Learning from incidents during bridge erection

Bridge building is a highly uncertain endeavour that entails considerable risk, as attested to by the succession of construction-related incidents and accidents recently reported in Spain and elsewhere. While efforts are being made to improve on-site safety, many issues are still outstanding, such as the establishment of reliability requirements for the ancillary systems used. The problems that must be dealt with in everyday practice, however, are more elementary and often attributable to human error. The overall organisation of the use of bridge construction equipment is in need of improvement. Close cooperation between the bridge engineers responsible for construction planning and ancillary element suppliers is imperative, for flawed interaction between building equipment and the bridge under construction may generate structural vulnerability. External quality assurance should likewise be mandatory

Efecto del sistema de alimentación sobre los resultados técnicos, calidad de la canal, de la carne y de la grasa de cerdos ibéricos

La presente tesis doctoral pretende ampliar conocimientos de los sistemas de producción y tecnología asociada del cerdo Ibérico. Los trabajos de campo fueron llevados a cabo en el CIA ‘El Dehesón del Encinar’ (Oropesa, Toledo, España) con cerdos Ibéricos de la estirpe Torbiscal. En los dos primeros experimentos, utilizando dos grupos de cerdos, se estudió el efecto de la restricción de la alimentación en premontanera sobre las características de la canal y sobre la composición de la grasa al sacrificio de los cerdos posteriormente cebados en montanera. Los animales restringidos en premontanera crecieron significativamente menos que los no restringidos durante dicho periodo, y manifestaron un crecimiento compensatorio durante la montanera. Este crecimiento compensatorio no fue suficiente, y los animales restringidos llegaron con pesos significativamente inferiores al sacrificio, aunque esto no supuso diferencias para las características de la canal entre ambos grupos de animales. También al sacrificio, los animales restringidos durante la premontanera tuvieron concentraciones significativamente diferentes de ácidos grasos, sobre todo en la capa interna de la grasa subcutánea y en la fracción de lípidos polares de la grasa intramuscular; asimismo, tuvieron mayores concentraciones de tocoferoles en el músculo Longissimus dorsi. En un tercer experimento, utilizando cuatro grupos de animales, se estudió el efecto del tiempo de estancia de los cerdos en montanera exclusiva sobre las características de la canal y de la grasa al sacrificio. La duración de la montanera afectó significativamente al crecimiento, a los pesos y porcentajes de los productos del despiece y al perfil de ácidos grasos de la grasa subcutánea. Los animales cebados con pienso en confinamiento tuvieron mayor crecimiento, mejor calidad de la canal, y peor calidad de grasa que los otros tres grupos de animales que se acabaron en montanera exclusiva durante 46, 83 y 111 días. En el último experimento se evaluó si la impedancia bioeléctrica es un método adecuado para realizar un estudio tisular de los jamones de cerdos Ibéricos, aspecto especialmente relevante para la industria. La impedancia bioeléctrica resultó ser un método no invasivo adecuado, que puede ser aplicado para predecir la composición tisular de los jamones, aunque se necesitan más ensayos antes de llevar este método a la práctica cotidiana de la industria. ABSTRACT This Thesis aims to expand knowledge on production systems and technology associated to Iberian pigs. Fieldwork was conducted in the CIA ‘El Dehesón del Encinar’ (Oropesa, Toledo, Spain) with Iberian pigs Torbiscal line. In first two experiments, using two groups of pigs, the effect of feed restriction during the period previous to free-range fattening on growth and carcass characteristics in Iberian pigs finished under free-range conditions was studied. The pigs fed low feeding levels during the period previous to free-range finishing period, had significantly lower growth than those feed with a high level during that period, and showed a compensatory growth during free-range period. However, this compensatory growth was not enough to reach the same weight than the animals fed with a high level, and the slaughter weights were significantly different, although no differences were observed for the carcass characteristics between both groups of pigs. At slaughter, animals fed low feeding levels during the period previous to free-range finishing period, had significantly different fatty acid proportions, especially in the inner backfat layer and in polar lipids fraction of the intramuscular fat; also, the tocopherol concentration found in Longissimus dorsi muscle from pigs fed low feeding levels was higher than those fed high feeding levels. In a third experiment, using four groups of animals, the effect of duration under freerange exclusive conditions on carcass and fat characteristics at slaughter was studied. The growth, weights and percentages of carcass cuts, and fatty acid profile of the backfat were significantly affected by the duration under free-range exclusively conditions. The animals fed in confinement with concentrate diets during the whole fattening period had high growth, better carcass quality and worse fat quality than the other three groups of animals fed under free-range exclusive conditions during 46, 83 and 111 days. In the last experiment, it assessed whether the bioelectrical impedance is a suitable method for perform a tissue study of Iberian pig hams, particularly important aspect for industry. The bioelectrical impedance has proved to be a non-invasive suitable method, which can be applied to predict the tissues composition of the hams, but more trials are needed before carrying this method to everyday practice in the industry.