Using ecological niche models to support tree species selection for forest restoration planning in largely deforested regions

Species selection for forest restoration is often supported by expert knowledge on local distribution patterns of native tree species. This approach is not applicable to largely deforested regions unless enough data on pre-human tree species distribution is available. In such regions, ecological niche models may provide essential information to support species selection in the framework of forest restoration planning. In this study we used ecological niche models to predict habitat suitability for native tree species in "Tierra de Campos" region, an almost totally deforested area of the Duero Basin (Spain). Previously available models provide habitat suitability predictions for dominant native tree species, but including non-dominant tree species in the forest restoration planning may be desirable to promote biodiversity, specially in largely deforested areas were near seed sources are not expected. We used the Forest Map of Spain as species occurrence data source to maximize the number of modeled tree species. Penalized logistic regression was used to train models using climate and lithological predictors. Using model predictions a set of tools were developed to support species selection in forest restoration planning. Model predictions were used to build ordered lists of suitable species for each cell of the study area. The suitable species lists were summarized drawing maps that showed the two most suitable species for each cell. Additionally, potential distribution maps of the suitable species for the study area were drawn. For a scenario with two dominant species, the models predicted a mixed forest (Quercus ilex and a coniferous tree species) for almost one half of the study area. According to the models, 22 non-dominant native tree species are suitable for the study area, with up to six suitable species per cell. The model predictions pointed to Crataegus monogyna, Juniperus communis, J.oxycedrus and J.phoenicea as the most suitable non-dominant native tree species in the study area. Our results encourage further use of ecological niche models for forest restoration planning in largely deforested regions.

Forest connectivity restoration through reforestation: an integrated methodology for prioritizing agricultural lands and selecting reforestation species

Forest connectivity restoration is a major goal in natural resource planning. Given the high amount of abandoned cultivated lands, setting efficient methods for the reforestation of agricultural lands offers a good opportunity to face this issue. However, reforestations must be carefully planned, which poses two main challenges. In first place, to determine those agricultural lands that, once reforested, would meet more effectively the planning goals. As a further step, in order to grant the success of the activity, it is fairly advisable to select those tree species that are more adapted to each particular environment. Here we intend to give response to both requirements by proposing a sequential and integrated methodology that has been implemented in two Spanish forest districts, which are formed by several landscape types that were previously defined and characterized. Using the software Conefor Sensinode, a powerful tool for quantifying habitat availability that is based on graph theory concepts, we determined the landscapes where forest planning should have connectivity as a major concern and, afterwards, we detected the agricultural patches that would contribute most to enhance connectivity if they were reforested. The subsequent reforestation species assessment was performed within these priority patches. Using penalized logistic regressions we fitted ecological niche models for the Spanish native tree species. The models were trained with species distribution data from the Spanish Forest Map and used climatic and lithological variables as predictors. Model predictions were used to build ordered lists of suitable species for each priority patch. The lists include dominant and non dominant tree species and allow adding biodiversity goals to the reforestation planning. The result of this combined methodology is a map of agricultural patches that would contribute most to uphold forest connectivity if they were reforested and a list of suitable tree species for each patch ordered by occurrence probability. Therefore the proposed methodology may be useful for suitable and efficient forest planning and landscape designing.

Methodology for the metric restoration of the historical cartography applied to Francisco Coello's cartografic series of the Royal Site of Aranjuez

Hojas Kilométricas (Kilometric Sheets). Specifically, the study focuses on those sheets referring to the city centre and surrounding area of the Royal Site of Aranjuez, a town in the south of the Province of Madrid. The aim of this study is to restore the actual size and measurements of scanned images of the Hojas Kilométricas. This would allow us, among other things, to reestablish both the format and scale of the original plans. To achieve this goal it is necessary to rectify and then georeference these images, i.e. assign them a geographic reference system. This procedure is essential in the overlaying and comparison of the Hojas Kilométricas of the Royal Site with other historical cartography as well as other sources related to the same area from different time periods. Subsequent research would allow us, for example, to reconstruct the time-evolution of the urban area, to spot new construction and to pinpoint the locations of any altered or missing buildings or architectural features. In addition, this would allow us to develop and integrate databases for GIS models applicable to the management of our cultural heritage.

