New device for continuous-wave THz emission: large area emitter

We discuss two different approaches to overcome the power limitations of CW THz generation imposed to conventional photomixers. The increase in power achievable by using arrays of AEs is studied. Then ?large area emitters? are proposed as an alternate approach to overcome the power limitations. In this antenna-free new scheme of photomixing, the THz radiation originates directly from the acceleration of photo-induced charge carriers generated within a large semiconductor area. The quasi-continuous distribution of emitting elements corresponds to a high-density array and results in particularly favorable radiation profiles.

Residual stress distribution in ferritic-austenitic steel joints made by laser welding

The present investigation addresse the influence of laser welding process-ing parameters used for joining dis-similar metals (ferritic to austenitic steel), on the induced residual stress field. Welding was performed on a Nd:YAG laser DY033 (3300 W) in a continuous wave (CW), keyhole mode. The base metals (BM) employed in this study are AISI 1010 carbon steel (CS) and AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel (SS). Pairs of dissimilar plates of 200 mm x 45 mm x 3 mm were butt joined by laser welding. Different sets of parameters were used to engineer the base metals apportionment at joint formation, namely distinct dilution rates. Residual strain scanning, carried out by neutron diffraction was used to assess the joints. Through-thickness residual stress maps were determined for the laser welded samples of dis-similar steels using high spatial reso-lution. As a result, an appropriate set of processing parameters, able to mi-nimize the local tensile residual stress associated to the welding process, was found.

From arrays of THz antennas to large-area emitters

Arrays of coherently driven photomixers with antenna (antenna emitter arrays, AEAs) have been evaluated as a possibility to overcome the power limitations of individual conventional photomixers with antenna (?antenna emitters?, AEs) for the generation of continuous-wave (CW) THz radiation. In this paper, ?large area emitters? (LAEs) are proposed as an alternative approach, and compared with AEAs. In this antenna-free new scheme of photomixing, the THz radiation originates directly from the acceleration of photo-induced charge carriers generated within a large semiconductor area. The quasi-continuous distribution of emitting elements corresponds to a high-density array and results in favorable radiation profiles without side lobes. Moreover, the achievable THz power is expected to outnumber even large AEAs. Last not least, the technological challenge of fabricating LAEs appears to be significantly less demanding.

Modelado de un sistema de telemetría LIDAR CW-RM

Los sistemas LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) permiten medir la distancia entre dos puntos, evaluando el tiempo que tarda una señal óptica (generalmente procedente de un Láser) en hacer un recorrido de ida y vuelta entre dichos puntos. En los sistemas CW-RM (Continuous Wave - Random Modulated) esta evaluación se hace calculando la correlación entre la señal emitida (pseudoaleatoria) y la recibida (cuyo retardo depender de la distancia entre los puntos). Este sistema CW-RM tiene la ventaja sobre los TOF (Time Of Flight) de que funcionan bien ún con señales recibidas de reducida relación señal a ruido. La precisión de la medida, depende, entre otros parámetros, del tiempo de bit de la secuencia pseudoaleatoria y de la frecuencia de muestreo del sistema que capta las señales y posteriormente las correla. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar un sistema de gran precisión, utilizando señales pseudoaleatorias de tiempo de bit de centenas de pico segundo y frecuencia de muestreo de Gs/s, para lo que deberemos utilizar equipamiento disponible en laboratorio, as mismo deberemos seleccionar y con guiar los láseres emisores para que puedan trabajar a estas velocidades. La primera etapa del proyecto será el conocimiento del instrumental de laboratorio que vamos a utilizar en el set-up. La segunda etapa será la realización de un primer montaje en el que se conectará emisor y receptor a través de una fibra óptica de longitud conocida. Esto nos permitir á el desarrollo de algoritmos para extraer información de la medida y para una calibración del instrumental para posteriores medidas. La tercera etapa es el diseño definitivo con emisor al aire para el que tendremos que ajustar todos los elementos ópticos del sistema, de modo que se pueda detectar la luz reflejada y además se pueda reducir parte de la luz de background.

