Approximate Analytical Model for the Squeeze-Film Lubrication of the Human Ankle Joint with Synovial Fluid Filtrated by Articular Cartilage

The aim of this article is to propose an analytical approximate squeeze-film lubrication model of the human ankle joint for a quick assessment of the synovial pressure field and the load carrying due to the squeeze motion. The model starts from the theory of boosted lubrication for the human articular joints lubrication (Walker et al., Rheum Dis 27:512–520, 1968; Maroudas, Lubrication and wear in joints. Sector, London, 1969) and takes into account the fluid transport across the articular cartilage using Darcy’s equation to depict the synovial fluid motion through a porous cartilage matrix. The human ankle joint is assumed to be cylindrical enabling motion in the sagittal plane only. The proposed model is based on a modified Reynolds equation; its integration allows to obtain a quick assessment on the synovial pressure field showing a good agreement with those obtained numerically (Hlavacek, J Biomech 33:1415–1422, 2000). The analytical integration allows the closed form description of the synovial fluid film force and the calculation of the unsteady gap thickness.

Efficient numerical methods for global linear instability. Analysis and modeling of non-orthogonal swept attachment-line boundary layer flow

The aim of this thesis is to study the mechanisms of instability that occur in swept wings when the angle of attack increases. For this, a simplified model for the a simplified model for the non-orthogonal swept leading edge boundary layer has been used as well as different numerical techniques in order to solve the linear stability problem that describes the behavior of perturbations superposed upon this base flow. Two different approaches, matrix-free and matrix forming methods, have been validated using direct numerical simulations with spectral resolution. In this way, flow instability in the non-orthogonal swept attachment-line boundary layer is addressed in a linear analysis framework via the solution of the pertinent global (Bi-Global) PDE-based eigenvalue problem. Subsequently, a simple extension of the extended G¨ortler-H¨ammerlin ODEbased polynomial model proposed by Theofilis, Fedorov, Obrist & Dallmann (2003) for orthogonal flow, which includes previous models as particular cases and recovers global instability analysis results, is presented for non-orthogonal flow. Direct numerical simulations have been used to verify the stability results and unravel the limits of validity of the basic flow model analyzed. The effect of the angle of attack, AoA, on the critical conditions of the non-orthogonal problem has been documented; an increase of the angle of attack, from AoA = 0 (orthogonal flow) up to values close to _/2 which make the assumptions under which the basic flow is derived questionable, is found to systematically destabilize the flow. The critical conditions of non-orthogonal flows at 0 _ AoA _ _/2 are shown to be recoverable from those of orthogonal flow, via a simple analytical transformation involving AoA. These results can help to understand the mechanisms of destabilization that occurs in the attachment line of wings at finite angles of attack. Studies taking into account variations of the pressure field in the basic flow or the extension to compressible flows are issues that remain open. El objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar los mecanismos de la inestabilidad que se producen en ciertos dispositivos aerodinámicos cuando se aumenta el ángulo de ataque. Para ello se ha utilizado un modelo simplificado del flujo de base, así como diferentes técnicas numéricas, con el fin de resolver el problema de estabilidad lineal asociado que describe el comportamiento de las perturbaciones. Estos métodos; sin y con formación de matriz, se han validado utilizando simulaciones numéricas directas con resolución espectral. De esta manera, la inestabilidad del flujo de capa límite laminar oblicuo entorno a la línea de estancamiento se aborda en un marco de análisis lineal por medio del método Bi-Global de resolución del problema de valores propios en derivadas parciales. Posteriormente se propone una extensión simple para el flujo no-ortogonal del modelo polinomial de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias, G¨ortler-H¨ammerlin extendido, propuesto por Theofilis et al. (2003) para el flujo ortogonal, que incluye los modelos previos como casos particulares y recupera los resultados del analisis global de estabilidad lineal. Se han realizado simulaciones directas con el fin de verificar los resultados del análisis de estabilidad así como para investigar los límites de validez del modelo de flujo base utilizado. En este trabajo se ha documentado el efecto del ángulo de ataque AoA en las condiciones críticas del problema no ortogonal obteniendo que el incremento del ángulo de ataque, de AoA = 0 (flujo ortogonal) hasta valores próximos a _/2, en el cual las hipótesis sobre las que se basa el flujo base dejan de ser válidas, tiende sistemáticamente a desestabilizar el flujo. Las condiciones críticas del caso no ortogonal 0 _ AoA _ _/2 pueden recuperarse a partir del caso ortogonal mediante el uso de una transformación analítica simple que implica el ángulo de ataque AoA. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a comprender los mecanismos de desestabilización que se producen en el borde de ataque de las alas de los aviones a ángulos de ataque finitos. Como tareas pendientes quedaría realizar estudios que tengan en cuenta variaciones del campo de presión en el flujo base así como la extensión de éste al caso de flujos compresibles.

