Analysing the complexity of the model-based decision making processes within the industrial management context

PURPOSE The decision-making process plays a key role in organizations. Every decision-making process produces a final choice that may or may not prompt action. Recurrently, decision makers find themselves in the dichotomous question of following a traditional sequence decision-making process where the output of a decision is used as the input of the next stage of the decision, or following a joint decision-making approach where several decisions are taken simultaneously. The implication of the decision-making process will impact different players of the organization. The choice of the decision- making approach becomes difficult to find, even with the current literature and practitioners’ knowledge. The pursuit of better ways for making decisions has been a common goal for academics and practitioners. Management scientists use different techniques and approaches to improve different types of decisions. The purpose of this decision is to use the available resources as well as possible (data and techniques) to achieve the objectives of the organization. The developing and applying of models and concepts may be helpful to solve managerial problems faced every day in different companies. As a result of this research different decision models are presented to contribute to the body of knowledge of management science. The first models are focused on the manufacturing industry and the second part of the models on the health care industry. Despite these models being case specific, they serve the purpose of exemplifying that different approaches to the problems and could provide interesting results. Unfortunately, there is no universal recipe that could be applied to all the problems. Furthermore, the same model could deliver good results with certain data and bad results for other data. A framework to analyse the data before selecting the model to be used is presented and tested in the models developed to exemplify the ideas. METHODOLOGY As the first step of the research a systematic literature review on the joint decision is presented, as are the different opinions and suggestions of different scholars. For the next stage of the thesis, the decision-making process of more than 50 companies was analysed in companies from different sectors in the production planning area at the Job Shop level. The data was obtained using surveys and face-to-face interviews. The following part of the research into the decision-making process was held in two application fields that are highly relevant for our society; manufacturing and health care. The first step was to study the interactions and develop a mathematical model for the replenishment of the car assembly where the problem of “Vehicle routing problem and Inventory” were combined. The next step was to add the scheduling or car production (car sequencing) decision and use some metaheuristics such as ant colony and genetic algorithms to measure if the behaviour is kept up with different case size problems. A similar approach is presented in a production of semiconductors and aviation parts, where a hoist has to change from one station to another to deal with the work, and a jobs schedule has to be done. However, for this problem simulation was used for experimentation. In parallel, the scheduling of operating rooms was studied. Surgeries were allocated to surgeons and the scheduling of operating rooms was analysed. The first part of the research was done in a Teaching hospital, and for the second part the interaction of uncertainty was added. Once the previous problem had been analysed a general framework to characterize the instance was built. In the final chapter a general conclusion is presented. FINDINGS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The first part of the contributions is an update of the decision-making literature review. Also an analysis of the possible savings resulting from a change in the decision process is made. Then, the results of the survey, which present a lack of consistency between what the managers believe and the reality of the integration of their decisions. In the next stage of the thesis, a contribution to the body of knowledge of the operation research, with the joint solution of the replenishment, sequencing and inventory problem in the assembly line is made, together with a parallel work with the operating rooms scheduling where different solutions approaches are presented. In addition to the contribution of the solving methods, with the use of different techniques, the main contribution is the framework that is proposed to pre-evaluate the problem before thinking of the techniques to solve it. However, there is no straightforward answer as to whether it is better to have joint or sequential solutions. Following the proposed framework with the evaluation of factors such as the flexibility of the answer, the number of actors, and the tightness of the data, give us important hints as to the most suitable direction to take to tackle the problem. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND AVENUES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH In the first part of the work it was really complicated to calculate the possible savings of different projects, since in many papers these quantities are not reported or the impact is based on non-quantifiable benefits. The other issue is the confidentiality of many projects where the data cannot be presented. For the car assembly line problem more computational power would allow us to solve bigger instances. For the operation research problem there was a lack of historical data to perform a parallel analysis in the teaching hospital. In order to keep testing the decision framework it is necessary to keep applying more case studies in order to generalize the results and make them more evident and less ambiguous. The health care field offers great opportunities since despite the recent awareness of the need to improve the decision-making process there are many opportunities to improve. Another big difference with the automotive industry is that the last improvements are not spread among all the actors. Therefore, in the future this research will focus more on the collaboration between academia and the health care sector.

