Diagnóstico de la seguridad en los aprovechamientos forestales a partir de registros empresariales, bases de datos oficiales y muestreos de campo: propuestas de actuación

Desde 1995, el derecho internacional se ha integrado en el ordenamiento jurídico español en lo referente a seguridad y salud. Sin embargo, la situación de la seguridad en los aprovechamientos forestales no ha mejorado notablemente, puesto que se detectan frecuentes casos de personal trabajando sin equipo de protección e incumpliendo las instrucciones de trabajo seguro, y son abundantes las referencias a una elevada accidentalidad. Para evaluar estos aspectos, primeramente se han comparado y valorado los datos de accidentalidad de los taladores de una empresa de referencia con los de los sectores agrario y de la construcción a través de las estadísticas nacionales y con los datos depurados del sector forestal a partir de la base de datos de declaración electrónica de accidentes de la C.A. de Castilla y León. En segundo lugar, se han identificado las deficiencias en materia de prevención, diseñando para ello una encuesta que se ha llevado a cabo en 35 aprovechamientos de Castilla y León. Posteriormente, se ha verificado que la reducción de la accidentalidad en la empresa de referencia se debe a la aplicación del plan de prevención. Se han caracterizado los riesgos en los que habían incurrido los taladores y se han descrito las medidas adoptadas para la reducción de los accidentes en la empresa estudiada, lo que ha conducido a una serie de recomendaciones para reducir la accidentalidad. Por otro lado se han analizado las causas de los picos de accidentalidad detectados. Como conclusión, se puede reducir sensiblemente la accidentalidad sólo si la empresa integra la política de prevención como un objetivo más de la gestión empresarial, en todos los niveles de su organización, acompañando las herramientas técnicas con formación temprana y motivación adecuada. Palabras clave: aprovechamientos forestales, riesgos laborales, prevención, trabajador forestal, accidentalidad, incidencia, gravedad. From 1995, Spanish safety legislation has been adapted to the Internationa! framework. However, operationally the situation is not so good, at least in the wood harvesting activity. Some forest workers are still found not wearing the compulsory safety equipment, working without respecting safety rules and references to high accidents rates are frequent. To assess those aspects, firstly some comparisons have been made between the accident records in a reference company and the accident indexes at national and regional level for building and farming activities. Secondly, using a purpose-designed questionnaire applied to 35 logging worksites in Castilla y Leon Region, deficiencies in prevention have been identified. The relation between the accident reduction and the prevention methods used by the reference studied company has been confirmed. Also the main causes and peaks of the accidents have been analyzed. Finally, some recommendations to reduce the risk of accidents in harvesting operations are provided. The main conclusion confirms that the possibility of reducing the accident risk is conditioned to the commitment of all the staff of the timber harvesting company, at every level of responsibility, to search for excellence in safety as one more entrepreneurial goal. This fact should be accompanied by the staff early training and the adequate motivation means. Keywords: logging, labor risk, safety and health, prevention, logging workers, accident incidence, accident severity.

Understanding long-term hunting statistics: the case of Spain (1972-2007)

Hunting is assuming a growing role in the current European forestry and agroforestry landscape. However, consistent statistical sources that provide quantitative information for policy-making, planning and management of game resources are often lacking. In addition, in many instances statistical information can be used without sufficient evaluation or criticism. Recently, the European Commission has declared the importance of high quality hunting statistics and the need to set up a common scheme in Europe for their collection, interpretation and proper use. This work aims to contribute to this current debate on hunting statistics in Europe by exploring data from the last 35 years of Spanish hunting statistics. The analysis focuses on the three major pillars underpinning hunting activity: hunters, hunting grounds and game animals. First, the study aims to provide a better understanding of official hunting statistics for use by researchers, game managers and other potential users. Second, the study highlights the major strengths and weaknesses of the statistical information that was collected. The results of the analysis indicate that official hunting statistics can be incomplete, dispersed and not always homogeneous over a long period of time. This is an issue of which one should be aware when using official hunting data for scientific or technical work. To improve statistical deficiencies associated with hunting data in Spain, our main suggestion is the adoption of a common protocol on data collection to which different regions agree. This protocol should be in accordance with future European hunting statistics and based on robust and well-informed data collection methods. Also it should expand the range of biological, ecological and economic concepts currently included to take account of the profound transformations experienced by the hunting sector in recent years. As much as possible, any future changes in the selection of hunting statistics should allow for comparisons between new variables with the previous ones.

