Exact solution for the conjugate fluid-fluid problem in the thermal entrance region of laminar counterflow heat exchangers

A generalized Lévêque solution is presented for the conjugate fluid–fluid problem that arises in the thermal entrance region of laminar counterflow heat exchangers. The analysis, carried out for constant property fluids, assumes that the Prandtl and Peclet numbers are both large compared to unity, and neglects axial conduction both in the fluids and in the plate, assumed to be thermally thin. Under these conditions, the thermal entrance region admits an asymptotic self-similar description where the temperature varies as a power ϳ of the axial distance, with the particularity that the self-similarity exponent must be determined as an eigenvalue by solving a transcendental equation arising from the requirement of continuity of heat fluxes at the heat conducting wall. Specifically, the analysis reveals that j depends only on the lumped parameter ƙ = (A2/A1)1/3 (α1/α2)1/3(k2/k1), defined in terms of the ratios of the wall velocity gradients, A, thermal diffusivities, α i, and thermal conductivities,k i, of the fluids entering, 1, and exiting, 2, the heat exchanger. Moreover, it is shown that for large (small) values of K solution reduces to the classical first (second) Lévêque solution. Closed-form analytical expressions for the asymptotic temperature distributions and local heat-transfer rate in the thermal entrance region are given and compared with numerical results in the counterflow parallel-plate configuration, showing very good agreement in all cases.

A simplified Probabilistic Safety Assesment of a Steam-Methane Reforming Hydrogen Production Plant coupled to a High-Temperature Gas Cooled Nuclear Reactor

A Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) is being developed for a steam-methane reforming hydrogen production plant linked to a High-Temperature Gas Cooled Nuclear Reactor (HTGR). This work is based on the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute’s (JAERI) High Temperature Test Reactor (HTTR) prototype in Japan. This study has two major objectives: calculate the risk to onsite and offsite individuals, and calculate the frequency of different types of damage to the complex. A simplified HAZOP study was performed to identify initiating events, based on existing studies. The initiating events presented here are methane pipe break, helium pipe break, and PPWC heat exchanger pipe break. Generic data was used for the fault tree analysis and the initiating event frequency. Saphire was used for the PSA analysis. The results show that the average frequency of an accident at this complex is 2.5E-06, which is divided into the various end states. The dominant sequences result in graphite oxidation which does not pose a health risk to the population. The dominant sequences that could affect the population are those that result in a methane explosion and occur 6.6E-8/year, while the other sequences are much less frequent. The health risk presents itself if there are people in the vicinity who could be affected by the explosion. This analysis also demonstrates that an accident in one of the plants has little effect on the other. This is true given the design base distance between the plants, the fact that the reactor is underground, as well as other safety characteristics of the HTGR. Sensitivity studies are being performed in order to determine where additional and improved data is needed.

Gestión del boil off gas en la planta de regasificación de Cartagena

Este proyecto trata sobre la gestión del boil-off gas, o BOG (vapor de gas natural que se produce en las instalaciones de gas natural licuado de las plantas de regasificación), generado en la planta de regasificación de Gas Natural Licuado de Cartagena, tanto en las situaciones en las que se opera por debajo del mínimo técnico, como en las cargas y descargas de buques, en las cuales se ha de gestionar una cantidad del boil-off adicional. Para recuperar el boil-off, las plantas cuentan con un relicuador (intercambiador de calor) en el que el BOG es relicuado por el GNL que se envía a los vaporizadores para ser regasificado y emitido a la red. De forma complementaria cuentan también con una antorcha/venteo donde se quema el exceso de boil-off que no puede ser tratado por el relicuador. Se procede a un análisis de la situación actual, y de cómo la baja demanda de regasificación dificulta la gestión del boil-off. Se simula el proceso de relicuación actual en distintas situaciones de operación. Ante la situación de baja demanda, ha aumentado considerablemente el número de días en los que las plantas españolas en general, y la planta de Cartagena en particular, operan por debajo del mínimo técnico, que es el nivel de producción mínimo para recuperar todo el boil-off generado en cualquier situación de operación al tiempo que mantiene en frío todas las instalaciones, y garantiza el 100% de disponibilidad inmediata del resto de los equipos en condiciones de seguridad de funcionamiento estable. Esta situación supone inconvenientes tanto operativos como medioambientales y acarrea mayores costes económicos, a los cuales da solución el presente proyecto, decidiendo qué alternativa técnica es la más adecuada y definiéndola. Abstract This project is about the management of the boil-off gas (BOG), natural vapour gas that is produced in liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification plants. Specifically, the study is focused on the LNG regasification plant located in Cartagena, when it operates both below the technical minimum level of regasification and in the loading/unloading of LNG carriers, situations when it is needed to handle additional BOG. In order to make the most of BOG, the plants have a re-condenser (heat exchanger). Here, the BOG is re-liquefied by the LNG that is submitted to the vaporizers and delivered to the grid. The plants also have a flare/vent where the excess of BOG that cannot be treated by the re-condenser is burned. An analysis of the current situation of the demand is performed, evaluating how low markets demand for regasification difficult the BOG management. Besides, it is simulated the current re-liquefaction operating in different environments. Due to the reduction of the demand for natural gas, the periods when Spanish LNG regasification plants (and particularly the factory of Cartagena) are operating below the technical minimum level of regasification are more usual. This level is the minimum production to recover all the BOG generated in any operating situation while maintaining cold all facilities, fully guaranteeing the immediate availability from other equipment in a safely and stable operation. This situation carries both operational and environmental drawbacks, and leads to higher economic costs. This project aims to solve this problem, presenting several technical solutions and deciding which is the most appropriate.