Maintenance management model for industrial Smes

This paper presents the design and results of the implementation of a model for the evaluation and improvement of maintenance management in industrial SMEs. A thorough review of the state of the art on maintenance management was conducted to determine the model variables; to characterize industrial SMEs, a questionnaire was developed with Likert variables collected in the previous step. Once validated the questionnaire, we applied the same to a group of seventy-five (75) SMEs in the industrial sector, located in Bolivar State, Venezuela. To identify the most relevant variables maintenance management, we used exploratory factor analysis technique applied to the data collected. The score obtained for all the companies evaluated (57% compliance), highlights the weakness of maintenance management in industrial SMEs, particularly in the areas of planning and continuous improvement; most SMEs are evaluated in corrective maintenance stage, and its performance standard only response to the occurrence of faults.

SERVICE NEEDS FORECASTING: An Approach for the Motor Industry Using Analogies with Medical ER Management Models.

During the past years, the industry has shifted position and moved towards “the luxury universe” whose customers are demanding, treating individuals as unique and valued customer for the business, offering vehicles produced with the state of the art technologies and implementing the highest finishing standards. Due to the competitive level in the market, motor makers enable processes which equalizes customer services to E.R. management, being dealt with the maximum urgency that allows the comparison between both, car workshops and emergency rooms, where workshop bays or ramps will be equal to emergency boxes and skilled technicians are equivalent to the health care specialist, who will carry out tests and checks prior to afford any final operation, keeping the “patient” under control before it is back to normal utilization. This paper ratify a valid model for the automotive industry to estimate customer service demand forecasting under variable demand conditions using analogies with patient demand models used for the medical ER

Sistema regional de innovación para el fortalecimiento de la I+D+i, en el sector industrial del estado Bolívar, Venezuela

El Estado Bolívar cuenta con excelentes recursos de materias primas tales como el mineral de hierro y bauxita, y de profesionales especializados, los cuales representan oportunidades para mejorar las ventajas competitivas de una de las zonas industriales más grande de Latinoamérica. Para aprovechar tales ventajas se debe cambiar el modelos de política industrial actual de exportar en el mayor porcentaje productos primarios y semielaborados a través de las empresa básicas instaladas en la zona, a otro modelo económico basado en política de innovación para la diversificación de nuevos productos, soportados en la transformación de las Pequeñas y Medianas Industrias (PYMIS) del estado Bolívar, consolidando las empresas en organizaciones innovadoras que generen, aporten o adapten los conocimientos científicos y tecnológicos, obteniendo nuevos productos o mejoras de procesos con un alto contenido de valor agregado. Estos cambios avanzarán en la medida que se logren articular e integrar los actores que forman parte del Sistema Regional de Innovación (SRI). El presente proyecto se planteo como objetivo diseñar estrategias para desarrollar y articular las capacidades de los actores del SRI para el fortalecimiento de la I+D+i en el sector industrial de las cadenas siderúrgicas y del aluminio del estado Bolívar.

Evaluating alternative industrial network organizations and information systems

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a simulation‐based evaluation method for the comparison of different organizational forms and software support levels in the field of supply chain management (SCM). Design/methodology/approach – Apart from widely known logistic performance indicators, the discrete event simulation model considers explicitly coordination cost as stemming from iterative administration procedures. Findings - The method is applied to an exemplary supply chain configuration considering various parameter settings. Curiously, additional coordination cost does not always result in improved logistic performance. Influence factor variations lead to different organizational recommendations. The results confirm the high importance of (up to now) disregarded dimensions when evaluating SCM concepts and IT tools. Research limitations/implications – The model is based on simplified product and network structures. Future research shall include more complex, real world configurations. Practical implications – The developed method is designed for the identification of improvement potential when SCM software is employed. Coordination schemes based only on ERP systems are valid alternatives in industrial practice because significant investment IT can be avoided. Therefore, the evaluation of these coordination procedures, in particular the cost due to iterations, is of high managerial interest and the method provides a comprehensive tool for strategic IT decision making. Originality/value – Reviewed literature is mostly focused on the benefits of SCM software implementations. However, ERP system based supply chain coordination is still widespread industrial practice but associated coordination cost has not been addressed by researchers.