Tools in Spanish Universities to facilitate the transmission from High School to University and their assessment.

Incoming students in the University have education deficiencies, so universities studies require a sound basis of scientific knowledge. In this project are analysed instruments to reinforcing knowledge in those areas related to the studies that students are about to embark on public Spanish universities. There are important differences among universities and, in each university there are great differences among titles. Initial courses (cursos cero) are widespread (in 50% of universities) that selfevaluation instruments (14 % of universities). It is necessary to improve diffusion of those instruments because it is not possible to evaluate them. So are proposed the next actuations: to make regular standard surveys for professors and students; to publish results of surveys; public universities should institutionalize their basic training offer and improve the dissemination of this offer especially through the web. This paper presents a questionnaire to assess student opinion about these tools. To analyze the effectiveness, and make an initial estimate of the evaluation of these tools, we conducted a pilot test of the questionnaire with 68 students at the University of Extremadura. The results of preliminary statistical analysis conducted on the pilot test indicate that the survey results are reliable. A global evaluation of both tools, with a scale of 1 to 5, gave an average score of 3.29 for initial courses and 3.41 for selfevaluation. The 72.9% of the students consider the "self assessment" more effective than the "initial course"

e-MIS Contents: Multimedia Contents for e-Learning Environments in Minimally Invasive Surgery

This work describes the design and application of multimedia contents for web technologies-based training in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The chosen strategy allows knowing the deficiencies of the current training methods so new multimedia contents can cover them. This study is concluded with the definition of three different types of multimedia contents accordingly to the development degree and didactic objectives that they present: Didactic resources are basic contents such as videos or documents that can be enhanced with contributions of users. On the other hand, case reports and didactic units have a defined structure. Didactic resources and case reports provide an informal training while didactic units are included in a more regulated training.

Multi-criteria selection of structural adhesives to bond ABS parts obtained by rapid prototyping

One of the most used methods in rapidprototyping is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), which provides components with a reasonable strength in plastic materials such as ABS and has a low environmental impact. However, the FDM process exhibits low levels of surface finishing, difficulty in getting complex and/or small geometries and low consistency in “slim” elements of the parts. Furthermore, “cantilever” elements need large material structures to be supported. The solution of these deficiencies requires a comprehensive review of the three-dimensional part design to enhance advantages and performances of FDM and reduce their constraints. As a key feature of this redesign a novel method of construction by assembling parts with structuraladhesive joints is proposed. These adhesive joints should be designed specifically to fit the plastic substrate and the FDM manufacturing technology. To achieve this, the most suitable structuraladhesiveselection is firstly required. Therefore, the present work analyzes five different families of adhesives (cyanoacrylate, polyurethane, epoxy, acrylic and silicone), and, by means of the application of technical multi-criteria decision analysis based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), to select the structuraladhesive that better conjugates mechanical benefits and adaptation to the FDM manufacturing process

Evolution and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency as a risk factor for (cognitive and functional) neurodegenerative diseases in institutionalized elderly = Evolución y tratamiento de la deficiencia de vitamina B12 como factor de riesgo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas (cognitivas y funcionales) en las personas mayores institucionalizadas.

Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency is very common in elderly people and can reach values as high as 40.5% of the population. It can be the result of the interaction among several factors. Vitamin B12 deficiencies have been associated with neurological, cognitive deterioration, haematological abnormalities and cardiovascular diseases that have an important influence on the health of the elderly and their quality of life. It is necessary to approach the problems arisen from the lack of data relative to them. The main objective of this thesis was to analyse the evolution of vitamin B12 status and related parameters, lipid and haematological profiles and their relationship to health risk factors, and to functional and cognitive status over one year and to determine the effect of an oral supplementation of 500 μg of cyanocobalamin for a short period of 28 days. An additional objective was to analyze the possible effects of medicine intakes on vitamin B status. Three studies were performed: a) a one year longitudinal follow-up with four measure points; b) an intervention study providing an oral liquid supplement of 500 μg of cyanocobalamin for a 28 days period; and c) analysis of the possible effect of medication intake on vitamin B status using the ATC classification of medicines. The participants for these studies were recruited from nursing homes for the elderly in the Region of Madrid. Sixty elders (mean age 84 _ 7y, 19 men and 41 women) were recruited for Study I and 64 elders (mean age 82 _ 7y, 24 men and 40 women) for Study II. For Study III, baseline data from the initially recruited participants of the first two studies were used. An informed consent was obtained from all participants or their mentors. The studies were approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Granada. Blood samples were obtained at each examination date and were analyzed for serum cobalamin, holoTC, serum and RBC folate and total homocysteine according to laboratory standard procedures. The haematological parameters analyzed were haematocrit, haemoglobin and MCV. For the lipid profile TG, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDLcholesterol were analyzed. Anthropometric measures (BMI, skinfolds [triceps and subscapular], waist girth and waist to hip ratio), functional tests (hand grip, arm and leg strength tests, static balance) and MMSE were obtained or administered by trained personal. The vitamin B12 supplement of Study II was administered with breakfast and the medication intake was taken from the residents’ anamnesis. Data were analyzed by parametric and non-parametric statistics depending on the obtained data. Comparisons were done using the appropriate ANOVAs or non-parametric tests. Pearsons’ partial correlations with the variable “time” as control were used to define the association of the analyzed parameters. XIII The results showed that: A) Over one year, in relationship to vitamin B status, serum cobalamin decreased, serum folate and mean corpuscular volumen increased significantly and total homocysteine concentrations were stable. Regarding blood lipid profile, triglycerides increased and HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly. Regarding selected anthropometric measurements, waist circumference increased significantly. No significant changes were observed for the rest of parameters. B) Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was high in the elderly studied, ranging from 60% to 90 % over the year depending on the cut-off used for the classification. LDL-cholesterol values were high, especially among women, and showed a tendency to increase over the year. Results of the balance test showed a deficiency and a tendency to decrease; this indicates that the population studied is at high risk for falls. Lower extremity muscular function was deficient and showed a tendency to decrease. A highly significant relationship was observed between the skinfold of the triceps and blood lipid profile. C) Low cobalamin concentrations correlated significantly with low MMSE scores in the elderly studied. No correlations were observed between vitamin B12 status and functional parameters. D) Regarding vitamin B12 status, holo-transcobalamin seems to be more sensitive for diagnosis; 5-10% of the elderly had a deficiency using serum cobalamin as a criterion, and 45-52% had a deficiency when using serum holotranscobalamin as a criterion. E) 500 μg of cyanocobalamin administered orally during 28 days significantly improved vitamin B12 status and significantly decreased total homocysteine concentrations in institutionalized elderly. No effect of the intervention was observed on functional and cognitive parameters. F) The relative change (%) of improvement of vitamin B12 status was higher when using serum holo-transcobalamin as a criterion than serum cobalamin. G) Antiaenemic drug intake normalized cobalamin, urologic drugs and corticosteroids serum folate, and psychoanaleptics holo-transcobalamin levels. Drugs treating pulmonary obstruction increased total homocysteine concentration significantly. H) The daily mean drug intake was 5.1. Fiftynine percent of the elderly took medication belonging to 5 or more different ATC groups. The most prevalent were psycholeptic (53%), antiacid (53%) and antithrombotic (47%) drugs.

Influence of liposoluble vitamin status on health parameter and physical fitness in European adolescents = Influencia del estado en vitaminas liposolubles en parámetros de salud y condición física en adolescentes europeos