Numerical Model of a Variable-Combined-Cycle Engine for Dual Subsonic and Supersonic Cruise

Efficient high speed propulsion requires exploiting the cooling capability of the cryogenic fuel in the propulsion cycle. This paper presents the numerical model of a combined cycle engine while in air turbo-rocket configuration. Specific models of the various heat exchanger modules and the turbomachinery elements were developed to represent the physical behavior at off-design operation. The dynamic nature of the model allows the introduction of the engine control logic that limits the operation of certain subcomponents and extends the overall engine operational envelope. The specific impulse and uninstalled thrust are detailed while flying a determined trajectory between Mach 2.5 and 5 for varying throttling levels throughout the operational envelope.

SolarPaces 2013: Innovations on direct steam generation in linear fresnel collectors

Direct Steam Generation (DSG) in Linear Fresnel (LF) solar collectors is being consolidated as a feasible technology for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants. The competitiveness of this technology relies on the following main features: water as heat transfer fluid (HTF) in Solar Field (SF), obtaining high superheated steam temperatures and pressures at turbine inlet (500ºC and 90 bar), no heat tracing required to avoid HTF freezing, no HTF degradation, no environmental impacts, any heat exchanger between SF and Balance Of Plant (BOP), and low cost installation and maintenance. Regarding to LF solar collectors, were recently developed as an alternative to Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) technology. The main advantages of LF are: the reduced collector manufacturing cost and maintenance, linear mirrors shapes versus parabolic mirror, fixed receiver pipes (no ball joints reducing leaking for high pressures), lower susceptibility to wind damages, and light supporting structures allowing reduced driving devices. Companies as Novatec, Areva, Solar Euromed, etc., are investing in LF DSG technology and constructing different pilot plants to demonstrate the benefits and feasibility of this solution for defined locations and conditions (Puerto Errado 1 and 2 in Murcia Spain, Lidellin Newcastle Australia, Kogran Creek in South West Queensland Australia, Kimberlina in Bakersfield California USA, Llo Solar in Pyrénées France,Dhursar in India,etc). There are several critical decisions that must be taken in order to obtain a compromise and optimization between plant performance, cost, and durability. Some of these decisions go through the SF design: proper thermodynamic operational parameters, receiver material selection for high pressures, phase separators and recirculation pumps number and location, pipes distribution to reduce the amount of tubes (reducing possible leaks points and transient time, etc.), etc. Attending to these aspects, the correct design parameters selection and its correct assessment are the main target for designing DSG LF power plants. For this purpose in the recent few years some commercial software tools were developed to simulatesolar thermal power plants, the most focused on LF DSG design are Thermoflex and System Advisor Model (SAM). Once the simulation tool is selected,it is made the study of the proposed SFconfiguration that constitutes the main innovation of this work, and also a comparison with one of the most typical state-of-the-art configuration. The transient analysis must be simulated with high detail level, mainly in the BOP during start up, shut down, stand by, and partial loads are crucial, to obtain the annual plant performance. An innovative SF configurationwas proposed and analyzed to improve plant performance. Finally it was demonstrated thermal inertia and BOP regulation mode are critical points in low sun irradiation day plant behavior, impacting in annual performance depending on power plant location.

