The family of DOF transcription factors in Brachypodium distachyon: phylogenetic comparison with rice and barley DOFs and expression profiling

ABSTRACT: Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that have played a central role both in evolution and in domestication, and are major regulators of development in living organisms. Plant genome sequences reveal that approximately 7% of all genes encode putative TFs. The DOF (DNA binding with One Finger) TF family has been associated with vital processes exclusive to higher plants and to their close ancestors (algae, mosses and ferns). These are seed maturation and germination, light-mediated regulation, phytohormone and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, etc. In Hordeum vulgare and Oryza sativa, 26 and 30 different Dof genes, respectively, have been annotated. Brachypodium distachyon has been the first Pooideae grass to be sequenced and, due to its genomic, morphological and physiological characteristics, has emerged as the model system for temperate cereals, such as wheat and barley. RESULTS: Through searches in the B. distachyon genome, 27 Dof genes have been identified and a phylogenetic comparison with the Oryza sativa and the Hordeum vulgare DOFs has been performed. To explore the evolutionary relationship among these DOF proteins, a combined phylogenetic tree has been constructed with the Brachypodium DOFs and those from rice and barley. This phylogenetic analysis has classified the DOF proteins into four Major Cluster of Orthologous Groups (MCOGs). Using RT-qPCR analysis the expression profiles of the annotated BdDof genes across four organs (leaves, roots, spikes and seeds) has been investigated. These results have led to a classification of the BdDof genes into two groups, according to their expression levels. The genes highly or preferentially expressed in seeds have been subjected to a more detailed expression analysis (maturation, dry stage and germination). CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of the expression profiles of the Brachypodium Dof genes with the published functions of closely related DOF sequences from the cereal species considered here, deduced from the phylogenetic analysis, indicates that although the expression profile has been conserved in many of the putative orthologs, in some cases duplication followed by subsequent divergence may have occurred (neo-functionalization).

Mapping Genetic Diversity of Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.): Application of Spatial Analysis for Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources.

There is a growing call for inventories that evaluate geographic patterns in diversity of plant genetic resources maintained on farm and in species' natural populations in order to enhance their use and conservation. Such evaluations are relevant for useful tropical and subtropical tree species, as many of these species are still undomesticated, or in incipient stages of domestication and local populations can offer yet-unknown traits of high value to further domestication. For many outcrossing species, such as most trees, inbreeding depression can be an issue, and genetic diversity is important to sustain local production. Diversity is also crucial for species to adapt to environmental changes. This paper explores the possibilities of incorporating molecular marker data into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to allow visualization and better understanding of spatial patterns of genetic diversity as a key input to optimize conservation and use of plant genetic resources, based on a case study of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.), a Neotropical fruit tree species. We present spatial analyses to (1) improve the understanding of spatial distribution of genetic diversity of cherimoya natural stands and cultivated trees in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru based on microsatellite molecular markers (SSRs); and (2) formulate optimal conservation strategies by revealing priority areas for in situ conservation, and identifying existing diversity gaps in ex situ collections. We found high levels of allelic richness, locally common alleles and expected heterozygosity in cherimoya's putative centre of origin, southern Ecuador and northern Peru, whereas levels of diversity in southern Peru and especially in Bolivia were significantly lower. The application of GIS on a large microsatellite dataset allows a more detailed prioritization of areas for in situ conservation and targeted collection across the Andean distribution range of cherimoya than previous studies could do, i.e. at province and department level in Ecuador and Peru, respectively.