Integrated methodology for assessing the effects of geomorphological river restoration on fish habitat and riparian vegetation

Changes in the geomorphology of rivers have serious repercussions, causing losses in the dynamics and naturalness of their forms, going in many cases, from a type of meandering channel, with constant erosion and sedimentation processes, to a channelized narrow river with rigid and stable margins, where the only possibility of movement occurs in the vertical, causing the only changes in channel geometry occur in the river bed. On the other hand, these changes seriously affect the naturalness of the banks, preventing the development of riparian vegetation and reducing the cross connectivity of the riparian corridor. Common canalizations and disconnections of meanders increase the slope, and therefore speed, resulting in processes of regressive erosion, effect increased as a result of the narrowing of the channel and the concentration of flows. This process of incision may turn the flood plain to be "hung", being completely disconnected from the water table, with important consequences for vegetation. As an example of the effects of these changes, it has been chosen the case of the Arga River The Arga river has been channelized and rectified, as it passes along the meander RamalHondo and Soto Gil (Funes, Navarra). The effects on fish habitat and riparian vegetation by remeandering the Arga River are presented. and Ttwo very contrasting situationsrestoration hypothesis, in terms of geomorphology concerns, have been established to assess the effects these changes have on the habitat of one of the major fish species in the area (Luciobabus graellsii) and on the riparian vegetation. To accomplish this goal, it has been necessary to used the a digital elevation model provided by LIDAR flight, bathymetric data, flow data, as inputs, and a hydraulic simulation model 2D (Infoworks RS). The results obtained not only helped to evaluate the effects of the past alterations of geomorphologic characteristics, but also to predict fish and vegetation habitat responses to this type of changes.

E.1027. Maison en bord de mer: Theoretical Restoration

E.1027, Maison en bord de mer is a small villa in Roquebrune Cap-Martin, built by architects Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici between 1926 and 1929. It was hailed as a landmark of modern architecture, and then forgotten. Over the years many transformations have been carried out, and these changes have altered the spatial qualities of the original project. Time and neglect have taken their toll, and until 2008 the villa was abandoned, a shadow of its former self. In order to state an appropriate restoration, a description of the house and its historic evolution has been made, comparing plans of its different transformations. After compiling the most common pathologies and restoration procedures in buildings of the Modern Movement in general, the particular pathologies of E.1027 are presented, concluding with a restoration proposal for E.1027 that considers aesthetical as well as technical aspects. This study involves an attempt to establish guidelines for the theoretical and technical aspects for restoration of architecture of the Modern Movement, using the Maison en bord de mer as an example.

River Restoration in Spain: Theoretical and Practical Approach in the Context of the European Water Framework Directive.

River restoration is becoming a priority in many countries because of increasing the awareness of environmental degradation. In Europe, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) has significantly reinforced river restoration, encouraging the improvement of ecological status for water bodies. To fulfill the WFD requirements, the Spanish Ministry of the Environment developed in 2006 a National Strategy for River Restoration whose design and implementation are described in this paper. At the same time many restoration projects have been conducted, and sixty of them have been evaluated in terms of stated objectives and pressures and implemented restoration measures. Riparian vegetation enhancement, weir removal and fish passes were the most frequently implemented restoration measures, although the greatest pressures came from hydrologic alteration caused by flow regulation for irrigation purposes. Water deficits in quantity and quality associated with uncontrolled water demands seriously affect Mediterranean rivers and represent the main constraint to achieving good ecological status of Spanish rivers, most of them intensively regulated. Proper environmental allocation of in-stream flows would need deep restrictions in agricultural water use which seem to be of very difficult social acceptance. This situation highlights the need to integrate land-use and rural development policies with water resources and river management, and identifies additional difficulties in achieving the WFD objectives and good ecological status of rivers in Mediterranean countries.

TEACHING STRATEGIES IN THE MSc PROGRAME IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESTORATION ON DEGRADED LAND

UPM is a leader on landslide assessment and environmental restoration, as well as in waste management. The study of climate change and degraded land requires innovative techniques in teaching that will be analyzed and discussed in the following paper.

Study and Restoration Proposal for the Maison en Bord de Mer: E.1027 by Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici

This study constitutes an establishment of the main guidelines for the restoration of modern architecture, considering the E.1027 Maison en Bord de Meras a prototype for theortical and technical features. E.1027 Maison en Bord de Mer is a small villa built by Eileen Gray and Jean Badovici between 1926 and 1929 in Roquebrune Cap-Martin, France. Later on, the original project was modified because of successive interventions, altering the spatial qualities until being eventually abandoned in 2008. As a consequence of these variations, a meticulous documentation of the building turns essential in order to undertake its restoration. For that purpose, a description of the house and its historical evolution has been made, comparing plans of its different transformations and ending with a detailed survey of the current state. After presenting the particular pathologies of Cray's villa, the research concludes with the restoration proposal for E.1027 itself

Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land

The United Nations Climate Change Conference, Durban 2011, delivered a breakthrough on the international community's response to climate change. In the second largest meeting of its kind, the negotiations advanced, in a balanced fashion, the implementation of the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, the Bali Action Plan, and the Cancun Agreements. The outcomes included a decision by Parties to adopt a universal legal agreement on climate change as soon as possible, and no later than 2015. One of the decisions adopted by COP 17 and CMP 7 regard to the land use, land-use change and forestry, and invites the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to review and, if necessary, update supplementary methodologies for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol. Land degradation is a human-induced or natural process which negatively affects the productivity of land within an ecosystem. The direct causes of land degradation are geographically specific. Climate change, including changes in short-term variation, as well as long-term gradual changes in temperature and precipitation, is expected to be an additional stress on rates of land degradation. Book Topics: • Introduction to Climate Change and Land Degradation • Change Mitigation • Climate Change and Waste Land Restoration • Water Management and Planning • Erosion and Hydrological Restoration • Forest Fire Land Restoration • Polluted Soils Restoration • Combating Climate Change by Restoration of Degraded Land • Research Matters – Climate Change Governance • Advanced Statistics Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land is of interests to academics, engineers, consultans, designers and professionals involved in restoration of degraded lands projects.

A landscape architectural design approach:the restoration of the Angel Tower and the Cloister of the Cathedral of Cuenca.

Este artículo trata de analizar la reciente evolución de los conceptos sobre intervención en el Patrimonio Cultural. Para ello utiliza como modelo el proyecto metodológico aplicado sobre las dos últimas actuaciones efectuadas en la Catedral de Cuenca. La Carta de Atenas, 1931, que estableció las bases de la modernidad sobre las dos trayectorias de espacio y tiempo, concuerdan hoy después de casi un siglo, recuperando su punto de encuentro. El artículo básicamente valora el potencial que los proyectos contemporáneos de intervención en el patrimonio pueden ofrecer cuando estudias su trayectoria en el paisaje. En orden a certificar sus transformaciones desde la actualidad, el singular monumento de la Catedral de Cuenca, utilizado como modelo, nos aporta a través de sus materiales y morfología la memoria secular que nos informa de sus técnicas constructivas y valores sociales. Este modelo abre un diálogo entre teoría y práctica reflejado a través de los trabajos de restauración aplicados. Después de treinta años de experiencia restauradora llevada a cabo por los autores, las dos últimas intervenciones que son minuciosamente expuestas, revelan algunas nuevas estrategias de aplicación en el proyecto de intervención.

Animal feeding strategies to reduce N2O and NH3 emission from surface-applied pig slurry to a grassland soil.

It is estimated that N losses from fertilized crops range between 50-70%, depending on management practices, climate and soil conditions. Ammonia (NH3) emissions following land application of animal manures give rise to a significant proportion of the total NH3 emissions from agricultural sources.

Virtual restoration of the sound of the Hispanic Rite

The virtual acoustic reality techniques are powerful tools for the recovery of acoustical heritage of historic buildings. Through the acoustic modeling and auralization techniques it´s possible to reconstruct the sound of disappeared buildings or the ones with significant modifications over the years, knowing the original geometry and the acoustic characteristics of their surfaces. This paper shows the results of a research project whose goal is the virtual recovery of the sound of the Hispanic Rite, the rite celebrated by Christians of the Iberian Peninsula before the imposition of the Roman Rite in the mid-eleventh century. For this purpose, acoustic models of a series of Pre-Romanesque churches were made. These acoustic models represent the churches in their original state, following the reconstruction hypothesis proposed by leading researchers in medieval liturgical archeology. Multichannel anechoic recordings of several pieces of the music of the Hispanic Rite have been carried out using a spherical array composed of 31 microphones. Finally, static and dynamic auralizations have been developed, involving the different liturgical configurations which were usual in this rite.

Comparative analysis for the assessment of restoration treatments on stone material from the roman theater of Merida (Spain)

The overall goal of the project is the study of effects of conservation treatments applied on stone material from archaeological sites, i n terms of superficial changes, effectiveness and durability. In this sense, one of the first premises is characterize the surface of the treated and untreated material in order to determine changes in physical and chemical properties.

The Theory and Practice of Restoration in England in the Second Half of the 19th Century: The Work of George E. Street

Análisis de la teoría y práctica de la restauración en Inglaterra en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, enfocada al trabajo realizado por el arquitecto George Edmund Street, desde el punto de vista de su investigación sobre la historia de la construcción de la arquitectura gótica en Europa.