La adolescencia es un período de crecimiento y desarrollo crítico e importante para la adquisición de hábitos saludables, en los que tanto la alimentación como la actividad física tienen un papel destacado. Junto con el primer año de vida, los requerimientos de energía y nutrientes son mayores que en cualquier otro periodo. Dentro de la nutrición, las vitaminas se ven involucradas en múltiples procesos celulares y tisulares, y sus deficiencias se vinculan a enfermedades crónicas degenerativas en la edad adulta como las cardiovasculares, cáncer, diabetes y osteoporosis, pero cuyos factores de riesgo se establecen a edades más tempranas. Las concentraciones sanguíneas de vitaminas están influenciadas en gran medida por la ingesta dietética, pero existen otros factores del individuo, entre los que cabe citar la composición corporal, la actividad física y condición física que, junto a la genética, podrían desempeñar un papel crucial. La presente memoria de Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo analizar el estado en vitaminas liposolubles y su relación con diversos factores de salud, entre los que destacan la composción corporal, hábitos dietéticos, actividad física y condición física en adolescentes Europeos. El trabajo está basado en los datos del estudio HELENA (“Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence”). Se han analizado un total de 1089 adolescentes procedentes de diez ciudades en nueve paises europeos. Los principales resultados de este trabajo indican; a) La existencia de un estado deficiente en vitaminas liposolubles en adolescentes Europeos, especialmente de vitamina D, que alcanza valores del 80%. b) La estación del año, la latitud, el índice de masa corporal, la condición física, la ingesta de calcio dietético, los suplementos vitamínicos y la edad son las variables más relacionadas con el estado de vitamina D. c) A su vez, la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria puede predecir los niveles de vitamina D en los chicos, mientras que la fuerza muscular y masa magra parecen influir en los niveles de vitamina D en las chicas. La grasa corporal y el índice de masa corporal se correlaccionan negativamente con los niveles de vitamina D, especialmente en chicos. d) Un estado de vitamina D óptimo provoca una mejora de la masa ósea sólo cuando se tiene un nivel adecuado de actividad física. e) Se identifica la necesidad de establecer un consenso sobre los rangos aceptables y puntos de corte para las concentraciones sanguíneas de estas vitaminas en este grupo de población, ya que los actuales están extrapolados de la población adulta ABSTRACT Adolescence is a critical period of physiological growth and development as well as for the acquisition of healthy behaviors where both diet and physical activity play a major role. Apart from the first year of life, both energy and nutrient requirements are greatest during adolescence and the way to spend this energy by movement is also crucial. Vitamins are specifically involved in multiple cellular and tissue processes, and there is increasing evidence that deficiencies at these early ages could contribute to risk factors of chronic diseases like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and osteoporosis in adulthood, regardless data are scarce for younger ages. Vitamin concentrations are largely influenced by diet but other individual factors like body composition, physical activity or fitness together with genetics could play also an important role. The current thesis analyzes the liposoluble vitamin status in European adolescents and their relation with several health related factors, like body composción, dietary intake, physical activity and fitness. The work is based on data from the HELENA study ("Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence"), for which a total of 1089 adolescents from ten different cities, in nine European countries were recruited. The main outcomes of this thesis are: a) There is a high liposoluble vitamin deficiency prevalence in European adolescents, specifically for vitamin D, which is presenting almost 80% of the adolescents. b) Season, latitude, BMI, fitness, dietary calcium intake, supplements intake and age are highly related to 25(OH)D concentrations found in European adolescents. c) Cardiorespiratory fitness may predict 25(OH)D concentrations in male adolescents, whereas upper limbs muscular strength and FFM may predict 25(OH)D concentrations in young females. Fat mass and BMI are inversely related to 25(OH)D concentrations, especially in males. d) The effect of 25(OH)D concentrations on bone mineral content in adolescents depends on physical activity levels. e) There is a need to establish a consensus on acceptable ranges and cut-offs of blood concentrations of these vitamins during adolescence, as currently they are extrapolated from adults.

Floating car data augmentation based on infrastructure sensors and neural networks

The development of new-generation intelligent vehicle technologies will lead to a better level of road safety and CO2 emission reductions. However, the weak point of all these systems is their need for comprehensive and reliable data. For traffic data acquisition, two sources are currently available: 1) infrastructure sensors and 2) floating vehicles. The former consists of a set of fixed point detectors installed in the roads, and the latter consists of the use of mobile probe vehicles as mobile sensors. However, both systems still have some deficiencies. The infrastructure sensors retrieve information fromstatic points of the road, which are spaced, in some cases, kilometers apart. This means that the picture of the actual traffic situation is not a real one. This deficiency is corrected by floating cars, which retrieve dynamic information on the traffic situation. Unfortunately, the number of floating data vehicles currently available is too small and insufficient to give a complete picture of the road traffic. In this paper, we present a floating car data (FCD) augmentation system that combines information fromfloating data vehicles and infrastructure sensors, and that, by using neural networks, is capable of incrementing the amount of FCD with virtual information. This system has been implemented and tested on actual roads, and the results show little difference between the data supplied by the floating vehicles and the virtual vehicles.