Coordination mechanisms and software in industrial networks - a literature review

This paper groups recent supply chain management research focused on organizational design and its software support. The classification encompasses criteria related to research methodology and content. Empirical studies from management science focus on network types and organizational fit. Novel planning algorithms and innovative coordination schemes are developed mostly in the field of operations research in order to propose new software features. Operations and production management realize cost-benefit analysis of IT software implementations. The success of software solutions for network coordination depends strongly on the fit of three dimensions: network configuration, coordination scheme and software functionality. This paper concludes with proposals for future research on unaddressed issues within and among the identified research streams.

Empresas tecnológicas creadas en España entre los años 2000 y 2010: perfil del emprendedor e importancia de la ayuda pública en su desarrollo

Este trabajo pretende contribuir al conocimiento de las nuevas empresas de base tecnológica (NEBT) creadas en España analizando aspectos relativos a su distribución geográfica, sectorial, tamaño, estructura financiera, protección de resultados, participación en programas de I+D o perfil de sus emprendedores. Para ello lleva a cabo un estudio descriptivo de las empresas que recibieron ayudas de la iniciativa Neotec concedidas por el Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CDTI) a este tipo de compañías entre los años 2000 y 2010. Por otro lado, analiza el perfil de los emprendedores tecnológicos que han creado empresas en España en la última década

Generating Awareness from Collaborative Working Environment using Social Data

Nowadays, Internet is a place where social networks have reached an important impact in collaboration among people over the world in different ways. This article proposes a new paradigm for building CSCW business tools following the novel ideas provided by the social web to collaborate and generate awareness. An implementation of these concepts is described, including the components we provide to collaborate in workspaces, (such as videoconference, chat, desktop sharing, forums or temporal events), and the way we generate awareness from these complex social data structures. Figures and validation results are also presented to stress that this architecture has been defined to support awareness generation via joining current and future social data from business and social networks worlds, based on the idea of using social data stored in the cloud.

An extended approach for service innovation study: an empirical research

Initially, service sector was defined as complementary to manufacturing sector. This situation has changed in recent times; services growth has resulted in a dominance of employment and economic activity in most developed nations and is becoming a key process for the competitiveness of their industrial sectors. New services related to commodities have become a strategy to differentiate their value proposition (Robinson et al., 2002). The service sector's importance is evident when evaluating its share in the gross domestic product. According to the World Bank (2011), in 2009, 74.8% of GDP in the euro area and 77.5% in United States were attributed to services. Globalization and use of information and communication technology has accelerated dissemination of knowledge and increasing customer expectations about services available worldwide. Innovation becomes essential to ensure that service organizations respond with appropriate products and services for each market segment. Customized and placed on time-tomarket new services require a more developed innovation process. Service innovation and new service development process are cited as one of the priorities for academic research in the following years (Karniouchina et al., 2005) This paper has the following objectives: -To present a model for the analysis of innovation process through the service value network, -To verify its applicability through an empirical research, and -To identify the path and mode of innovation for a group of studied organizations and to compare it with previous studies.

Empresas tecnológicas creadas en España entre los años 2000 y 2010: perfil del emprendedor e importancia de la ayuda pública en su desarrollo

Este trabajo pretende contribuir al conocimiento de las NEBT a través de un doble objetivo. Por un lado, llevar a cabo un análisis descriptivo de los resultados de las ayudas concedidas por el Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CDTI) a este colectivo de empresas en los últimos nueve años a través de la Iniciativa Neotec, lo que permitirá comprender mejor la adicionalidad de este tipo de actuaciones públicas y su impacto en la creación de NEBT. Por otro lado, caracterizar el perfil de los emprendedores tecnológicos en España con la finalidad de incrementar el conocimiento de este colectivo y promover su aparición. Para finalizar se ofrecen las principales conclusiones y se realizan algunas recomendaciones para el apoyo a este tipo de empresas.

