could increase nutrient-dependent GLP-2 secretion and improve intestinal adaptation in weanling pigs. During the first 6 d after weaning, piglets were intragastrically infused once daily with either deionized water -control-, chenodeoxycholic acid -CDC; 60mg/kg body weight-, or b-sitoesterol -BSE; 100 mg/kg body weight-. Infusing CDC increased plasma GLP-2 -P menor que 0.05- but did not affect plasma GLP-1 and feed intake. The intestinal expression of Glp2r -glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor-, Asbt -sodium-dependent bile acid transporter-, Fxr -farnesoid X receptor-, and Tgr5 -guanosine protein?coupled bile acid receptor- genes were not affected by CDC treatment. The intragastric administration of CDC did not alter the weight and length of the intestine, yet increased the activation of caspase-3 in ileal villi -P menor que 0.02- and the expression of Il6 -interleukin 6; P menor que 0.002- in the jejunum. In contrast, infusing BSE did not affect any of the variables that were measured. Our results show that the enteral administration of the bile acid CDC potentiates the nutrient-induced secretion of endogenous GLP-2 in early-weaned pigs. Bile acid?enhanced release of GLP-2, however, did not result in improved intestinal growth, morphology, or inflammation during the postweaning degenerative phase.

Communication peculiarities of early-aged children from speech risk group with close grownups

More children with different versions of speech disorders appear in Russia last decades. This situation reflects general tendency of national health deterioration. Our practical experience shows that close grownups can?t communicate to children with limited health capacity. As a result there arise social disabilities in child development. Speech communication is one of the forms of global communicative interaction process between close grownups and young child in the course of which there is a redistribution of knowledge and ignorance (Nikas Luman,2005). Within a framework of sociocultiral theory of mental growth we consider the appearance of speech communication under any cases of physical illness is possible only under conditions of correctly- organized communication between grownups and young children. (L.S. Vigotski ,2000). The special value in this aspect acquires the study of communication between grownups and young children. For five years we have been conducting the surveys on the problem of communicative contacts between parents and non-verbal children. Analysis of received data gave us the opportunity to systematize peculiar communicative interaction of adults and children who have some lapses in acquiring speech form communication. We have revealed four versions of situational- business communication between close grownups and young children with disabilities in acquiring speech. We have assumed that four versions of situational- business communication negatively affect speech form communication formation.

AquaData and AquaGIS: Two computer utilities for temporal and spatial simulations of water-limited yield with AquaCrop.

The crop simulation model AquaCrop, recently developed by FAO can be used for a wide range of purposes. However, in its present form, its use over large areas or for applications that require a large number of simulations runs (e.g., long-term analysis), is not practical without developing software to facilitate such applications. Two tools for managing the inputs and outputs of AquaCrop, named AquaData and AquaGIS, have been developed for this purpose and are presented here. Both software utilities have been programmed in Delphi v. 5 and in addition, AquaGIS requires the Geographic Information System (GIS) programming tool MapObjects. These utilities allow the efficient management of input and output files, along with a GIS module to develop spatial analysis and effect spatial visualization of the results, facilitating knowledge dissemination. A sample of application of the utilities is given here, as an AquaCrop simulation analysis of impact of climate change on wheat yield in Southern Spain, which requires extensive input data preparation and output processing. The use of AquaCrop without the two utilities would have required approximately 1000 h of work, while the utilization of AquaData and AquaGIS reduced that time by more than 99%. Furthermore, the use of GIS, made it possible to perform a spatial analysis of the results, thus providing a new option to extend the use of the AquaCrop model to scales requiring spatial and temporal analyses.

Energy-based Fair Queuing: Energy-centric Processor Scheduling Algorithm for Battery-limited Mobile Systems