Percepción dispersa: Arquitectura y tactilidad en la sociedad de la comunicación

El tema de la tesis se centra en el pensamiento de Walter Benjamin y en el concepto de percepción distraída, desarrollado en el ensayo La obra de arte en la época de su reproducibilidad técnica (1936). El título percepción dispersa deriva de una profundización de los conceptos benjaminianos en términos lingüísticos, adoptando otros significados de la palabra distracción que relacionan este concepto a cuestiones de ámbito espacial y atmosférico. Benjamin sostiene que la arquitectura, en una época en la que se desarrollan y se difunden nuevas técnicas de reproducción/ comunicación, no se puede percibir solo de manera visual sino también táctil, interrelacionando la difusión de nuevas técnicas de reproducción, la tensión entre diferentes modalidades perceptivas y la arquitectura: según él, la dispersión de la vista a favor de la percepción táctil/háptica es un rasgo característico de una sociedad en la que se desarrollan y se difunden nuevas técnicas de reproducción. La tesis profundiza en estos temas, actualizando el concepto de distracción/dispersión para valorar las repercusiones de esta intuición en el ámbito de una parte de la producción arquitectónica contemporánea: se propone una contextualización histórica y una conceptual, relativas a los proyectos recientes de algunos de los autores que profundizan en el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías en el ámbito del proyecto de arquitectura. La hipótesis que se quiere demostrar es que se está desarrollando una tendencia que lleva proyectos o edificios de alto nivel tecnológico y informático desde un ámbito de (supuesto) predominio de la percepción visual, hasta una arquitectura que proporciona experiencias multisensoriales: espacios que se pueden medir con el movimiento, los músculos y el tacto, que desarrollan un conjunto de sensaciones táctiles/hápticas y no solo visuales. Finalmente se quiere verificar si, revertiendo siglos de evolución visual, la visión táctil y cercana siga siendo uno de los polos dialécticos que estructuran la experiencia de la arquitectura, como previsto por Benjamin hace 75 años. ABSTRACT The thesis focuses on the thought of Walter Benjamin and the concept of distracted perception, developed in the essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1936). The title derives from a linguistic approach to this concept which further explores the meaning of the word distraction, finally relating this kind of perception to spatial and atmospheric issues. Benjamin argues that architecture, thanks to the development of new reproduction/communication technologies, cannot be perceived exclusively in a visual way but also in a tactile way, interrelating new technologies of reproduction, perceptual modalities and architecture: according to him, the dispersion of the view in favor of tactile/ haptic perception is a fundamental characteristic of a technologically developed society. The thesis explores these issues, updating the concept of distraction/dispersion to assess its implications in the works of some architects that are exploring with their buildings the impact of new communication technologies in the field of architectural design. The hypothesis at the base of this work is that we are facing a new trend in this particular field: many of the most advanced buildings provide multisensory experience, and define spaces that can be better perceived with the sense of touch (haptic sense), going beyond a mere visual perception. Finally the thesis wants to verify if, reversing centuries of visual evolution, tactile and close vision remains one of the dialectical poles that stay at the base of the experience of architecture, as foreseen by Benjamin 75 years ago. ABSTRACT La tesi si basa sul pensiero di Walter Benjamin e sul concetto di percezione distratta, sviluppato nel saggio La opera d’arte nell’epoca della sua riproducibilità tecnica (1936). Il titolo, percezione dispersa, deriva da un approfondimento dei concetti benjaminiani in termini linguistici, adottando ulteriori significati della parola che il filosofo utilizza per indicare la distrazione e che relazionano questo termine a questioni di ambito spaziale ed atmosferico. Benjamin sostiene che l’architettura, in un’epoca nella quale si sviluppano e si diffondono nuove tecniche di riproduzione (o meglio: nuove tecnologie di comunicazione), non possa essere percepita solamente in maniera visuale, ma anche tattile, mettendo in relazione la diffusione di nuove tecnologie, la tensione tra differenti modalità percettive e l’architettura: secondo Benjamin, la dispersione della vista a favore di una ricezione tattile/aptica della realtà è una caratteristica tipica di quei momenti storici nei quali si manifestano grandi trasformazioni di ambito sociale e culturale dovute allo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie di comunicazione. La tesi approfondisce questi temi, aggiornando il concetto di distrazione/dispersione per valutarne le ripercussioni su una certa parte della produzione architettonica contemporanea: si propone una contestualizzazione storica ed una concettuale, relative ai progetti di alcuni architetti che lavorano da tempo sull’impatto delle nuove tecnologie nell’ambito del progetto di architettura. La ipotesi che si dimostra con questa tesi è che si sta sviluppando una contro-tendenza tattile, a seguito della quale molti degli edifici tecnologicamente ed informaticamente più avanzati strutturano la relazione con i propri utenti sulla base di esperienze multisensoriali, definendo spazi che possono essere percepiti attraverso una percezione aptica, piuttosto che visuale. In definitiva la tesi verifica che, superando secoli di evoluzione visuale, la visione tattile e ravvicinata e - più in generale - una percezione di tipo aptico continuano ad essere uno dei poli dialettici che strutturano l’esperienza dell’architettura, come previsto da Benjamin più di 75 anni fa.