Dynamics of gas bubbles encapsulated by a viscoelastic fluid shell under acoustic fields

The dynamics of a gas-filled microbubble encapsulated by a viscoelastic fluid shell immersed in a Newtonian liquid and subject to an external pressure field is theoretically studied. The problem is formulated by considering a nonlinear Oldroyd type constitutive equation to model the rheological behavior of the fluid shell. Heat and mass transfer across the surface bubble have been neglected but radiation losses due to the compressibility of the surrounding liquid have been taken into account. Bubble collapse under sudden increase of the external pressure as well as nonlinear radial oscillations under ultrasound fields are investigated. The numerical results obtained show that the elasticity of the fluid coating intensifies oscillatory collapse and produces a strong increase of the amplitudes of radial oscillations which may become chaotic even for moderate driving pressure amplitudes. The role played by the elongational viscosity has also been analyzed and its influence on both, bubble collapse and radial oscillations, has been recognized. According to the theoretical predictions provided in the present work, a microbubble coated by a viscoelastic fluid shell is an oscillating system that, under acoustic driving, may experience volume oscillations of large amplitude, being, however, more stable than a free bubble. Thus, it could be expected that such a system may have a suitable behavior as an echogenic agent.

Electromagnetic Instability Studies in Fusion Plasmas Edge

Este trabajo esta dedicado al estudio de las estructuras macroscópicas conocidas en la literatura como filamentos o blobs que han sido observadas de manera universal en el borde de todo tipo de dispositivos de fusión por confinamiento magnético. Estos filamentos, celdas convectivas elongadas a lo largo de las líneas de campo que surgen en el plasma fuertemente turbulento que existe en este tipo de dispositivos, parecen dominar el transporte radial de partículas y energía en la región conocida como Scrape-off Layer, en la que las líneas de campo dejan de estar cerradas y el plasma es dirigido hacia la pared sólida que forma la cámara de vacío. Aunque el comportamiento y las leyes de escala de estas estructuras son relativamente bien conocidos, no existe aún una teoría generalmente aceptada acerca del mecanismo físico responsable de su formación, que constituye una de las principales incógnitas de la teoría de transporte del borde en plasmas de fusión y una cuestión de gran importancia práctica en el desarrollo de la siguiente generación de reactores de fusión (incluyendo dispositivos como ITER y DEMO), puesto que la eficiencia del confinamiento y la cantidad de energía depositadas en la pared dependen directamente de las características del transporte en el borde. El trabajo ha sido realizado desde una perspectiva eminentemente experimental, incluyendo la observación y el análisis de este tipo de estructuras en el stellarator tipo heliotrón LHD (un dispositivo de gran tamaño, capaz de generar plasmas de características cercanas a las necesarias en un reactor de fusión) y en el stellarator tipo heliac TJ-II (un dispositivo de medio tamaño, capaz de generar plasmas relativamente más fríos pero con una accesibilidad y disponibilidad de diagnósticos mayor). En particular, en LHD se observó la generación de filamentos durante las descargas realizadas en configuración de alta _ (alta presión cinética frente a magnética) mediante una cámara visible ultrarrápida, se caracterizó su comportamiento y se investigó, mediante el análisis estadístico y la comparación con modelos teóricos, el posible papel de la Criticalidad Autoorganizada en la formación de este tipo de estructuras. En TJ-II se diseñó y construyó una cabeza de sonda capaz de medir simultáneamente las fluctuaciones electrostáticas y electromagnéticas del plasma. Gracias a este nuevo diagnóstico se pudieron realizar experimentos con el fin de determinar la presencia de corriente paralela a través de los filamentos (un parámetro de gran importancia en su modelización) y relacionar los dos tipos de fluctuaciones por primera vez en un stellarator. Así mismo, también por primera vez en este tipo de dispositivo, fue posible realizar mediciones simultáneas de los tensores viscoso y magnético (Reynolds y Maxwell) de transporte de cantidad de movimiento. ABSTRACT This work has been devoted to the study of the macroscopic structures known in the literature as filaments or blobs, which have been observed universally in the edge of all kind of magnetic confinement fusion devices. These filaments, convective cells stretching along the magnetic field lines, arise from the highly turbulent plasma present in this kind of machines and seem to dominate radial transport of particles and energy in the region known as Scrapeoff Layer, in which field lines become open and plasma is directed towards the solid wall of the vacuum vessel. Although the behavior and scale laws of these structures are relatively well known, there is no generally accepted theory about the physical mechanism involved in their formation yet, which remains one of the main unsolved questions in the fusion plasmas edge transport theory and a matter of great practical importance for the development of the next generation of fusion reactors (including ITER and DEMO), since efficiency of confinement and the energy deposition levels on the wall are directly dependent of the characteristics of edge transport. This work has been realized mainly from an experimental perspective, including the observation and analysis of this kind of structures in the heliotron stellarator LHD (a large device capable of generating reactor-relevant plasma conditions) and in the heliac stellarator TJ-II (a medium-sized device, capable of relatively colder plasmas, but with greater ease of access and diagnostics availability). In particular, in LHD, the generation of filaments during high _ discharges (with high kinetic to magnetic pressure ratio) was observed by means of an ultrafast visible camera, and the behavior of this structures was characterized. Finally, the potential role of Self-Organized Criticality in the generation of filaments was investigated. In TJ-II, a probe head capable of measuring simultaneously electrostatic and electromagnetic fluctuations in the plasma was designed and built. Thanks to this new diagnostic, experiments were carried out in order to determine the presence of parallel current through filaments (one of the most important parameters in their modelization) and to related electromagnetic (EM) and electrostatic (ES) fluctuations for the first time in an stellarator. As well, also for the first time in this kind of device, measurements of the viscous and magnetic momentum transfer tensors (Reynolds and Maxwell) were performed.