Lidar uncertainty in complex terrain development of a bias correction methodology

El autor ha trabajado como parte del equipo de investigación en mediciones de viento en el Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables (CENER), España, en cooperación con la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y la Universidad Técnica de Dinamarca. El presente reporte recapitula el trabajo de investigación realizado durante los últimos 4.5 años en el estudio de las fuentes de error de los sistemas de medición remota de viento, basados en la tecnología lidar, enfocado al error causado por los efectos del terreno complejo. Este trabajo corresponde a una tarea del paquete de trabajo dedicado al estudio de sistemas remotos de medición de viento, perteneciente al proyecto de intestigación europeo del 7mo programa marco WAUDIT. Adicionalmente, los datos de viento reales han sido obtenidos durante las campañas de medición en terreno llano y terreno complejo, pertenecientes al también proyecto de intestigación europeo del 7mo programa marco SAFEWIND. El principal objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es determinar los efectos del terreno complejo en el error de medición de la velocidad del viento obtenida con los sistemas de medición remota lidar. Con este conocimiento, es posible proponer una metodología de corrección del error de las mediciones del lidar. Esta metodología está basada en la estimación de las variaciones del campo de viento no uniforme dentro del volumen de medición del lidar. Las variaciones promedio del campo de viento son predichas a partir de los resultados de las simulaciones computacionales de viento RANS, realizadas para el parque experimental de Alaiz. La metodología de corrección es verificada con los resultados de las simulaciones RANS y validadas con las mediciones reales adquiridas en la campaña de medición en terreno complejo. Al inicio de este reporte, el marco teórico describiendo el principio de medición de la tecnología lidar utilizada, es presentado con el fin de familiarizar al lector con los principales conceptos a utilizar a lo largo de este trabajo. Posteriormente, el estado del arte es presentado en donde se describe los avances realizados en el desarrollo de la la tecnología lidar aplicados al sector de la energía eólica. En la parte experimental de este trabajo de investigación se ha estudiado los datos adquiridos durante las dos campañas de medición realizadas. Estas campañas has sido realizadas en terreno llano y complejo, con el fin de complementar los conocimiento adquiridos en casa una de ellas y poder comparar los efectos del terreno en las mediciones de viento realizadas con sistemas remotos lidar. La primer campaña experimental se desarrollo en terreno llano, en el parque de ensayos de aerogeneradores H0vs0re, propiedad de DTU Wind Energy (anteriormente Ris0). La segunda campaña experimental se llevó a cabo en el parque de ensayos de aerogeneradores Alaiz, propiedad de CENER. Exactamente los mismos dos equipos lidar fueron utilizados en estas campañas, haciendo de estos experimentos altamente relevantes en el contexto de evaluación del recurso eólico. Un equipo lidar está basado en tecnología de onda continua, mientras que el otro está basado en tecnología de onda pulsada. La velocidad del viento fue medida, además de con los equipos lidar, con anemómetros de cazoletas, veletas y anemómetros verticales, instalados en mástiles meteorológicos. Los sensores del mástil meteorológico son considerados como las mediciones de referencia en el presente estudio. En primera instancia, se han analizado los promedios diez minútales de las medidas de viento. El objetivo es identificar las principales fuentes de error en las mediciones de los equipos lidar causadas por diferentes condiciones atmosféricas y por el flujo no uniforme de viento causado por el terreno complejo. El error del lidar ha sido estudiado como función de varias propiedades estadísticas del viento, como lo son el ángulo vertical de inclinación, la intensidad de turbulencia, la velocidad vertical, la estabilidad atmosférica y las características del terreno. El propósito es usar este conocimiento con el fin de definir criterios de filtrado de datos. Seguidamente, se propone una metodología para corregir el error del lidar causado por el campo de viento no uniforme, producido por la presencia de terreno complejo. Esta metodología está basada en el análisis matemático inicial sobre el proceso de cálculo de la velocidad de viento por los equipos lidar de onda continua. La metodología de corrección propuesta hace uso de las variaciones de viento calculadas a partir de las simulaciones RANS realizadas para el parque experimental de Alaiz. Una ventaja importante que presenta esta metodología es que las propiedades el campo de viento real, presentes en las mediciones instantáneas del lidar de onda continua, puede dar paso a análisis adicionales como parte del trabajo a futuro. Dentro del marco del proyecto, el trabajo diario se realizó en las instalaciones de CENER, con