Improved ore processing assessed by digital image análisis of the ores: a key to the sustainable development of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

Mining in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), the biggest VMS metallogenetic province known in the world to date, has to face a deep crisis in spite of the huge reserves still known after ≈5 000 years of production. This is due to several factors, as the difficult processing of complex Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag- Au ores, the exhaustion of the oxidation zone orebodies (the richest for gold, in gossan), the scarce demand for sulphuric acid in the world market, and harder environmental regulations. Of these factors, only the first and the last mentioned can be addressed by local ore geologists. A reactivation of mining can therefore only be achieved by an improved and more efficient ore processing, under the constraint of strict environmental controls. Digital image analysis of the ores, coupled to reflected light microscopy, provides a quantified and reliable mineralogical and textural characterization of the ores. The automation of the procedure for the first time furnishes the process engineers with real-time information, to improve the process and to preclude or control pollution; it can be applied to metallurgical tailings as well. This is shown by some examples of the IPB.

Las construcciones subterráneas para bodegas, un modelo de ahorro de energía mediante los sistemas constructivos. Estudio de las condiciones higrotérmicas, ventilación y modelos de simulación

Esta tesis se enmarca dentro de una línea de investigación iniciada en el 2004 focalizada en el estudio de soluciones constructivas energéticamente eficientes para la crianza del vino. El objetivo principal es promover el ahorro energético y la sostenibilidad en el diseño de la sala de crianza de las bodegas. Para ello, se profundiza en el estudio de las bodegas subterráneas, ejemplo de eco-construcción, ya que por lo general proporcionan condiciones adecuadas para la crianza sin gasto energético en climatización. En concreto, se abordan aspectos clave para la caracterización y comprensión del funcionamiento de estas construcciones, que en muchas ocasiones condicionan el éxito o el fracaso de las mismas. Así, se analiza el complejo comportamiento de la ventilación natural a lo largo del año, determinando los factores que la condicionan, desvelando el papel que desempeña tanto el túnel de acceso como las chimeneas de ventilación en su funcionamiento. Además, se desarrollan y validan modelos de simulación mediante CFD, que permiten evaluar y predecir con detalle el comportamiento termofluidodinámico de las construcciones subterráneas. Por otra parte, se cuantifica la uniformidad y estabilidad de la sala de crianza a lo largo del año, información que permite fijar recomendaciones y pautas concretas de diseño de los planes de monitorización. Finalmente, se determinan las diferencias de comportamiento higrotérmico existentes entre un amplio abanico de bodegas subterráneas para vino tinto, bodegas representativas de otras soluciones constructivas alternativas de vino tinto, así como bodegas para cavas y vinos generosos, enmarcando el comportamiento de estas bodegas en un contexto global. Además, se desarrollan metodologías adaptadas a las características particulares de estas construcciones, en concreto un sistema de monitorización basado en termografía infrarroja para llevar a cabo inspecciones puntuales para el control ambiental de grandes naves de crianza. Es de esperar que los estudios técnicos y las herramientas desarrolladas ayuden a mejorar el diseño de nuevas bodegas, y a la mejora de las condiciones higrotérmicas de las ya existentes, colaborando a que España siga situada en la vanguardia de la producción de vino de calidad. ABSTRACT This thesis is part of the research started in 2004 and focusing on the study of the energy efficiency in wine aging constructive solutions. The main objective is to promote energy conservation and sustainability in the design of wine aging rooms. To do so, this study focuses on the analysis of the underground cellars, example of eco-construction, since they usually provide adequate conditions for wine aging without using air-conditioning systems. In particular, key aspects for characterizing and understanding these constructions, which often determine the success or failure of them. Thus, the complex behavior of natural ventilation throughout the year is discussed, determining the influencing factors and revealing the role of both the access tunnel and the ventilation chimney. In addition, numerical models are developed and validated using CFD simulation, allowing an in-depth assessment and prediction of the thermofluidynamic behavior in underground constructions. Moreover, uniformity and stability of the aging room throughout the year is quantified, allowing for precise information useful to set recommendations and design guidelines for defining monitoring plans. Finally, hygrothermal behavior differences between a wide range of underground cellars for red wine, red wine wineries with alternative construction solutions and wineries for generous wines and cava wines, In addition, new methodologies adapted towards the particular characteristics of these constructions, a monitoring system based on infrared thermography to perform periodic inspections for environmental controls of the aging rooms, are developed. It is expected that the technical studies and tools developed here will help to improve the design of new wineries, and also the hygrothermal conditions of the existing ones, headed for keeping Spain in the forefront of the countries producing high quality wine.

Geochemical fingerprints and controls in the sediments of an urban river: River Manzanares, Madrid (Spain)

The geochemical fingerprint of sediment retrieved from the banks of the River Manzanares as it passes through the City of Madrid is presented here. The river collects the effluent water from several Waste Water Treatment (WWT) plants in and around the city, such that, at low flows, up to 60% of the flow has been treated. A total of 18 bank-sediment cores were collected along the course of the river, down to its confluence with the Jarama river, to the south–east of Madrid. Trace and major elements in each sample were extracted following a double protocol: (a) “Total” digestion with HNO3, HClO4 and HF; (b) “Weak” digestion with sodium acetate buffered to pH=5 with acetic acid, under constant stirring. The digests thus obtained were subsequently analysed by ICP-AES, except for Hg which was extracted with aqua regia and sodium chloride-hydroxylamine sulfate, and analysed by Cold Vapour-AAS. X-ray diffraction was additionally employed to determine the mineralogical composition of the samples. Uni- and multivariate analyses of the chemical data reveal the influence of Madrid on the geochemistry of Manzanares' sediments, clearly manifested by a marked increase in the concentration of typically “urban” elements Ag, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn, downstream of the intersection of the river with the city's perimeter. The highest concentrations of these elements appear to be associated with illegal or accidental dumping of waste materials, and with the uncontrolled incorporation of untreated urban runoff to the river. The natural matrix of the sediment is characterised by fairly constant concentrations of Ce, La and Y, whereas changes in the lithology intersected by the river cause corresponding variations in Ca–Mg and Al–Na contents. In the final stretch of the river, the presence of carbonate materials seems to exert a strong geochemical control on the amount of Zn and, to a lesser extent, Cu immobilised in the sediments. This fact suggests that a variable but significant proportion of both elements may be susceptible to reincorporation in the aqueous phase under realistic environmental conditions.