Proposal for the Conceptual Design of Aeronautical Final Assembly Lines Based on the Industrial Digital Mock-Up Concept

The design of a Final Assembly Line (FAL) is carry out in the product industrialization activity. The phase dealing with the definition of conceptual solutions is characterized by depending heavily on the personnel experience and being time-consuming. To enhance such process, it is proposed a development of a knowledge based software application to assist designers in the definition of scenarios and to generate conceptual FAL alternatives. Both the scenario and the generated FAL solution are part of the industrialization digital mock-up (IDMU). A commercial software application used in the aircraft programmes and supporting the IDMU concepts of: Product, Process and Resource; was selected to implement a software prototype. This communication presents the adopted methodological approach and the architecture of the developed application.

Los residuos de envases y embalajes en edificación residencial. Patrones de generación y estrategias de mejora de su gestión

Uno de los retos a los que se enfrenta la humanidad es la demanda de una sociedad con casi cero residuos: la búsqueda de una economía más eficiente en el uso de los recursos teniendo en cuenta el cambio climático y un abastecimiento sostenible de materias primas que permitan satisfacer las necesidades de una población mundial cada vez mayor, dentro de los límites sostenibles de los recursos naturales del planeta. Abordar este desafío implica la recuperación y reciclaje de materiales para reducir consumos de materias primas y, para ello, debe promoverse la innovación en la prevención y gestión de residuos, como estrategia hacia un desarrollo urbano sostenible. Los envases y embalajes forman parte de la cultura actual, relacionándose con el grado de desarrollo de países y regiones; el sector de la construcción no es ajeno a la problemática y genera un importante volumen de embalajes en las obras que no se gestionan de forma adecuada. El modelo de gestión de Residuos de Construcción Demolición (RCD) actual es poco eficaz, ya que los vertederos siguen recibiendo grandes cantidades de residuos valorizables. La normativa ha conseguido minimizar las prácticas ilegales, pero se comprueba que la gestión actual de los RCD en obra deja en manos de las plantas de tratamiento la misión de separar los residuos según su naturaleza y los datos aportados por las distintas plantas no permiten afirmar el grado de alcance de dicho objetivo, ni el destino de los mismos. Los envases y embalajes son un tipo de residuos que por su naturaleza suponen una fuente de recursos valorizables y por ello están presentes en directivas y leyes, dirigidas fundamentalmente al sector de la alimentación. En el ámbito de la construcción, hasta la fecha, no se habían tratado de forma específica, motivo que justifica este trabajo. Esta Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo principal mejorar la gestión de residuos de embalajes procedentes de materiales de construcción. Para ello se estudia un importante conjunto de obras de edificación residencial colectiva de 1173 viviendas, análisis que llevará a conocer los patrones de producción de los Residuos de Envases y Embalajes en Construcción (REEC) e identificar los productos o materiales responsables de su generación. La monitorización realizada, permitirá diseñar estrategias específicas que minimicen la generación de estos residuos y optimicen su valorización. Se ha podido comprobar que el tratamiento particularizado de los REEC puede mejorar los resultados de la gestión del conjunto de RCD, debido a que, al no mezclarse, se elimina un importante agente contaminador de los residuos inertes. Las obras analizadas alcanzan un nivel de segregación in situ muy bajo, y los capítulos de cerramientos e instalaciones suman más del 50% del global de REEC. Particularizando en cada tipo de material, el cartón predomina en los trabajos de electricidad, el plástico en las particiones y la madera en fachadas. Se evalúa la opción del eco-­‐rediseño para uno de los embalajes predominantes, y se identifican estrategias para minimizar su impacto. Se comprueba que el ahorro en la gestión de RCD en caso de impulsar la segregación in situ no es muy significativo en las obras estudiadas, si bien se demuestra que la viabilidad económica es el factor más importante para motivar a las empresas constructoras. Las Administraciones Públicas deberían incentivar la gestión responsable, estableciendo medidas de control en las plantas de tratamiento e implementando en sus obras medidas de gestión de RCD ejemplares para el mercado. Una adecuada planificación de la obra, y formación específica para el personal son medidas que facilitan la segregación in situ y mejoran los resultados. Los promotores, mediante su relación contractual con el resto de agentes, tienen la capacidad de establecer objetivos de reducción, planificación y gestión sostenible de los REEC. Por último, se propone un sistema de gestión de REEC, integrable dentro del Sistema de Gestión de la empresa constructora, que permite evitar que residuos valorizables tales como los envases y embalajes se envíen a vertedero, guiando al sector hacia un futuro más respetuoso, alineado con el desarrollo sostenible. ABSTRACT One of the challenges humanity faces is the demand of an almost zero waste society: the search for a more efficient economy in the use of resources, taking into account climate change and a sustainable supply of raw materials, that meet the needs of an increasing world population within the sustainable limits of the planet's natural resources. Addressing this challenge involves the recovery and recycling of materials to reduce consumption of raw materials, so innovation must therefore be promoted in the prevention and management of waste, as a strategy towards a sustainable urban development. Packaging is part of our current culture and is related to the degree of development of countries and regions; the construction sector is no stranger to this problem and generates a significant amount of packaging waste in the site works, which nowadays is not managed properly. The current Construction Demolition Waste (CDW) management model is ineffective, since landfills continue to receive large amounts of recoverable waste. The legislation has managed to minimize illegal practices, but it has been observed that the current management of CDW in the analysed works leaves the mission of separating waste according to their nature to the plants, and data provided by the latter does not allow for checking the scope of this objective, nor the destiny of the waste. Packaging is a type of waste which, by its nature, represents a source of recoverable resources and is therefore present in directives and laws, focused primarily on the food industry. It has not been specifically treated to date in the construction field, hence the reason that justifies this work. This Thesis aims to improve the management of packaging waste from construction materials. An important set of residential building works with 1173 dwellings is analysed, which leads to knowledge on the production patterns of packaging waste (PW) in the construction industry, and the identification of the products responsible for its generation. The monitorization also allows for the design of specific strategies which minimise the generation of waste and optimize recovery. It has been found that the individualized treatment of PW can improve the results of the management of the whole CDW since, when not mixed, a major pollutant of inert waste is removed. The analysed works reached a very low segregation level and the façades and building services phases account for more than 50% of the overall PW. Focusing on each type of material, cardboard predominates electricity works, plastic on partitions and wood on façades. Eco-­‐redesign is evaluated for one of the predominant packages, and strategies are identified to minimise their impact are . There is evidence that the savings in the CDW management in case of promoting segregation on site are not very significant at the studied works, although economic feasibility is the most important factor to motivate the construction companies. Public Administrations should encourage responsible management, establishing control measures in treatment plants and implementing CDW management exemplary measures on their work sites for the market. A proper planning of the works and specific training for the personnel are measures that facilitate in situ segregation and improve outcomes. The developers, through their contractual relationship with the other agents, have the ability to set reduction targets, planning and sustainable management of PW. Finally, a management system for PW is proposed, integrated within the Management System of the construction company, which aims to avoid that recoverable waste such as packaging is sent to landfill, leading the industry towards a more environmentally friendly future, aligned with sustainable development.