Risk Allocation in Toll Highway Concessions in Spain: Lessons from Economic Recession

Spain has a long tradition of encouraging toll highways by granting concessions to private companies. Concessions in Spain have been characterized by a willingness to transfer considerable risk to the private sector. Traffic demand, acquisition of the right-of-way, and financial risk have often been allocated to the private sector. From 1996 to 2011, 16 toll highway concessions, covering a total distance of 835 km, were awarded by the central government of Spain with this approach. Some of those highways started their operations just before the economic recession began. The recession had negative consequences for Spain's economy. The gross domestic product per capita plummeted, and the unemployment rate increased from 9% to 20% of the working population in just 2 years. The recession also had severe consequences for the economic performance of toll highway concessions. Traffic levels declined at a much greater rate than did the gross domestic product. In addition, the conditions imposed by the financial markets on borrowers became much stricter because of the liquidity crisis. This study analyzes the impact that the economic recession ultimately had on the performance of toll highway concessions in Spain and the actions that the government adopted to avoid the bankruptcy of the concessionaires. It was found that the economic recession helped identify some deficiencies in how risk had been allocated in Spain. The measures that both Spain and the European Union are adopting so as to improve risk allocation are discussed.

Caracterización de los sistemas de protección basados en materiales naturales destinados al control de la socavación en obras marítimas presentes en instalaciones eólicas marinas

El fenómeno de la socavación puede poner en peligro la operatividad o la seguridad de estructuras offshore comprometiendo su estabilidad global. Hasta el momento, la gran mayoría de las investigaciones destinadas a estudiar el origen y el desarrollo de este fenómeno han estado centradas en entornos fluviales, bajo condiciones de corriente continua. En la última década, debido al crecimiento del mercado de la eólica marina, han surgido numerosos estudios para la caracterización de este fenómeno en el entorno marino, teniendo en cuenta que estas estructuras se encuentran sometidas de forma simultánea a los efectos de la corriente y el oleaje, y las corrientes provocadas por las mareas. Ante la observada carencia de criterios existentes para el diseño de protecciones frente a la socavación, la presente Tesis Doctoral surge con el objetivo principal de desarrollar una serie de recomendaciones que permitan mejorar y optimizar el diseño de estas estructuras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo los parámetros geométricos de las cimentaciones de los aerogeneradores, o la propia erosión, sino también, variables características del oleaje como la altura de ola, el periodo o la longitud de onda, así como la profundidad o la batimétrica de la cimentación. La caracterización de los sistemas de protección basados en materiales naturales destinados al control de la socavación en obras marítimas presentes en instalaciones eólicas marinas no es el único objetivo alcanzado en la presente Tesis Doctoral. A través de la calibración del parámetro de altura de ola adimensional (H0) en diferentes parques eólicos europeos, y de acuerdo al criterio propuesto por Van der Meer (1988), se propone la clasificación de este tipo de estructuras de protección, basadas en material granular o escollera. La información recopilada sobre la socavación registrada en numerosos parques eólicos con protección también ha permitido estudiar la funcionalidad de este tipo de protecciones instaladas hasta la fecha. Asímismo, gracias al conocimiento adquirido sobre el fenómeno de la socavación, se plantea una propuesta para la mejora de la caracterización de este fenómeno en ambiente marino basada en el estudio de la influencia del campo de aceleraciones. La presente Tesis Doctoral permite mejorar el diseño de las protecciones frente a la socavación que se utilizan en parques eólicos marinos teniendo en cuenta las acciones del clima marítimo, supliendo de este modo las carencias que hasta el momento presentan las formulaciones existentes, las cuales únicamente toman en consideración la geometría de las cimentaciones, el ángulo de rozamiento interno del terreno y la estimación de la máxima socavación que puede llegar a producirse. Scour phenomenon jeopardizes the stability and functionality of offshore structures compromising its overall stability. So far, most studies about the origin and the development of this phenomenon have been focused on river environments (under steady current conditions). In the last decade a lot of research projects about the characterization of this phenomenon have been carried out due to the growth of offshore wind industry. These projects take into account that these structures are subjected simultaneously to current, waves and tidal effects. This PhD Thesis arises due to the current lack of criteria for the design of scour protections. Its main objective is to develop some recommendations to improve and to optimize the design of scour protection structures. For that it is necessary to take into account not only the geometrical parameters of foundations or the erosion forecasted, but also wave variables such as wave height, wave period or wavelength. Characterization of protection systems based on natural materials for the control of the scour in offshore wind farms was not the only goal achieved in this PhD Thesis. Through the calibration of the dimensionless wave height parameter (H0) in different European offshore wind farms, and according to the criteria proposed by Van der Meer (1988), a classification of these protection structures based on natural elements (rocks or riprap) has been proposed. Scour data registered in numerous offshore wind farms with scour protection systems also allowed to study the functionality of this type of protection installed up to now. Thanks to the knowledge acquired about the scour development, a proposal for the improvement of the characterization of this phenomenon in marine environment is proposed. This has been based on the study of the influence of the acceleration parameters. This PhD Thesis improves the design of scour protections used in offshore wind facilities taking into account maritime climate actions. To solve the current formulae deficiencies only considering the foundation geometry, the internal friction angle of the seabed and the maximum scour depth forecasted.

