Systematic Approach for the selection of monitoring technologies in CO2 geological storage projects. Application of multicriteria decision making

Geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been proposed as a viable means for reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Once injection begins, a program for measurement, monitoring, and verification (MMV) of CO2 distribution is required in order to: a) research key features, effects and processes needed for risk assessment; b) manage the injection process; c) delineate and identify leakage risk and surface escape; d) provide early warnings of failure near the reservoir; and f) verify storage for accounting and crediting. The selection of the methodology of monitoring (characterization of site and control and verification in the post-injection phase) is influenced by economic and technological variables. Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) refers to a methodology developed for making decisions in the presence of multiple criteria. MCDM as a discipline has only a relatively short history of 40 years, and it has been closely related to advancements on computer technology. Evaluation methods and multicriteria decisions include the selection of a set of feasible alternatives, the simultaneous optimization of several objective functions, and a decision-making process and evaluation procedures that must be rational and consistent. The application of a mathematical model of decision-making will help to find the best solution, establishing the mechanisms to facilitate the management of information generated by number of disciplines of knowledge. Those problems in which decision alternatives are finite are called Discrete Multicriteria Decision problems. Such problems are most common in reality and this case scenario will be applied in solving the problem of site selection for storing CO2. Discrete MCDM is used to assess and decide on issues that by nature or design support a finite number of alternative solutions. Recently, Multicriteria Decision Analysis has been applied to hierarchy policy incentives for CCS, to assess the role of CCS, and to select potential areas which could be suitable to store. For those reasons, MCDM have been considered in the monitoring phase of CO2 storage, in order to select suitable technologies which could be techno-economical viable. In this paper, we identify techniques of gas measurements in subsurface which are currently applying in the phase of characterization (pre-injection); MCDM will help decision-makers to hierarchy the most suitable technique which fit the purpose to monitor the specific physic-chemical parameter.

Why neutron guides may end up breaking down? Some results on the macroscopic behaviour of alkali-borosilicate glass support plates under neutron irradiation

In this paper we report on a first part of a study on the mechanisms leading to brittle fracture in neutron guides made of glass as structural element. Such devices are widely used to deliver thermal and cold neu tron beams to experimental lines in most large neutron research facilities. We present results on macroscopic properties of samples of guide glass substrates which are subjected to neutron irradiation at relatively large fluences. The results show a striking dependence of some of the macroscopic properties such as density, shape or surface curvature upon the specific chemical composition of a given glass. The relevance of the present findings for the installation of either replacement guides at the existing facilities or for the deployment of instruments for ongoing projects such as the European Spallation Source is briefly discussed.

Desarrollo de software de control y medida para goniofotómetro de tipo B

El proyecto trata del desarrollo de un software para realizar el control de la medida de la distribución de intensidad luminosa en luminarias LED. En el trascurso del proyecto se expondrán fundamentos teóricos sobre fotometría básica, de los cuales se extraen las condiciones básicas para realizar dicha medida. Además se realiza una breve descripción del hardware utilizado en el desarrollo de la máquina, el cual se basa en una placa de desarrollo Arduino Mega 2560, que, gracias al paquete de Labview “LIFA” (Labview Interface For Arduino”), será posible utilizarla como tarjeta de adquisición de datos mediante la cual poder manejar tanto sensores como actuadores, para las tareas de control. El instrumento de medida utilizado en este proyecto es el BTS256 de la casa GigaHerzt-Optik, del cual se dispone de un kit de desarrollo tanto en lenguaje C++ como en Labview, haciendo posible programar aplicaciones basadas en este software para realizar cualquier tipo de adaptación a las necesidades del proyecto. El software está desarrollado en la plataforma Labview 2013, esto es gracias a que se dispone del kit de desarrollo del instrumento de medida, y del paquete LIFA. El objetivo global del proyecto es realizar la caracterización de luminarias LED, de forma que se obtengan medidas suficientes de la distribución de intensidad luminosa. Los datos se recogerán en un archivo fotométrico específico, siguiendo la normativa IESNA 2002 sobre formato de archivos fotométricos, que posteriormente será utilizado en la simulación y estudio de instalaciones reales de la luminaria. El sistema propuesto en este proyecto, es un sistema basado en fotometría tipo B, utilizando coordenadas VH, desarrollando un algoritmo de medida que la luminaria describa un ángulo de 180º en ambos ejes, con una resolución de 5º para el eje Vertical y 22.5º para el eje Horizontal, almacenando los datos en un array que será escrito en el formato exigido por la normativa. Una vez obtenidos los datos con el instrumento desarrollado, el fichero generado por la medida, es simulado con el software DIALux, obteniendo unas medidas de iluminación en la simulación que serán comparadas con las medidas reales, intentando reproducir en la simulación las condiciones reales de medida. ABSTRACT. The project involves the development of software for controlling the measurement of light intensity distribution in LEDs. In the course of the project theoretical foundations on basic photometry, of which the basic conditions for such action are extracted will be presented. Besides a brief description of the hardware used in the development of the machine, which is based on a Mega Arduino plate 2560 is made, that through the package Labview "LIFA" (Interface For Arduino Labview "), it is possible to use as data acquisition card by which to handle both sensors and actuators for control tasks. The instrument used in this project is the BTS256 of GigaHerzt-Optik house, which is available a development kit in both C ++ language as LabView, making it possible to program based on this software applications for any kind of adaptation to project needs. The software is developed in Labview 2013 platform, this is thanks to the availability of the SDK of the measuring instrument and the LIFA package. The overall objective of the project is the characterization of LED lights, so that sufficient measures the light intensity distribution are obtained. Data will be collected on a specific photometric file, following the rules IESNA 2002 on photometric format files, which will then be used in the simulation and study of actual installations of the luminaire. The proposed in this project is a system based on photometry type B system using VH coordinates, developing an algorithm as the fixture describe an angle of 180 ° in both axes, with a resolution of 5 ° to the vertical axis and 22.5º for the Horizontal axis, storing data in an array to be written in the format required by the regulations. After obtaining the data with the instrument developed, the file generated by the measure, is simulated with DIALux software, obtaining measures of lighting in the simulation will be compared with the actual measurements, trying to play in the simulation the actual measurement conditions .