Web Classroom Application. Digital technologies to study theory, history and criticism of architecture at Escuela Superior de Arquitectura UPMadrid. The search for some guides to direct the inquiry learning

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A Multiresolution Image Alignment Technique Based on Direct Methods for Pose Estimation of Aerial Vehicles

In this paper, we seek to expand the use of direct methods in real-time applications by proposing a vision-based strategy for pose estimation of aerial vehicles. The vast majority of approaches make use of features to estimate motion. Conversely, the strategy we propose is based on a MR (Multi-Resolution) implementation of an image registration technique (Inverse Compositional Image Alignment ICIA) using direct methods. An on-board camera in a downwards-looking configuration, and the assumption of planar scenes, are the bases of the algorithm. The motion between frames (rotation and translation) is recovered by decomposing the frame-to-frame homography obtained by the ICIA algorithm applied to a patch that covers around the 80% of the image. When the visual estimation is required (e.g. GPS drop-out), this motion is integrated with the previous known estimation of the vehicles' state, obtained from the on-board sensors (GPS/IMU), and the subsequent estimations are based only on the vision-based motion estimations. The proposed strategy is tested with real flight data in representative stages of a flight: cruise, landing, and take-off, being two of those stages considered critical: take-off and landing. The performance of the pose estimation strategy is analyzed by comparing it with the GPS/IMU estimations. Results show correlation between the visual estimation obtained with the MR-ICIA and the GPS/IMU data, that demonstrate that the visual estimation can be used to provide a good approximation of the vehicle's state when it is required (e.g. GPS drop-outs). In terms of performance, the proposed strategy is able to maintain an estimation of the vehicle's state for more than one minute, at real-time frame rates based, only on visual information.

Optical digital chaos cryptography

In this work we present a new way to mask the data in a one-user communication system when direct sequence - code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) techniques are used. The code is generated by a digital chaotic generator, originally proposed by us and previously reported for a chaos cryptographic system. It is demonstrated that if the user's data signal is encoded with a bipolar phase-shift keying (BPSK) technique, usual in DS-CDMA, it can be easily recovered from a time-frequency domain representation. To avoid this situation, a new system is presented in which a previous dispersive stage is applied to the data signal. A time-frequency domain analysis is performed, and the devices required at the transmitter and receiver end, both user-independent, are presented for the optical domain.

Metodología para ejecución y control de calidad para ortofotos, mediante combinación de sensor digital con LIDAR en zonas rurales

La utilización de una cámara fotogramétrica digital redunda en el aumento demostrable de calidad radiométrica debido a la mejor relación señal/ruido y a los 12 bits de resolución radiométrica por cada pixel de la imagen. Simultáneamente se consigue un notable ahorro de tiempo y coste gracias a la eliminación de las fases de revelado y escaneado de la película y al aumento de las horas de vuelo por día. De otra parte, el sistema láser aerotransportado (LIDAR - Light Detection and Ranging) es un sistema con un elevado rendimiento y rentabilidad para la captura de datos de elevaciones para generar un modelo digital del terreno (MDT) y también de los objetos sobre el terreno, permitiendo así alcanzar alta precisión y densidad de información. Tanto el sistema LIDAR como el sistema de cámara fotogramétrica digital se combinan con otras técnicas bien conocidas: el sistema de posicionamiento global (GPS - Global Positioning System) y la orientación de la unidad de medida inercial (IMU - Inertial Measure Units), que permiten reducir o eliminar el apoyo de campo y realizar la orientación directa de los sensores utilizando datos de efemérides precisas de los satélites. Combinando estas tecnologías, se va a proponer y poner en práctica una metodología para generación automática de ortofotos en países de América del Sur. Analizando la precisión de dichas ortofotos comparándolas con fuente de mayor exactitud y con las especificaciones técnicas del Plan Nacional de Ortofotografía Aérea (PNOA) se determinará la viabilidad de que dicha metodología se pueda aplicar a zonas rurales. ABSTRACT Using a digital photogrammetric camera results in a demonstrable increase of the radiometric quality due to a better improved signal/noise ratio and the radiometric resolution of 12 bits per pixel of the image. Simultaneously a significant saving of time and money is achieved thanks to the elimination of the developing and film scanning stages, as well as to the increase of flying hours per day. On the other hand, airborne laser system Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is a system with high performance and yield for the acquisition of elevation data in order to generate a digital terrain model (DTM), as well as objects on the ground which allows to achieve high accuracy and data density. Both the LIDAR and the digital photogrammetric camera system are combined with other well known techniques: global positioning system (GPS) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) orientation, which are currently in a mature evolutionary stage, which allow to reduce and/or remove field support and perform a direct guidance of sensors using specific historic data from the satellites. By combining these technologies, a methodology for automatic generation of orthophotos in South American countries will be proposed and implemented. Analyzing the accuracy of these orthophotos comparing them with more accurate sources and technical specifications of the National Aerial Orthophoto (PNOA), the viability of whether this methodology should be applied to rural areas, will be determined.

Two-dimensional direct rainfall hydraulic models applied to direct calculation of hydrologic events in dams to prevent overtopping

One of the main concerns when conducting a dam test is the acute determination of the hydrograph for a specific flood event. The use of 2D direct rainfall hydraulic mathematical models on a finite elements mesh, combined with the efficiency of vector calculus that provides CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) technology, enables nowadays the simulation of complex hydrological models without the need for terrain subbasin and transit splitting (as in HEC-HMS). Both the Spanish PNOA (National Plan of Aereal Orthophotography) Digital Terrain Model GRID with a 5 x 5 m accuracy and the CORINE GIS Land Cover (Coordination of INformation of the Environment) that allows assessment of the ground roughness, provide enough data to easily build these kind of models