supervisión cercana de la UPM, incluyendo una estancia de 1.5 meses en la universidad. Durante esta estancia, se definió el análisis matemático de las mediciones de viento realizadas por el equipo lidar de onda continua. Adicionalmente, los efectos del campo de viento no uniforme sobre el error de medición del lidar fueron analíticamente definidos, después de asumir algunas simplificaciones. Adicionalmente, durante la etapa inicial de este proyecto se desarrollo una importante trabajo de cooperación con DTU Wind Energy. Gracias a esto, el autor realizó una estancia de 1.5 meses en Dinamarca. Durante esta estancia, el autor realizó una visita a la campaña de medición en terreno llano con el fin de aprender los aspectos básicos del diseño de campañas de medidas experimentales, el estudio del terreno y los alrededores y familiarizarse con la instrumentación del mástil meteorológico, el sistema de adquisición y almacenamiento de datos, así como de el estudio y reporte del análisis de mediciones. ABSTRACT The present report summarizes the research work performed during last 4.5 years of investigation on the sources of lidar bias due to complex terrain. This work corresponds to one task of the remote sensing work package, belonging to the FP7 WAUDIT project. Furthermore, the field data from the wind velocity measurement campaigns of the FP7 SafeWind project have been used in this report. The main objective of this research work is to determine the terrain effects on the lidar bias in the measured wind velocity. With this knowledge, it is possible to propose a lidar bias correction methodology. This methodology is based on an estimation of the wind field variations within the lidar scan volume. The wind field variations are calculated from RANS simulations performed from the Alaiz test site. The methodology is validated against real scale measurements recorded during an eight month measurement campaign at the Alaiz test site. Firstly, the mathematical framework of the lidar sensing principle is introduced and an overview of the state of the art is presented. The experimental part includes the study of two different, but complementary experiments. The first experiment was a measurement campaign performed in flat terrain, at DTU Wind Energy H0vs0re test site, while the second experiment was performed in complex terrain at CENER Alaiz test site. Exactly the same two lidar devices, based on continuous wave and pulsed wave systems, have been used in the two consecutive measurement campaigns, making this a relevant experiment in the context of wind resource assessment. The wind velocity was sensed by the lidars and standard cup anemometry and wind vanes (installed on a met mast). The met mast sensors are considered as the reference wind velocity measurements. The first analysis of the experimental data is dedicated to identify the main sources of lidar bias present in the 10 minute average values. The purpose is to identify the bias magnitude introduced by different atmospheric conditions and by the non-uniform wind flow resultant of the terrain irregularities. The lidar bias as function of several statistical properties of the wind flow like the tilt angle, turbulence intensity, vertical velocity, atmospheric stability and the terrain characteristics have been studied. The aim of this exercise is to use this knowledge in order to define useful lidar bias data filters. Then, a methodology to correct the lidar bias caused by non-uniform wind flow is proposed, based on the initial mathematical analysis of the lidar measurements. The proposed lidar bias correction methodology has been developed focusing on the the continuous wave lidar system. In a last step, the proposed lidar bias correction methodology is validated with the data of the complex terrain measurement campaign. The methodology makes use of the wind field variations obtained from the RANS analysis. The results are presented and discussed. The advantage of this methodology is that the wind field properties at the Alaiz test site can be studied with more detail, based on the instantaneous measurements of the CW lidar. Within the project framework, the daily basis work has been done at CENER, with close guidance and support from the UPM, including an exchange period of 1.5 months. During this exchange period, the mathematical analysis of the lidar sensing of the wind velocity was defined. Furthermore, the effects of non-uniform wind fields on the lidar bias were analytically defined, after making some assumptions for the sake of simplification. Moreover, there has been an important cooperation with DTU Wind Energy, where a secondment period of 1.5 months has been done as well. During the secondment period at DTU Wind Energy, an important introductory learning has taken place. The learned aspects include the design of an experimental measurement campaign in flat terrain, the site assessment study of obstacles and terrain conditions, the data acquisition and processing, as well as the study and reporting of the measurement analysis.