La comunicación como factor clave en la implantación de la responsabilidad social corporativa: el caso de Crédit Agricole España

This paper considers the role of communication in the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a vital management system for achieving advantages and motivation in employees. The paper also highlights the relevant functions assumed by information professionals to overcome communication deficiencies and lack of knowledge about these relatively new areas of responsibility. A case study of Crédit Agricole España (CAE) is presented, with results that highlight the importance of all the communication-related aspects of implementing CSR.

Foreigner? Want to study in Spain? The integration process at universities

The student exchange programs being carried out at universities for over 50 years, have led to changes in the institutions, which had to adapt to accommodate these students. Despite those changes, the integration of foreign students not coming from the aforementioned exchange programs that come to our country to study at the University has been neglected. These students face many barriers (language, cultural and origin customs mainly), so a clear and detailed information would be highly desirable in order to facilitate the necessary arrangements This study aims to show the deficiencies in the integration process and hosting programs faced by a foreign student at University. The study is performed by means of an analysis of statistical data from the Polytechnic University of Madrid and the Civil Engineering School over the last 12 school years (1999 - 2000 to 2010 - 2011), as well as surveys and interviews with some of these students. The study is enhanced with the analysis of the measures and integration methods of the various minorities, which had been implemented by the foremost public universities in Spain, as well as other public and private universities abroad. It illustrates the existing backlog at the Spanish universities with regards to supporting the integration of diversity among foreign students, providing data concerning the growth of such population and its impact at the university, and on the institutions in particular. In an increasingly globalized world, we must understand and facilitate the integration of minorities at University, supplying them, from the first day, and before the enrollment process, the essential elements that will allow their adequate adaptation to the educational process at University. It concludes by identifying the main subjects that need to be tackled to endorse such integration.

Some insights for a relationship marketing model integrating SERVQUAL and customer loyalty in dental clinics

The demand of new services, the emergence of new business models, insufficient innovation, underestimation of customer loyalty and reluctance to adopt new management are evidence of the deficiencies and the lack of research about the relations between patients and dental clinics. In this article we propose the structure of a model of Relationship Marketing (RM) in the dental clinic that integrates information from SERVQUAL, Customer Loyalty (CL) and activities of RM and combines the vision of dentist and patient. The first pilot study on dentists showed that: they recognize the value of maintaining better patients however they don't perform RM actions to retain them. They have databases of patients but not sophisticated enough as compared to RM tools. They perceive that the patients value "Assurance" and "Empathy" (two dimensions of service quality). Finally, they indicate that a loyal patient not necessarily pays more by the service. The proposed model will be validated using Fuzzy Logic simulation and the ultimate goal of this research line is contributing a new definition of CL.