Prediction of near field overpressure from quarry blasting

This paper investigates the propagation of airblast or pressure waves in air produced by bench blasting (i.e. detonation of the explosive in a row of blastholes, breaking the burden of rock towards the free vertical face of the block). Peak overpressure is calculated as a function of blasting parameters (explosive mass per delay and velocity at which the detonation sequence proceeds along the bench) and the polar coordinates of the position of interest (distance to the source and azimuth with respect to the free face). The model has been fitted to empirical data using linear least squares. The data set is composed of 122 airblast records monitored at distances less than 400 m in 41 production blasts carried out in two quarries. The model is statistically significant and has a determination coefficient of 0.87. The formula is validated from 12 airblast measurements gathered in five additional blasts.

Performance of pressure control valves and flow meters precision in operational irrigation-water balance accuracy

In pressure irrigation-water distribution networks, pressure regulating devices for controlling the discharged flow rate by irrigation units are needed due to the variability of flow rate. In addition, applied water volume is used controlled operating the valve during a calculated time interval, and assuming constant flow rate. In general, a pressure regulating valve PRV is the commonly used pressure regulating device in a hydrant, which, also, executes the open and close function. A hydrant feeds several irrigation units, requiring a wide range in flow rate. In addition, some flow meters are also available, one as a component of the hydrant and the rest are placed downstream. Every land owner has one flow meter for each group of field plots downstream the hydrant. Its lecture could be used for refining the water balance but its accuracy must be taken into account. Ideal PRV performance would maintain a constant downstream pressure. However, the true performance depends on both upstream pressure and the discharged flow rate. The objective of this work is to asses the influence of the performance on the applied volume during the whole irrigation events in a year. The results of the study have been obtained introducing the flow rate into a PRV model. Variations on flow rate are simulated by taking into account the consequences of variations on climate conditions and also decisions in irrigation operation, such us duration and frequency application. The model comprises continuity, dynamic and energy equations of the components of the PRV.