High-brightness all semiconductor laser at 1.57 µm for space-borne lidar measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide: device design and analysis of requirements

The availability of suitable laser sources is one of the main challenges in future space missions for accurate measurement of atmospheric CO2. The main objective of the European project BRITESPACE is to demonstrate the feasibility of an all-semiconductor laser source to be used as a space-borne laser transmitter in an Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) lidar system. We present here the proposed transmitter and system architectures, the initial device design and the results of the simulations performed in order to estimate the source requirements in terms of power, beam quality, and spectral properties to achieve the required measurement accuracy. The laser transmitter is based on two InGaAsP/InP monolithic Master Oscillator Power Amplifiers (MOPAs), providing the ON and OFF wavelengths close to the selected absorption line around 1.57 µm. Each MOPA consists of a frequency stabilized Distributed Feedback (DFB) master oscillator, a modulator section, and a tapered semiconductor amplifier optimized to maximize the optical output power. The design of the space-compliant laser module includes the beam forming optics and the thermoelectric coolers.The proposed system replaces the conventional pulsed source with a modulated continuous wave source using the Random Modulation-Continuous Wave (RM-CW) approach, allowing the designed semiconductor MOPA to be applicable in such applications. The system requirements for obtaining a CO2 retrieval accuracy of 1 ppmv and a spatial resolution of less than 10 meters have been defined. Envelope estimated of the returns indicate that the average power needed is of a few watts and that the main noise source is the ambient noise.

Vehicular traffic surveillance and road lane detection using radar interferometry

Speed enforcement on public roadways is an important issue in order to guarantee road security and to reduce the number and seriousness of traffic accidents. Traditionally, this task has been partially solved using radar and/or laser technologies and, more recently, using video-camera based systems. All these systems have significant shortcomings that have yet to be overcome. The main drawback of classical Doppler radar technology is that the velocity measurement fails when several vehicles are in the radars beam. Modern radar systems are able to measure speed and range between vehicle and radar. However, this is not enough to discriminate the lane where the vehicle is driving on. The limitation of several vehicles in the beam is overcome using laser technology. However, laser systems have another important limitation: They cannot measure the speed of several vehicles simultaneously. Novel video-camera systems, based on license plate identification, solve the previous drawbacks, but they have the problem that they can only measure average speed but never top-speed. This paper studies the feasibility of using an interferometric linear frequency modulated continuous wave radar to improve top-speed enforcement on roadways. Two different systems based on down-the-road and across-the-road radar configurations are presented. The main advantage of the proposed solutions is they can simultaneously measure speed, range, and lane of several vehicles, allowing the univocal identification of the offenders. A detailed analysis about the operation and accuracy of these solutions is reported. In addition, the feasibility of the proposed techniques has been demonstrated with simulations and real experiments using a Ka-band interferometric radar developed by our research group.

Research lines in Hyperthermia at the Bioinstrumentation Laboratory of the Centre for Biomedical Technology