Fenómeno de internacionalización temprana en empresas creadas en entornos universitarios

Hasta finales del siglo XX ha sido incuestionable la vigencia del modelo de internacionalización de empresas conocido como ?Modelo Gradual? o ?Modelo de Uppsala? (Johanson y Vahlne, 1977). Este modelo se caracteriza fundamentalmente por considerar que las empresas comienzan asentándose en sus mercados de origen, en donde van adquiriendo experiencia y conocimiento y van adueñándose de recursos que les permitan internacionalizarse gradualmente en el futuro, comenzando por países cercanos y con similitudes al país de origen. Estas similitudes se miden fundamentalmente en factores demográficos, sociológicos y culturales (Johanson y Vahlne, 1977). Según este modelo, las empresas intentan minimizar al máximo la probabilidad de fracaso de su proceso de internacionalización (Autio y Sapienza, 2000).

Estudio sobre patrones de competitividad en las empresas de alto crecimiento del sector TIC español

La situación económica actual, especialmente en las principales economías desarrolladas de Europa y América, está marcada por los bajos, o incluso negativos, niveles de crecimiento económico de la mayor parte de las naciones, y los elevados niveles de desempleo. Por este motivo, se hace urgente identificar nuevas fórmulas de desarrollo que permitan contribuir al crecimiento económico y a la generación de empleo. El caso español es un claro ejemplo de esta situación. Sus tasas de crecimiento han pasado del 4% en los años 2007-2010, a tasas negativas del 5% en 2009.

Propuesta de un modelo y factores determinantes de la fragmentación internacional de la producción en el sector automóvil de España

Una de los rasgos más característicos de la presente globalización es el desarrollo de la fragmentación de la producción, siendo esta, la división del proceso productivo en diferentes localizaciones a lo largo de varios países. Debido a la globalización de los mercados, al surgimiento de nuevas zonas económicas (Zona Euro, Nafta, Mercosur, etc.), a los países emergentes (China, India, Rusia, Brasil), a la reducción de los costes del transporte internacional y al desarrollo de las comunicaciones, ha provocado el incremento del comercio internacional en bienes intermedios, así como el diseño, fabricación y ensamblaje de un producto en diferentes localizaciones a lo largo de varios países. El incremento de la fragmentación en el comercio internacional ha creado un interés por saber cuales son los factores determinantes de la misma en bienes intermedios. El indicador IITV es el utilizado para medir la fragmentación de la producción entre España y sus 19 principales socios comerciales y varios factores sugeridos por la literatura en fragmentación son utilizados en un rango de años desde el año 2004 al año 2008. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la gran mayoría del comercio en bienes intermedios es IITV y los factores determinantes de la fragmentación de la producción en el sector del automóvil en España, son el tamaño del mercado, la pertenencia a UE, la distancia y el coeficiente de libre comercio.

Propuesta de un Modelo para la Gestión de los Neumáticos de Una flota de Vehículos

En la gestión de los neumáticos de una flota de vehículos el mejor ratio para ello es el coste del neumático dividido por las Horas o Km. realizados por el neumático, pero existen flotas de vehículos que por sus características de uso no se puede realizar un seguimiento de las horas o Km. que realiza el neumático en su vida útil ya que son vehículos que son utilizados por un gran número de conductores en diferentes turnos al día. Este tipo de flotas suelen operar en entornos urbanos y son: Vehículos destinados a la limpieza viaria, recogida de basuras, mantenimiento de jardines, Policía, Guardia Civil, Bomberos etc. así también en menor medida flotas de empresas, renting de vehículos, alquiler de vehículos etc. por ello se propone un modelo de gestión de neumáticos para una flota de vehículos en los que no se puede hacer un seguimiento de las horas o kilómetros realizados por el neumático en su uso.

E-CRM in SMEs: an exploratory study in Sangammer region of Maharashtra in India

Although there are many definitions of SME's there is no globally accepted definition of a small or medium-sized enterprise. Small Medium Enterprises (SME) the catalyst in economic growth & development of the country, are facing tough competition in market place and in establishing themselves as credible supplier of quality product and services. In India they are producing more than 8000 different products. The common perception is that small to medium businesses have very little options in terms of CRM solutions. This is clearly not the case. SME's now have a lot of options and can exercise same. Businesses are shifting from product centric to customer centric. Long before the advent of technology, businesses have always recognized that the customer is the soul of every business. Businesses try to have personal relationship with their customers. Moving towards customer centric approach is a multi prolonged efforts that requires transformation of process, culture and strategy from top level to every individual employee. Technology has a crucial role in providing tools and infrastructure to support this. CRM supports SMEs in their business customer loyalty.