Real-time determination of airspace wind speed field based on FDR = Determinación en tiempo real del campo de velocidad del viento basado en registradores de datos de vuelo

El estudio del comportamiento de la atmósfera ha resultado de especial importancia tanto en el programa SESAR como en NextGen, en los que la gestión actual del tránsito aéreo (ATM) está experimentando una profunda transformación hacia nuevos paradigmas tanto en Europa como en los EE.UU., respectivamente, para el guiado y seguimiento de las aeronaves en la realización de rutas más eficientes y con mayor precisión. La incertidumbre es una característica fundamental de los fenómenos meteorológicos que se transfiere a la separación de las aeronaves, las trayectorias de vuelo libres de conflictos y a la planificación de vuelos. En este sentido, el viento es un factor clave en cuanto a la predicción de la futura posición de la aeronave, por lo que tener un conocimiento más profundo y preciso de campo de viento reducirá las incertidumbres del ATC. El objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de una nueva técnica operativa y útil destinada a proporcionar de forma adecuada y directa el campo de viento atmosférico en tiempo real, basada en datos de a bordo de la aeronave, con el fin de mejorar la predicción de las trayectorias de las aeronaves. Para lograr este objetivo se ha realizado el siguiente trabajo. Se han descrito y analizado los diferentes sistemas de la aeronave que proporcionan las variables necesarias para obtener la velocidad del viento, así como de las capacidades que permiten la presentación de esta información para sus aplicaciones en la gestión del tráfico aéreo. Se ha explorado el uso de aeronaves como los sensores de viento en un área terminal para la estimación del viento en tiempo real con el fin de mejorar la predicción de las trayectorias de aeronaves. Se han desarrollado métodos computacionalmente eficientes para estimar las componentes horizontales de la velocidad del viento a partir de las velocidades de las aeronaves (VGS, VCAS/VTAS), la presión y datos de temperatura. Estos datos de viento se han utilizado para estimar el campo de viento en tiempo real utilizando un sistema de procesamiento de datos a través de un método de mínima varianza. Por último, se ha evaluado la exactitud de este procedimiento para que esta información sea útil para el control del tráfico aéreo. La información inicial proviene de una muestra de datos de Registradores de Datos de Vuelo (FDR) de aviones que aterrizaron en el aeropuerto Madrid-Barajas. Se dispuso de datos de ciertas aeronaves durante un periodo de más de tres meses que se emplearon para calcular el vector viento en cada punto del espacio aéreo. Se utilizó un modelo matemático basado en diferentes métodos de interpolación para obtener los vectores de viento en áreas sin datos disponibles. Se han utilizado tres escenarios concretos para validar dos métodos de interpolación: uno de dos dimensiones que trabaja con ambas componentes horizontales de forma independiente, y otro basado en el uso de una variable compleja que relaciona ambas componentes. Esos métodos se han probado en diferentes escenarios con resultados dispares. Esta metodología se ha aplicado en un prototipo de herramienta en MATLAB © para analizar automáticamente los datos de FDR y determinar el campo vectorial del viento que encuentra la aeronave al volar en el espacio aéreo en estudio. Finalmente se han obtenido las condiciones requeridas y la precisión de los resultados para este modelo. El método desarrollado podría utilizar los datos de los aviones comerciales como inputs utilizando los datos actualmente disponibles y la capacidad computacional, para proporcionárselos a los sistemas ATM donde se podría ejecutar el método propuesto. Estas velocidades del viento calculadas, o bien la velocidad respecto al suelo y la velocidad verdadera, se podrían difundir, por ejemplo, a través del sistema de direccionamiento e informe para comunicaciones de aeronaves (ACARS), mensajes de ADS-B o Modo S. Esta nueva fuente ayudaría a actualizar la información del viento suministrada en los productos aeronáuticos meteorológicos (PAM), informes meteorológicos de aeródromos (AIRMET), e información meteorológica significativa (SIGMET). ABSTRACT The study of the atmosphere behaviour is been of particular importance both in SESAR and NextGen programs, where the current air traffic management (ATM) system is undergoing a profound transformation to the new paradigms both in Europe and the USA, respectively, to guide and track aircraft more precisely on more efficient routes. Uncertainty is a fundamental characteristic of weather phenomena which is transferred to separation assurance, flight path de-confliction and flight planning applications. In this respect, the wind is a key factor regarding the prediction of the future position of the aircraft, so that having a deeper and accurate knowledge of wind field will reduce ATC uncertainties. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a new and operationally useful technique intended to provide adequate and direct real-time atmospheric winds fields based on on-board aircraft data, in order to improve aircraft trajectory prediction. In order to achieve this objective the following work has been accomplished. The different sources in the aircraft systems that provide the variables needed to derivate the wind velocity have been described and analysed, as well as the capabilities which allow presenting this information for air traffic management applications. The use of aircraft as wind sensors in a terminal area for real-time wind estimation in order to improve aircraft trajectory prediction has been explored. Computationally efficient methods have been developed to estimate horizontal wind components from aircraft velocities (VGS, VCAS/VTAS), pressure, and temperature data. These wind data were utilized to estimate a real-time wind field using a data processing approach through a minimum variance method. Finally, the accuracy of this procedure has been evaluated for this information to be useful to air traffic control. The initial information comes from a Flight Data Recorder (FDR) sample of aircraft landing in Madrid-Barajas Airport. Data available for more than three months were exploited in order to derive the wind vector field in each point of the airspace. Mathematical model based on different interpolation methods were used in order to obtain wind vectors in void areas. Three particular scenarios were employed to test two interpolation methods: a two-dimensional one that works with both horizontal components in an independent way, and also a complex variable formulation that links both components. Those methods were tested using various scenarios with dissimilar results. This methodology has been implemented in a prototype tool in MATLAB © in order to automatically analyse FDR and determine the wind vector field that aircraft encounter when flying in the studied airspace. Required conditions and accuracy of the results were derived for this model. The method developed could be fed by commercial aircraft utilizing their currently available data sources and computational capabilities, and providing them to ATM system where the proposed method could be run. Computed wind velocities, or ground and true airspeeds, would then be broadcasted, for example, via the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS), ADS-B out messages, or Mode S. This new source would help updating the wind information furnished in meteorological aeronautical products (PAM), meteorological aerodrome reports (AIRMET), and significant meteorological information (SIGMET).