The Bioinstrumentation Laboratory belongs to the Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB) of the Technical University of Madrid and its main objective is to provide the scientific community with devices and techniques for the characterization of micro and nanostructures and consequently finding their best biomedical applications. Hyperthermia (greek word for “overheating”) is defined as the phenomenon that occurs when a body is exposed to an energy generating source that can produce a rise in temperature (42-45ºC) for a given time [1]. Specifically, the aim of the hyperthermia methods used in The Bioinstrumentation Laboratory is the development of thermal therapies, some of these using different kinds of nanoparticles, to kill cancer cells and reduce the damage on healthy tissues. The optical hyperthermia is based on noble metal nanoparticles and laser irradiation. This kind of nanoparticles has an immense potential associated to the development of therapies for cancer on account of their Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) enhanced light scattering and absorption. In a short period of time, the absorbed light is converted into localized heat, so we can take advantage of these characteristics to heat up tumor cells in order to obtain the cellular death [2]. In this case, the laboratory has an optical hyperthermia device based on a continuous wave laser used to kill glioblastoma cell lines (1321N1) in the presence of gold nanorods (Figure 1a). The wavelength of the laser light is 808 nm because the penetration of the light in the tissue is deeper in the Near Infrared Region. The first optical hyperthermia results show that the laser irradiation produces cellular death in the experimental samples of glioblastoma cell lines using gold nanorods but is not able to decrease the cellular viability of cancer cells in samples without the suitable nanorods (Figure 1b) [3]. The generation of magnetic hyperthermia is performed through changes of the magnetic induction in magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that are embedded in viscous medium. The Figure 2 shows a schematic design of the AC induction hyperthermia device in magnetic fluids. The equipment has been manufactured at The Bioinstrumentation Laboratory. The first block implies two steps: the signal selection with frequency manipulation option from 9 KHz to 2MHz, and a linear output up to 1500W. The second block is where magnetic field is generated ( 5mm, 10 turns). Finally, the third block is a software control where the user can establish initial parameters, and also shows the temperature response of MNPs due to the magnetic field applied [4-8]. The Bioinstrumentation Laboratory in collaboration with the Mexican company MRI-DT have recently implemented a new research line on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Hyperthermia, which is sustained on the patent US 7,423,429B2 owned by this company. This investigation is based on the use of clinical MRI equipment not only for diagnosis but for therapy [9]. This idea consists of two main facts: Magnetic Resonance Imaging can cause focal heating [10], and the differentiation in resonant frequency between healthy and cancer cells [11]. To produce only heating in cancer cells when the whole body is irradiated, it is necessary to determine the specific resonant frequency of the target, using the information contained in the spectra of the area of interest. Then, special RF pulse sequence is applied to produce fast excitation and relaxation mechanism that generates temperature increase of the tumor, causing cellular death or metabolism malfunction that stops cellular division

Thermal and mechanical effects of different excitation modes based on low frequency laser modulation in optical hyperthermia

The low frequency modulation of the laser source (menor que30KHz) allows the generation of a pulsed signal that intermittently excites the gold nanorods. The temperature curves obtained for different frequencies and duty cycles of modulation but with equal average power and identical laser parameters, show that the thermal behavior in continuous wave and modulation modes is the same. However, the cell death experiments suggest that the percentage of death is higher in the cases of modulation. This observation allows us to conclude that there are other effects in addition to temperature that contribute to the cellular death. The mechanical effects like sound or pressure waves are expected to be generated from thermal expansion of gold nanorods. In order to study the behavior and magnitude of these processes we have developed a measure device based on ultrasound piezoelectric receivers (25KHz) and a lock-in amplifier that is able to detect the sound waves generated in samples of gold nanorods during laser irradiation providing us a voltage result proportional to the pressure signal. The first results show that the pressure measurements are directly proportional to the concentration of gold nanorods and the laser power, therefore, our present work is focused on determine the real influence of these effects in the cell death process.

Dynamic response of a monolithic master-oscillator power-amplifier at 1.5 µm

We study experimentally the dynamic properties of a fully integrated high power master-oscillator power-amplifier emitting at 1.5 μm under continuous wave and gain-switching conditions. High peak power (2.7 W) optical pulses with short duration (~ 110 ps) have been generated by gain switching the master-oscillator. We show the existence of working points at very close driving conditions with stable or unstable regimes caused by the compound cavity effects. The optical and radio-frequency spectra of stable and unstable operating points are analyzed.

Overall vs. local mechanical behaviour of ferritic austenitic steel joints made by laser welding

The present investigation addresses the overall and local mechanical performance of dissimilar joints of low carbon steel (CS) and stainless Steel (SS) thin sheets achieved by laser welding in case of heat source displacement from the weld gap centreline towards CS. Welding was performed on a Nd:YAG laser DY033 (3300 W) in a continuos wave (CW), keyhole mode. The tensile behavior of the joint different zones assessed by using a video-image based system (VIC-2D) reveals that the residual stress field, together with the positive difference in yield between the weld metal and the base materials protects the joint from being plastically deformed. The tensile loadings of flat transverse specimens generate the strain localization and failure in CS, far away from the weld.