R&D on crystalline silicon technology: From metallurgical silicon to the PV module

Founded by Antonio Luque in 1979 Personnel: Personnel: 6464 full full-time time staff (19 professors staff (19 professors, 44 PhD PhD researchers 28 PhD students 13 researchers, 28 PhD students, 13 administrative and maintenance staff), 19 “part time” (11 “external PhD students”, 8 master students) Objective: Objective: Contribute to the deployment of Photovoltaic Solar Electricity through R&D& Contribute to the deployment of Photovoltaic Solar Electricity through R&D&i

The environmental and economic effects of innovative measures in urban parcels delivery

The main scope of this research is to identify and evaluate solutions to redesign the parcels delivery logistic process to achieve higher level of quality, lower operational costs, energy consumptions and air pollution. The study is starting from the analysis of the delivery process managed by a leader company operating in Rome. Main delivery flows, personnel and fleet management costs, quality performances and environmental impacts are investigated. The results of this analysis are benchmarked with other European situations. On the basis of the feedback of this analysis, a set of operational measures, potentially able tackle the objectives, are identified and assessed by means of a simulative approach. The assessment is based on environmental and economic indicators allowing the comparison between new and reference scenarios from the viewpoints of the key players: operator, customer and Society. Moreover, the operational measures are combined into alternative packages by looking for the sets capable to maximize the benefits for the key players. The methodology, tested on Rome case study, is general and flexible enough to be extended to parcels delivery problem in different urban contexts, as well as to similar urban distribution problems (e.g. press, food, security, school)

Fostering English-taught higher education programs in a Spanish university: the "TechEnglish" innovative project

In recent years, coinciding with adjustments to the Bologna process, many European universities have attempted to improve their international profile by increasing course offerings in English. According to the Institute of International Education (IIE), Spain has notably increased its English-taught higher education programs, ranking fifth in the list of European countries by number of English-taught Master's programs in 2013. This article presents the goals and preliminary results of an on-going innovative education project (TechEnglish) that aims to promote course offerings in English at the Technical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM). The UPM is the oldest and largest of all Technical Universities in Spain. It offers graduate and postgraduate programs that cover all the engineering disciplines as well as architecture. Currently, the UPM has no specific bilingual/multilingual program to promote teaching in English, although there is an Educational Model Whitepaper (with a focus on undergraduate degrees) that promotes the development of activities like an International Semester or a unique shared curriculum. The TechEnglish project is an attempt to foster courses taught in English at 7 UPM Technical Schools, including students and 80 faculty members. Four tasks were identified: (1) to design a university wide framework to increase course offerings, (2) to identify administrative difficulties, (3) to increase visibility of courses offered, and (4) to disseminate the results of the project. First, to design a program we analyzed existing programs at other Spanish universities, and other projects and efforts already under way at the UPM. A total of 13 plans were analyzed and classified according to their relation with students (learning), professors (teaching), administration, course offerings, other actors/institutions within the university (e.g., language departments), funds and projects, dissemination activities, mobility plans and quality control. Second, to begin to identify administrative and organizational difficulties in the implementation of teaching in English, we first estimated the current and potential course offerings at the undergraduate level at the UPM using a survey (student, teacher and administrative demand, level of English and willingness to work in English). Third, to make the course offerings more attractive for both Spanish and international students we examined the way the most prestigious universities in Spain and in Europe try to improve the visibility of their academic offerings in English. Finally, to disseminate the results of the project we created a web page and a workspace on the Moodle education platform and prepared conferences and workshops within the UPM. Preliminary results show that increasing course offerings in English is an important step to promote the internationalization of the University. The main difficulties identified at the UPM were related to how to acknowledge/certify the departments, teachers or students involved in English courses, how students should register for the courses, how departments should split and schedule the courses (Spanish and English), and the lack of qualified personnel. A concerted effort could be made to increase the visibility of English-taught programs offered on-line.