Supercritical Steam power cycle for Line-Focus Solar Power Plants

The supercritical Rankine power cycle offers a net improvement in plant efficiency compared with a subcritical Rankine cycle. For fossil power plants the minimum supercritical steam turbine size is about 450MW. A recent study between Sandia National Laboratories and Siemens Energy, Inc., published on March 2013, confirmed the feasibility of adapting the Siemens turbine SST-900 for supercritical steam in concentrated solar power plants, with a live steam conditions 230-260 bar and output range between 140-200 MWe. In this context, this analysis is focused on integrating a line-focus solar field with a supercritical Rankine power cycle. For this purpose two heat transfer fluids were assessed: direct steam generation and molten salt Hitec XL. To isolate solar field from high pressure supercritical water power cycle, an intermediate heat exchanger was installed between linear solar collectors and balance of plant. Due to receiver selective coating temperature limitations, turbine inlet temperature was fixed 550ºC. The design-point conditions were 550ºC and 260 bar at turbine inlet, and 165 MWe Gross power output. Plant performance was assessed at design-point in the supercritical power plant (between 43-45% net plant efficiency depending on balance of plantconfiguration), and in the subcritical plant configuration (~40% net plant efficiency). Regarding the balance of plant configuration, direct reheating was adopted as the optimum solution to avoid any intermediate heat exchanger. One direct reheating stage between high pressure turbine and intermediate pressure turbine is the common practice; however, General Electric ultrasupercritical(350 bar) fossil power plants also considered doubled-reheat applications. In this study were analyzed heat balances with single-reheat, double-reheat and even three reheating stages. In all cases were adopted the proper reheating solar field configurations to limit solar collectors pressure drops. As main conclusion, it was confirmed net plant efficiency improvements in supercritical Rankine line-focus (parabolic or linear Fresnel) solar plant configurations are mainly due to the following two reasons: higher number of feed-water preheaters (up to seven)delivering hotter water at solar field inlet, and two or even three direct reheating stages (550ºC reheating temperature) in high or intermediate pressure turbines. However, the turbine manufacturer should confirm the equipment constrains regarding reheating stages and number of steam extractions to feed-water heaters.

Investigación sobre la aplicación de energía solar a una depuradora convencional de fangos activos

El consumo de energía es responsable de una parte importante de las emisiones a la atmósfera de CO2, que es uno de los principales causantes del efecto invernadero en nuestro planeta. El aprovechamiento de la energía solar para la producción de agua caliente, permite economizar energía y disminuir el impacto del consumo energético sobre el medio ambiente y por tanto un menor impacto medioambiental. El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en estudiar el aprovechamiento solar para el calentamiento de los fangos en los digestores anaerobios mediante agua caliente circulando en el interior de un serpentín que rodea la superficie de dicho digestor, como apoyo a los métodos convencionales del calentamiento de fangos como la resistencia eléctrica o el intercambiador de calor mediante la energía obtenida por el gas metano producido en la digestión anaerobia. Para el estudio se utilizaron 3 digestores, dos delos cuales se calentaron con agua caliente en el interior de un serpentín (uno aislado mediante una capa de fibra de vidrio y poliuretano y otro sin aislar).El tercer digestor no tenía calentamiento exterior con el objetivo de observar su comportamiento y comparar su evolución con el resto de los digestores .La comparación de los digestores 1 y 2 nos permitió estudiar la conveniencia de proveer de aislamiento al digestor. La transferencia de calor mediante serpentín de cobre dio valores comprendidos entre 83 y 92%. La aplicación de la instalación a una depuradora a escala real para mantenimiento en el interior del digestor a T=32ºC en diferentes climas: climas templados, cálidos y fríos, consistió en el cálculo de la superficie de colectores solares y superficie de serpentín necesario para cubrir las necesidades energéticas anuales de dicho digestor, así como el estudio de rentabilidad de la instalación, dando los mejores resultados para climas cálidos con períodos de retorno de 12 años y una tasa interna de rentabilidad (TIR) del 16% obteniendo una cobertura anual del 79% de las necesidades energéticas con energía solar térmica. Energy consumption accounts for a significant part of the emissions of CO2, which is one of the main causes of the greenhouse effect on our planet. The use of solar energy for hot water production. can save energy and reduce the impact of energy consumption on the environment and therefore a reduced environmental impact. The objective of this research is to study the solar utilization for heating the sludge in anaerobic digesters by hot water circulating inside a coil surrounding the surface of digester, to support conventional heating methods sludge as the electrical resistance or heat exchanger by energy generated by the methane gas produced in the anaerobic digestion. To study 3 digesters used two models which are heated with hot water within a coil (one insulated by a layer of fiberglass and polyurethane and other uninsulated) .The third digester had no external heating in order to observe their behavior and compare their evolution with the rest of the .The comparison digesters digesters 1 and 2 allowed us to study the advisability of providing insulation to the digester. Heat transfer through copper coil gave values between 83 and 92%. The installation application to a treatment for maintaining full scale within the digester at T = 32ºC in different climates: temperate, warm and cold climates, consisted of calculating the surface area of solar collectors and coil required to cover the annual energy needs of the digester, and the study of profitability of the installation, giving the best results for hot climates with return periods of 12 years and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 16% achieving an annual coverage of 79 % of energy needs with solar energy.