Propiedades Ópticas de los Materiales Activos en Diodos Láser con Confinamiento Cuántico

En esta tesis se recoge el trabajo experimental realizado para la caracterización de las propiedades ópticas en diodos láser construidos con estructuras basadas en pozos cuánticos (QW) y puntos cuánticos (QD). Las propiedades que se han estudiado en estos dispositivos son los espectros de ganancia, ganancia diferencial, índice diferencial y factor de ensanchamiento de línea (LEF). La comprensión de estas propiedades es de especial importancia para el diseño de nuevos diodos láser destinados a ser utilizados en aplicaciones exigentes como son las comunicaciones ópticas o aplicaciones médicas. El estudio se ha llevado a cabo en muestras de diodos láser suministrados por diferentes fabricantes: Ferdinand Braun Institut für Hóchstfrequenztechnik, Thales Research and Technology y la Universidad de Würzburg. Debido a esto las muestras de los láseres se han suministrado en diferentes configuraciones, utilizándose tanto dispositivos con cavidades de área ancha como de tipo caballete (“ridge”). En los trabajos se ha realizado el diseño y la construcción de los montajes experimentales y la implementación de los métodos analíticos necesarios para el estudio de las diferentes muestras. En los montajes experimentales se han implementado procesos para el filtrado espacial de los modos laterales de la cavidad presentes en los láseres de área ancha. Los métodos analíticos implementados se han utilizado para reducir los errores existentes en los sistemas de medida, mejorar su precisión y para separar la variación de índice en debida al calentamiento y la variación de corriente cuando los láseres operan en continua. El estudio sistemático de las propiedades de ópticas de los diodos láser basados en QW y QD ha permitido concluir que propiedades como el factor de ensanchamiento de línea no tienen por qué ser necesariamente inferiores en estos últimos, ya que dependen de las condiciones de inyección. En los láseres de QW se ha observado experimentalmente una reducción del factor de ensanchamiento de línea al alcanzarse la segunda transición, debido al aumento de la ganancia diferencial. ABSTRACT This thesis includes the experimental work for the characterization of optical properties of quantum well (QW) and quantum dot (QD) laser diodes. The properties that have been studied in these devices are the gain, differential gain, differential index and the linewith enhancement factor (LEF). The understating of these properties is of special importance for the design of new laser diodes to be used in exigent applications such as optical communications or medical applications. The study has been carried out using laser samples supplied by different manufacturers: Ferdinand Braun Institut fu¨r H¨ochstfrequenztechnik, Thales Research and Technology and the University of Wu¨rzburg. Because of this the laser samples were supplied in various configurations, using both broad area and ridge devices. In the work it has been done the design and construction of the experimental setups and implementation of analytical methods required for the study of the different devices. In the experimental set-ups it has been implemented a spatial filtering process to remove the lateral modes present in broad area lasers. The implemented analytical methods has been used to reduce the experimental errors in the measurement systems, improve the accuracy and separate the index variation caused by heating and current variation when the lasers operated on continuous wave. The systematic study of the optical properties of the QW and QD laser diodes has allowed concluding that properties such the linewith enhancement factor does not have to be necessary to be lower in the QD devices, since it is dependent on the injections conditions. In this work it has been experimentally observed a reduction of the linewith enhancement factor where the second transition has been reached mainly due to in the increased of the differential gain which is observed in this situation.

High brightness semiconductor lasers as transmitters for space lidar systems

High brightness semiconductor lasers are potential transmitters for future space lidar systems. In the framework of the European Project BRITESPACE, we propose an all-semiconductor laser source for an Integrated Path Differential Absorption lidar system for column-averaged measurements of atmospheric CO2 in future satellite missions. The complete system architecture has to be adapted to the particular emission properties of these devices using a Random Modulated Continuous Wave approach. We present the initial experimental results of the InGaAsP/InP monolithic Master Oscillator Power Amplifiers, providing the ON and OFF wavelengths close to the selected absorption line around 1572 nm.