An initial study on atmospheric pressure ion transport by laser ionization and electrostatic fields.

Laser ionization of mixtures of gases at atmospheric pressure and the subsequent transport through electrostatic field is studied. A prototype is designed to perform the transport and detection of the ions. Relevance of the composition of the mixture of gases and ionization parameters is shown

Recubrimientos autolubricantes cuasicristalinos tipo composite depositados mediante proyección térmica para aplicaciones espaciales y de alta temperatura

Los recubrimientos lubricantes sólidos son requeridos para reducir la fricción y prevenir el desgaste en componentes que operan a altas temperaturas o en vacío (vehículos espaciales, industria química, motores diésel, turbinas aeronáuticas y de generación de energía…). Los lubricantes líquidos pierden sus características cuando las condiciones de presión, temperatura o ambientales son severas (oxidación, inestabilidad térmica, volatilidad,…), por ejemplo los aceites minerales convencionales se descomponen a temperaturas próximas a 200 ºC. Por tanto, la única manera de poder conseguir una adecuada lubricación a temperaturas extremas es por medio de sólidos, que cada vez más, se aplican en forma de recubrimientos. Estos recubrimientos podrían ser empleados en componentes de vehículos espaciales reutilizables, donde se pueden alcanzar, en la reentrada en la atmósfera, temperaturas de 700 ºC (bisagras, rodamientos, articulaciones y zonas de sellado en las superficies de control, y rodamientos de las turbobombas y las cajas de engranajes). Dichos recubrimientos también deberían ser capaces de proporcionar una lubricación efectiva a bajas temperaturas para las operaciones en tierra, para las operaciones de arranque en frío, incluso en el espacio. El conjunto de requisitos que tendrían que satisfacer las capas tribológicas relacionadas con estas condiciones extremas es muy diverso, lo que hace que el concepto de capas tipo composite (aquéllas constituidas por varios componentes) sea, en principio, muy adecuado para estas aplicaciones. Recubrimientos composite proyectados térmicamente constituidos por una matriz dura y conteniendo lubricantes sólidos pueden ser una buena solución desde el punto de vista tribológico. El “Lewis Research Centre” de la NASA ha estado desarrollando recubrimientos autolubricantes tipo composite, constituidos por la combinación de materiales duros como el carburo de cromo, junto con lubricantes sólidos como plata o la eutéctica de fluoruros de calcio y bario, en una matriz de NiCr, para su uso en aplicaciones terrestres a alta temperatura. Estos recubrimientos han sido aplicados mediante proyección térmica, siendo denominados como series PS100, PS200, PS300 y PS400, reduciendo de forma significativa el coeficiente de fricción y mejorando la resistencia al desgaste en un amplio margen de temperaturas. Otra nueva familia de materiales con comportamiento tribológico prometedor son las aleaciones cuasicristalinas (QC). Presentan características muy atractivas: alta dureza, baja fricción, alto límite elástico de compresión... Son muy frágiles como materiales másicos, por lo que se intentan aplicar en forma de recubrimientos. Se pueden depositar mediante proyección térmica. Algunos de estos materiales cuasicristalinos, como AlCoFeCr, poseen coeficientes de dilatación próximos al de los materiales metálicos, alta estabilidad térmica, baja conductividad térmica y una elevada resistencia a la oxidación y a la corrosión en caliente. En esta tesis se han desarrollado recubrimientos tipo composite conteniendo cuasicristales como componente antidesgaste, NiCr como componente tenaz, y Ag y la eutéctica de BaF2-CaF2, como lubricantes sólidos. Estos recubrimientos han sido depositados con diferentes composiciones (denominadas TH100, TH103, TH200, TH400, TH600…) mediante distintos procesos de proyección térmica: plasma en aire (PS), plasma en baja presión (LPPS) y combustión a alta velocidad (HVOF). Los recubrimientos se han generado sobre el sustrato X-750, una superaleación base níquel, endurecible por precipitación, con muy buena resistencia mecánica y a la oxidación hasta temperaturas de 870 ºC y, además, es empleada en aplicaciones aeroespaciales e industriales. Los recubrimientos han sido caracterizados microestructuralmente en INTA (Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial), mediante SEM-EDS (Scanning Electronic Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) y XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), y tribológicamente mediante medidas de microdureza y ensayos en tribómetro POD (Pin On Disc) para determinar los coeficientes de fricción y de desgaste. Los recubrimientos han sido ensayados tribológicamente a alta temperatura en INTA y en vacío en AMTTARC (Aerospace and Space Materials Technology Testhouse – Austrian Research Centres), en Seibersdorf (Austria). Se ha estudiado la influencia de la carga normal aplicada, la velocidad lineal y el material del pin. De entre las diferentes series de recubrimientos cuasicristalinos tipo composite desarrolladas, dos de ellas, TH100 y TH103 han presentado una excelente calidad microestructural (baja porosidad, distribución uniforme de fases…) y se han mostrado como excelentes recubrimientos antidesgaste. Sin embargo, estas capas presentan un pobre comportamiento como autolubricantes a temperatura ambiente, aunque