Estudio de rehabilitación acústica de los edificios del barrio de Lavapiés

Los tejidos urbanos, los barrios y los edificios en proceso de degradación física, social o ambiental requieren acciones de rehabilitación urbana que garanticen el bienestar de las personas. La sociedad demanda, cada vez más, el derecho al descanso y a una vida sin ruidos, como signo de desarrollo y progreso. Es por ello, que se debe conducir el comportamiento de la edificación y del metabolismo urbano hacia unos mínimos de calidad acústica que permitan mejorar las deficiencias de aislamiento acústico que presentan los edificios existentes de gran parte de las ciudades y sus centros históricos. En este sentido, el objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Máster es el de contribuir al estudio de las acciones de rehabilitación y las soluciones técnicas que permitan desarrollar edificios acústicamente eficientes en el barrio de Lavapiés. Como punto de partida se realizará la caracterización urbanística del barrio, analizando la calidad de la edificación, la geometría de las calles, los principales viarios, para posteriormente estudiar la cartografía acústica de Lavapiés a través de los Mapas Estratégicos de Ruido. Porque el ruido tiene una importante componente subjetiva, se realizará además una encuesta de calidad acústica para conocer la opinión del ciudadano de Lavapiés, tratando de comprender la problemática de ruido en el barrio y cómo afecta ésta a sus vecinos. Por último se desarrollarán unas directrices generales para la rehabilitación acústica de los edificios existentes, y se llevarán a la práctica realizando una propuesta de rehabilitación acústica de un edificio del siglo XIX situado en la Calle Ave María de Lavapiés. Cada obra de rehabilitación es una oportunidad de mejorar las deficientes condiciones acústicas de los edificios dentro de lo viable técnica y económicamente, a pesar de que puede que no se lleguen a alcanzar los niveles exigidos en el DB HR. SUMMARY. The urban network, the neighborhoods and the buildings in progress of physical, social and environmental degradation require actions of urban restoration to guarantee people’s welfare. Society demands, more every time, the right to rest and to life without noise, as an evidence of development and progress. That is why, the behavior of building and the urban metabolism must be lead to the best acoustic quality allowing to improve the acoustic sound proofing deficiencies that now a days some of the existing buildings present in most of the cities and its historical downtowns. In this direction, the goal of this “Trabajo de Fin de Master” is to contribute to the study of the rehabilitation actions and the technical solutions that will make possible to develop acoustically efficient buildings in Lavapies area. To begin a urbanistic classification of the neighborhood will be done, analyzing the quality of construction, the geometry of the streets, the main road routes to study, afterwards,the acoustic cartography of Lavapies through the Strategic Maps of Noise. Also because noise has an important subjective component, a survey about acoustic quality will be made to know the opinion of Lavapies citizens, trying to understand the problems of noise in the neighborhood and how this may affect its neighbors. Finally some general guidelines of the acoustic rehabilitation of the buildings will be shown and materialized in a proposal of an acoustic rehabilitation of a XIX century building placed in Ave María Street in Lavapies. Each rehabilitation work is a chance to improve the insufficient acoustic conditions of the buildings within technical and economical possibilities, despite of the fact that it might not be possible to reach the levels demand by the DB HR anyway.

Análisis acústico del estudio de grabación Ritmo & Compás

En la actualidad, el éxito de una grabación musical depende, en gran medida, de la acústica que caracteriza la sala de control y la sala de grabación de un estudio donde se haya realizado ésta, así como del equipo utilizado. La acústica de un estudio de grabación viene determinada por la absorción, reverberación y aislamiento acústico de ese recinto. Estos son los factores que le dan la personalidad las salas. En este proyecto, se analiza el comportamiento acústico de las dos salas que componen estudio de grabación de „Ritmo & Compas‟, una sala de control y una sala de grabación, mediante la realización de medidas in situ. Se comparan los resultados con los valores aconsejados y se observa si ambas salas cumplen las condiciones óptimas que corresponden a cada una de éstas. En el caso de haber deficiencias acústicas, se proporcionan soluciones de acondicionamiento acústico en las salas, que se validan mediante simulación. Además, se realiza el estudio sobre el aislamiento a ruido aéreo entre los dos recintos colindantes que componen el estudio de grabación. ABSTRACT. Nowadays, the success of a musical recording depends, to a large extent, on the good acoustics that characterizes the recording studio where it has been made, as well as the equipment used. The acoustics of a recording studio is determined by absorption, reverberation and sound insulation of the enclosure. These are the factors that give personality to the site. This project aims to study the acoustic behavior of the two rooms that make the recording studio 'Ritmo & Compas', a control room and a recording room, by performing in situ measurements. Results will be compared with the recommended values and examined if both rooms meet the optimal conditions that correspond to each of these. In the case of having acoustic deficiencies will be provided acoustic solutions in the rooms, which are validated by simulation. In addition, there will be the study of airborne sound insulation between the two neighboring enclosures that make up the recording studio.