Los dispositivos móviles modernos disponen cada vez de más funcionalidad debido al rápido avance de las tecnologías de las comunicaciones y computaciones móviles. Sin embargo, la capacidad de la batería no ha experimentado un aumento equivalente. Por ello, la experiencia de usuario en los sistemas móviles modernos se ve muy afectada por la vida de la batería, que es un factor inestable de difícil de control. Para abordar este problema, investigaciones anteriores han propuesto un esquema de gestion del consumo (PM) centrada en la energía y que proporciona una garantía sobre la vida operativa de la batería mediante la gestión de la energía como un recurso de primera clase en el sistema. Como el planificador juega un papel fundamental en la administración del consumo de energía y en la garantía del rendimiento de las aplicaciones, esta tesis explora la optimización de la experiencia de usuario para sistemas móviles con energía limitada desde la perspectiva de un planificador que tiene en cuenta el consumo de energía en un contexto en el que ésta es un recurso de primera clase. En esta tesis se analiza en primer lugar los factores que contribuyen de forma general a la experiencia de usuario en un sistema móvil. Después se determinan los requisitos esenciales que afectan a la experiencia de usuario en la planificación centrada en el consumo de energía, que son el reparto proporcional de la potencia, el cumplimiento de las restricciones temporales, y cuando sea necesario, el compromiso entre la cuota de potencia y las restricciones temporales. Para cumplir con los requisitos, el algoritmo clásico de fair queueing y su modelo de referencia se extienden desde los dominios de las comunicaciones y ancho de banda de CPU hacia el dominio de la energía, y en base a ésto, se propone el algoritmo energy-based fair queueing (EFQ) para proporcionar una planificación basada en la energía. El algoritmo EFQ está diseñado para compartir la potencia consumida entre las tareas mediante su planificación en función de la energía consumida y de la cuota reservada. La cuota de consumo de cada tarea con restricciones temporales está protegida frente a diversos cambios que puedan ocurrir en el sistema. Además, para dar mejor soporte a las tareas en tiempo real y multimedia, se propone un mecanismo para combinar con el algoritmo EFQ para dar preferencia en la planificación durante breves intervalos de tiempo a las tareas más urgentes con restricciones temporales.Las propiedades del algoritmo EFQ se evaluan a través del modelado de alto nivel y la simulación. Los resultados de las simulaciones indican que los requisitos esenciales de la planificación centrada en la energía pueden lograrse. El algoritmo EFQ se implementa más tarde en el kernel de Linux. Para evaluar las propiedades del planificador EFQ basado en Linux, se desarrolló un banco de pruebas experimental basado en una sitema empotrado, un programa de banco de pruebas multihilo, y un conjunto de pruebas de código abierto. A través de experimentos específicamente diseñados, esta tesis verifica primero las propiedades de EFQ en la gestión de la cuota de consumo de potencia y la planificación en tiempo real y, a continuación, explora los beneficios potenciales de emplear la planificación EFQ en la optimización de la experiencia de usuario para sistemas móviles con energía limitada. Los resultados experimentales sobre la gestión de la cuota de energía muestran que EFQ es más eficaz que el planificador de Linux-CFS en la gestión de energía, logrando un reparto proporcional de la energía del sistema independientemente de en qué dispositivo se consume la energía. Los resultados experimentales en la planificación en tiempo real demuestran que EFQ puede lograr de forma eficaz, flexible y robusta el cumplimiento de las restricciones temporales aunque se dé el caso de aumento del el número de tareas o del error en la estimación de energía. Por último, un análisis comparativo de los resultados experimentales sobre la optimización de la experiencia del usuario demuestra que, primero, EFQ es más eficaz y flexible que los algoritmos tradicionales de planificación del procesador, como el que se encuentra por defecto en el planificador de Linux y, segundo, que proporciona la posibilidad de optimizar y preservar la experiencia de usuario para los sistemas móviles con energía limitada. Abstract Modern mobiledevices have been becoming increasingly powerful in functionality and entertainment as the next-generation mobile computing and communication technologies are rapidly advanced. However, the battery capacity has not experienced anequivalent increase. The user experience of modern mobile systems is therefore greatly affected by the battery lifetime,which is an unstable factor that is hard to control. To address this problem, previous works proposed energy-centric power management (PM) schemes to provide strong guarantee on the battery lifetime by globally managing energy as the first-class resource in the system. As the processor scheduler plays a pivotal role in power management and application performance guarantee, this thesis explores the user experience optimization of energy-limited mobile systemsfrom the perspective of energy-centric processor scheduling in an energy-centric context. This thesis first analyzes the general contributing factors of the mobile system user experience.Then itdetermines the essential requirements on the energy-centric processor scheduling for user experience optimization, which are proportional power sharing, time-constraint compliance, and when necessary, a tradeoff between the power share and the time-constraint compliance. To meet the requirements, the classical fair queuing algorithm and its reference model are extended from the network and CPU bandwidth sharing domain to the energy sharing domain, and based on that, the energy-based fair queuing (EFQ) algorithm is proposed for performing energy-centric processor scheduling. The EFQ algorithm is designed to provide proportional power shares to tasks by scheduling the tasks based on their energy consumption and weights. The power share of each time-sensitive task is protected upon the change of the scheduling environment to guarantee a stable performance, and any instantaneous power share that is overly allocated to one time-sensitive task can be fairly re-allocated to the other tasks. In addition, to better support real-time and multimedia scheduling, certain real-time friendly mechanism is combined into the EFQ algorithm to give time-limited scheduling preference to the time-sensitive tasks. Through high-level modelling and simulation, the properties of the EFQ algorithm are evaluated. The simulation results indicate that the essential requirements of energy-centric processor scheduling can be achieved. The EFQ algorithm is later implemented in the Linux kernel. To assess the properties of the Linux-based EFQ scheduler, an experimental test-bench based on an embedded platform, a multithreading test-bench program, and an open-source benchmark suite is developed. Through specifically-designed experiments, this thesis first verifies the properties of EFQ in power share management and real-time scheduling, and then, explores the potential benefits of employing EFQ scheduling in the user experience optimization for energy-limited mobile systems. Experimental results on power share management show that EFQ is more effective than the Linux-CFS scheduler in managing power shares and it can achieve a proportional sharing of the system power regardless of on which device the energy is spent. Experimental results on real-time scheduling demonstrate that EFQ can achieve effective, flexible and robust time-constraint compliance upon the increase of energy estimation error and task number. Finally, a comparative analysis of the experimental results on user experience optimization demonstrates that EFQ is more effective and flexible than traditional processor scheduling algorithms, such as those of the default Linux scheduler, in optimizing and preserving the user experience of energy-limited mobile systems.

Design of a Two-Phase buck converter with fourth-order output filter for envelope amplifiers of limited bandwidth

The use of techniques such as envelope tracking (ET) and envelope elimination and restoration (EER) can improve the efficiency of radio frequency power amplifiers (RFPA). In both cases, high-bandwidth DC/DC converters called envelope amplifiers (EA) are used to modulate the supply voltage of the RFPA. This paper addresses the analysis and design of a modified two-phase Buck converter optimized to operate as EA. The effects of multiphase operation on the tracking capabilities are analyzed. The use of a fourth-order output filter is proposed to increase the attenuation of the harmonics generated by the PWM operation, thus allowing a reduction of the ratio between the switching frequency and the converter bandwidth. The design of the output filter is addressed considering envelope tracking accuracy and distortion caused by the side bands arising from the nonlinear modulation process. Finally, the proposed analysis and design methods are supported by simulation results, as well as demonstrated by experiments obtained using two 100-W, 10-MHz, two-phase Buck EAs capable of accurately tracking a 1.5-MHz bandwidth OFDM signal.