mejoran mucho a alta temperatura o en vacío. Los resultados del trabajo presentado en esta tesis han proporcionado nuevo conocimiento respecto al comportamiento tribológico de recubrimientos autolubricantes cuasicristalinos tipo composite depositados por proyección térmica. Sin embargo, dichos resultados, aunque son muy prometedores, no han puesto de manifiesto el adecuado comportamiento autolubricante que se pretendía y, además, como ocurre en cualquier trabajo de investigación, durante el desarrollo del mismo siempre aparecen nuevas dudas por resolver. Se proponen nuevas líneas de trabajo futuro que complementen los resultados obtenidos y que puedan encaminar hacia la obtención de un recubrimiento que mejore su comportamiento autolubricante. ABSTRACT Solid lubricant coatings are required to reduce friction and prevent wear in components that operate at high temperatures or under vacuum (space vehicles, chemical industry, diesel engines, power generation turbines and aeronautical turbines, for instance). In these cases neither greases nor liquid lubricants can be employed and the only practicable approach to lubrication in such conditions is by means of solids. These are increasingly applied in the form of coatings which should exhibit low shear strength, whilst maintaining their chemical stability at extremes temperatures and in the space environment. In the space field, these coatings would be employed in re-usable space plane applications, such as elevon hinges, where temperatures of 700 ºC are reached during re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere. These coatings should also be capable of providing effective lubrication at lower temperatures since “cold start” operation may be necessary, even in the space environment. The diverse and sometimes conflictive requirements in high temperature and space-related tribological coatings make the concept of composite coatings highly suitable for these applications. Thermal-sprayed composites containing solid lubricants in a hard matrix perform well tribologically. NASA‘s Lewis Research Centre had developed self-lubricating composite coatings for terrestrial use, comprising hard materials like chromium carbide as well as solid lubricant additives such as silver and BaF2-CaF2 eutectic on a Ni-Cr matrix. These coatings series, named PS100, PS200, PS300 and PS400, are applied by thermal spray and significantly reduce friction coefficients, improving wear resistance over a wide temperature range. Quasicrystalline alloys (QC) constitute a new family of materials with promising tribological behaviour. Some QC materials exhibit a combination of adequate antifriction properties: low friction coefficient, high hardness and high yield strength under compression, and can be easily produced as coatings on top of metallic and non-metallic materials. Among these QC alloys, AlCoFeCr has high hardness (700 HV0.1), a thermal expansion coefficient close to that of metals, high thermal stability, low thermal conductivity and good oxidation and hot corrosion resistance. However most QC materials have the disadvantage of being very brittle. In order to take advantage of the excellent tribological properties of QCs, thick composite lubricant coatings were prepared containing them as the hard phase for wear resistance, Ag and BaF2-CaF2 eutectic as lubricating materials and NiCr as the tough component. These coatings were deposited in different composition mixtures (named TH100, TH103, TH200, TH400, TH600…) by different thermal spray processes: air plasma spray (PS), low pressure plasma spray (LPPS) and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), on X-750 substrates. X-750 is an age-hardenable nickel-base superalloy with very good strength and a good resistance to oxidising combustion gas environments at temperatures up to about 870 ºC and it is widely used in aerospace and industrial applications. Coatings have been characterized microstructurally, at INTA (National Institute for Aerospace Technology), by means of SEM-EDS (Scanning Electronic Microscopy- Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), and tribologically by microhardness measurements and pin-on-disc testing to determine friction coefficients as well as wear resistance. The coatings were tested tribologically at high temperature at INTA and under vacuum at AMTT-ARC (Aerospace and Space Materials Technology Testhouse – Austrian Research Centres), in Seibersdorf (Austria). Different loads, linear speeds and pin materials were studied. TH100 and TH103 QC alloy matrix composite coatings were deposited by HVOF with excellent microstructural quality (low porosity, uniform phase distribution) and showed to be excellent wear resistant coatings. However these QC alloy matrix composite coatings are poor as a self-lubricant at room temperature but much better at high temperature or in vacuum. The results from the work performed within the scope of this thesis have provided new knowledge concerning the tribological behavior of self-lubricating quasicrystalline composite coatings deposited by thermal spraying. Although these results are very promising, they have not shown an adequate self-lubricating behavior as was intended, and also, as in any research, the results have in addition raised new questions. Future work is suggested to complement the results of this thesis in order to improve the selflubricating behaviour of the coatings.

