Diseño de una práctica para un laboratorio virtual de biotecnología multilingüe y adaptable a alumnos de secundaria

Este trabajo describe el diseño y la implementación de un ejercicio virtual que es parte de una práctica que se realiza en un laboratorio virtual de biotecnología, la adaptación de la misma para que alumnos de secundaria la puedan realizar y por último, la adaptación del laboratorio a un entorno multilingüe. La práctica consiste en transformar genéticamente un árbol (chopo) para dotarlo de una mayor resistencia a enfermedades, especialmente las producidas por hongos y más en concreto, el ejercicio o fase de la práctica a desarrollar consiste en introducir en el plásmido un gen amplificado por la PCR obtenido en la fase anterior de la práctica virtual. La adaptación para alumnos de secundaria servirá para fomentar el interés de estos alumnos por la biotecnología. Asimismo, la adaptación a un entorno multilingüe permitirá que varios alumnos de distintos idiomas realicen la práctica de forma simultánea. Como parte de este trabajo, se ha realizado un análisis sobre OpenSimulator, que es la herramienta utilizada para la creación del entorno virtual, así como de sus visores gráficos para visitar y desarrollar el mundo virtual. Debido a que este proyecto toma como punto de partida un laboratorio virtual con una parte de la práctica virtual ya desarrollada, se ha incluido una descripción de dicho laboratorio para comprender mejor el trabajo que se ha realizado en este proyecto. Finalmente, en este trabajo se presentan los modelos y especificaciones para la extensión del laboratorio virtual. ---ABSTRACT---This document describes the design and implementation of virtual exercise that is part of a practice that is performed in a virtual biotechnology laboratory, the adaptation of this phase to high-school students and finally, the adaptation of laboratory for a multilingual environment. In this practice a tree is genetically modified to give it resistance to diseases produced by fungi. Specifically, the exercise or phase developed consists in introducing in the plasmid a gene amplified by PCR in the previous phase. The adaptation for high-school students will motivate to new students about biotechnology. And the adapting to the multilingual environment will allow several students, such as Erasmus, to do the practice in different languages simultaneously. We analyzed the OpenSimulator platform and the graphic viewers to visit and develop the virtual world. This tool is used for creating the virtual environment. Because of the fact that the project takes a starting point a laboratory with some parts already developed, we have included a description with information related to the laboratory to better understand the work carried out in this project. Finally, this document presents the models and specifications for the extension of the virtual laboratory.

Competition may explain the fine-scale spatial patterns and genetic structure of two co-occurring plant congeners

1. The spatial distribution of individual plants within a population and the population’s genetic structure are determined by several factors, like dispersal, reproduction mode or biotic interactions. The role of interspecific interactions in shaping the spatial genetic structure of plant populations remains largely unknown. 2. Species with a common evolutionary history are known to interact more closely with each other than unrelated species due to the greater number of traits they share. We hypothesize that plant interactions may shape the fine genetic structure of closely related congeners. 3. We used spatial statistics (georeferenced design) and molecular techniques (ISSR markers) to understand how two closely related congeners, Thymus vulgaris (widespread species) and T. loscosii (narrow endemic) interact at the local scale. Specific cover, number of individuals of both study species and several community attributes were measured in a 10 × 10 m plot. 4. Both species showed similar levels of genetic variation, but differed in their spatial genetic structure. Thymus vulgaris showed spatial aggregation but no spatial genetic structure, while T. loscosii showed spatial genetic structure (positive genetic autocorrelation) at short distances. The spatial pattern of T. vulgaris’ cover showed significant dissociation with that of T. loscosii. The same was true between the spatial patterns of the cover of T. vulgaris and the abundance of T. loscosii and between the abundance of each species. Most importantly, we found a correlation between the genetic structure of T. loscosii and the abundance of T. vulgaris: T. loscosii plants were genetically more similar when they were surrounded by a similar number of T. vulgaris plants. 5. Synthesis. Our results reveal spatially complex genetic structures of both congeners at small spatial scales. The negative association among the spatial patterns of the two species and the genetic structure found for T. loscosii in relation to the abundance of T. vulgaris indicate that competition between the two species may account for the presence of adapted ecotypes of T. loscosii to the abundance of a competing congeneric species. This suggests that the presence and abundance of close congeners can influence the genetic spatial structure of plant species at fine scales.

Plant β-diversity i in human-altered forest ecosystems: the importance of the structural, spatial, and topographical characteristics of stands in patterning plant species assemblages

An understanding of spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors that drive those patterns is critical for the development of appropriate biodiversity management in forest ecosystems. We studied the spatial organization of plants species in human- modified and managed oak forests (primarily, Quercus faginea) in the Central Pre- Pyrenees, Spain. To test whether plant community assemblages varied non-randomly across the spatial scales, we used multiplicative diversity partitioning based on a nested hierarchical design of three increasingly coarser spatial scales (transect, stand, region). To quantify the importance of the structural, spatial, and topographical characteristics of stands in patterning plant species assemblages and identify the determinants of plant diversity patterns, we used canonical ordination. We observed a high contribution of ˟-diversity to total -diversity and found ˟-diversity to be higher and ˞-diversity to be lower than expected by random distributions of individuals at different spatial scales. Results, however, partly depended on the weighting of rare and abundant species. Variables expressing the historical management intensities of the stand such as mean stand age, the abundance of the dominant tree species (Q. faginea), age structure of the stand, and stand size were the main factors that explained the compositional variation in plant communities. The results indicate that (1) the structural, spatial, and topographical characteristics of the forest stands have the greatest effect on diversity patterns, (2) forests in landscapes that have different land use histories are environmentally heterogeneous and, therefore, can experience high levels of compositional differentiation, even at local scales (e.g., within the same stand). Maintaining habitat heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales should be considered in the development of management plans for enhancing plant diversity and related functions in human-altered forests