Lugares intermedios en Accesibilidad: Metodología integrada de diagnóstico y solución de barreras de accesibilidad físitica y criterios de comprensión e identificación a todas las escalas del Patrimonio

El presente artículo se centra en la aportación del Grupo de Investigación Paisaje Cultural (GIPC/UPM) en el proyecto de investigación PATRAC Patrimonio Accesible: I+D+i para una cultura sin barreras. En el marco de dos subproyectos, se ha trabajado, respectivamente, en el desarrollo de una metodología integrada de identificación y solución de barreras de accesibilidad física a todas las escalas del patrimonio, y en la selección, adaptación y gestión de la información de apoyo a la comprensión del bien patrimonial. El desarrollo se basa en una postura teórica previa: la importancia de la continuidad entre las escalas en la accesibilidad al patrimonio, y la especificidad de la relación entre el individuo y el elemento o entorno patrimonial. Las conclusiones recogen los conceptos que singularizan la aportación del GIPC. Así, se destaca el trabajo en aquellos espacios intermedios que conectan las diferentes escalas a las que se apunta, la calidad del diseño como medio de aplicación de criterios universales para soluciones específicas y la importancia, en la relación entre el hombre y el patrimonio, de la orientación y la identificación. This paper is focused in the contribution of the Grupo de investigación de Paisaje Cultural (GIPC/UPM) (Research Group on Cultural Landscapes) to the PATRACT project. In this framework it has been designed an integrated methodology to identify and solve physical barriers in all the scales of heritage; and in the selection, management and adaptation of information to improve the understanding the importance of heritage. This contribution is supported in a starting theory premise: the importance of continuity in the scales of accessibility to heritage, and the specificity of the relationship between the individual with the element or heritage environment. In the conclusions the GIPC group has strengthened the importance of the intermediate spaces which interlink different scales, using the quality of the design to accomplish specific solutions, and the relation between the human being and heritage as a pivotal point in the orientation and identification processes.

A computer vision approach for weeds identification through Support Vector Machines

This paper outlines an automatic computervision system for the identification of avena sterilis which is a special weed seed growing in cereal crops. The final goal is to reduce the quantity of herbicide to be sprayed as an important and necessary step for precision agriculture. So, only areas where the presence of weeds is important should be sprayed. The main problems for the identification of this kind of weed are its similar spectral signature with respect the crops and also its irregular distribution in the field. It has been designed a new strategy involving two processes: image segmentation and decision making. The image segmentation combines basic suitable image processing techniques in order to extract cells from the image as the low level units. Each cell is described by two area-based attributes measuring the relations among the crops and weeds. The decision making is based on the SupportVectorMachines and determines if a cell must be sprayed. The main findings of this paper are reflected in the combination of the segmentation and the SupportVectorMachines decision processes. Another important contribution of this approach is the minimum requirements of the system in terms of memory and computation power if compared with other previous works. The performance of the method is illustrated by comparative analysis against some existing strategies.

Identification and dynamics of polyglycine II nanocrystals in Argiope trifasciata flagelliform silk

Spider silks combine a significant number of desirable characteristics in one material, including large tensile strength and strain at breaking, biocompatibility, and the possibility of tailoring their properties. Major ampullate gland silk (MAS) is the most studied silk and their properties are explained by a double lattice of hydrogen bonds and elastomeric protein chains linked to polyalanine β-nanocrystals. However, many basic details regarding the relationship between composition, microstructure and properties in silks are still lacking. Here we show that this relationship can be traced in flagelliform silk (Flag) spun by Argiope trifasciata spiders after identifying a phase consisting of polyglycine II nanocrystals. The presence of this phase is consistent with the dominant presence of the –GGX– and –GPG– motifs in its sequence. In contrast to the passive role assigned to polyalanine nanocrystals in MAS, polyglycine II nanocrystals can undergo growing/collapse processes that contribute to increase toughness and justify the ability of Flag to supercontract.

Identification of pore spaces in 3D CT soil images using a PFCM partitional clustering

Recent advances in non-destructive imaging techniques, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), make it possible to analyse pore space features from the direct visualisation from soil structures. A quantitative characterisation of the three-dimensional solid-pore architecture is important to understand soil mechanics, as they relate to the control of biological, chemical, and physical processes across scales. This analysis technique therefore offers an opportunity to better interpret soil strata, as new and relevant information can be obtained. In this work, we propose an approach to automatically identify the pore structure of a set of 200-2D images that represent slices of an original 3D CT image of a soil sample, which can be accomplished through non-linear enhancement of the pixel grey levels and an image segmentation based on a PFCM (Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Means) algorithm. Once the solids and pore spaces have been identified, the set of 200-2D images is then used to reconstruct an approximation of the soil sample by projecting only the pore spaces. This reconstruction shows the structure of the soil and its pores, which become more bounded, less bounded, or unbounded with changes in depth. If the soil sample image quality is sufficiently favourable in terms of contrast, noise and sharpness, the pore identification is less complicated, and the PFCM clustering algorithm can be used without additional processing; otherwise, images require pre-processing before using this algorithm. Promising results were obtained with four soil samples, the first of which was used to show the algorithm validity and the additional three were used to demonstrate the robustness of our proposal. The methodology we present here can better detect the solid soil and pore spaces on CT images, enabling the generation of better 2D?3D representations of pore structures from segmented 2D images.

Identification of Degraded Land in the Canary Islands; Tests and Reviews

Degraded Land is an area that either by natural causes (fires, floods, storms or volcanic eruptions) or more by direct or indirect causes of human action, has been altered or modified from its natural state. Restoration is an activity that initiates or accelerates the recovery of an ecosystem. It can be defined as the set of actions taken in order to reverse or reduce the damage caused in the territory. In the case of the Canary Islands there is a high possibility for the territory to suffer processes that degrade the environment, given that the islands are very fragile ecosystems. Added to this they are territories isolated from the continent, which complicates the process of restoring them. In this paper, the different types of common degraded areas in the Canary Islands are identified, as well as the proposed solutions for remediation, such as afforestation of agricultural land or landfill closure and restoration.