Neutron field characteristics of Ciemat's Neutron Standards Laboratory Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo

Monte Carlo calculations were carried out to characterize the neutron field produced by the calibration neutron sources of the Neutron Standards Laboratory at the Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT) in Spain. For 241AmBe and 252Cf neutron sources, the neutron spectra, the ambient dose equivalent rates and the total neutron fluence rates were estimated. In the calibration hall, there are several items that modify the neutron field. To evaluate their effects different cases were used, from point-like source in vacuum up to the full model. Additionally, using the full model, the neutron spectra were estimated to different distances along the bench; with these spectra, the total neutron fluence and the ambient dose equivalent rates were calculated. The hall walls induce the largest changes in the neutron spectra and the respective integral quantities. The free-field neutron spectrum is modified due the room return effect.

Pressure management in water distribution systems: current status, proposals, and future trends

Pressure management (PM) is commonly used in water distribution systems (WDSs). In the last decade, a strategic objective in the field has been the development of new scientific and technical methods for its implementation. However, due to a lack of systematic analysis of the results obtained in practical cases, progress has not always been reflected in practical actions. To address this problem, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the most innovative issues related to PM. The methodology proposed is based on a case-study comparison of qualitative concepts that involves published work from 140 sources. The results include a qualitative analysis covering four aspects: (1) the objectives yielded by PM; (2) types of regulation, including advanced control systems through electronic controllers; (3) new methods for designing districts; and (4) development of optimization models associated with PM. The evolution of the aforementioned four aspects is examined and discussed. Conclusions regarding the current status of each factor are drawn and proposals for future research outlined