Shower approach in the simulation of ion scattering from solids

An efficient approach for the simulation of ion scattering from solids is proposed. For every encountered atom, we take multiple samples of its thermal displacements among those which result in scattering with high probability to finally reach the detector. As a result, the detector is illuminated by intensive “showers,” where each event of detection must be weighted according to the actual probability of the atom displacement. The computational cost of such simulation is orders of magnitude lower than in the direct approach, and a comprehensive analysis of multiple and plural scattering effects becomes possible. We use this method for two purposes. First, the accuracy of the approximate approaches, developed mainly for ion-beam structural analysis, is verified. Second, the possibility to reproduce a wide class of experimental conditions is used to analyze some basic features of ion-solid collisions: the role of double violent collisions in low-energy ion scattering; the origin of the “surface peak” in scattering from amorphous samples; the low-energy tail in the energy spectra of scattered medium-energy ions due to plural scattering; and the degradation of blocking patterns in two-dimensional angular distributions with increasing depth of scattering. As an example of simulation for ions of MeV energies, we verify the time reversibility for channeling and blocking of 1-MeV protons in a W crystal. The possibilities of analysis that our approach offers may be very useful for various applications, in particular, for structural analysis with atomic resolution.

Comparison of experimental and numerical sloshing loads in partially filled tanks

Sloshing describes the movement of liquids inside partially filled tanks, generating dynamic loads on the tank structure. The resulting impact pressures are of great importance in assessing structural strength, and their correct evaluation still represents a challenge for the designer due to the high level of nonlinearities involved, with complex free surface deformations, violent impact phenomena and influence of air trapping. In the present paper, a set of two-dimensional cases, for which experimental results are available, is considered to assess the merits and shortcomings of different numerical methods for sloshing evaluation, namely two commercial RANS solvers (FLOW-3D and LS-DYNA), and two academic software (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and RANS). Impact pressures at various critical locations and global moment induced by water motion in a partially filled rectangular tank, subject to a simple harmonic rolling motion, are evaluated and predictions are compared with experimental measurements. 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

O Botafumeiro: parametric pumping in the Middle Age

The pendular motion of a giant censer (O Botafumeiro) that hangs in the transept of the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, and is cyclically pumped by men who pull at the supporting rope, is analyzed. Maximum angular amplitude attainable, and number of cycles and time needed to attain it, are calculated; the results agree with observed values (~ 82°, ~ 17 cycles, ~ 80 seconds) to the few percent accuracy of both the analysis and the observations and parameter measurements. The energy gain in a pumping cycle is obtained for an arbitrary pumping procedure to two orders in the small fractional change of pendular length; the relevance of the ratio (characteristic radial acceleration during pumping)/g to the gain is discussed- Effects due to rope mass, air drag on both Censer and rope, and the fact that the Censer is not a point mass, are considered. If the pumping cycle is inverted once the maximum amplitude has been attained, the Censer could be swiftly brought to rest, avoiding the usual violent stop. Historically recorded accidents, rope shape, and the influence of relevant parameters on the motion are discussed.

Arquitectura Fantasma: Espacio y Producción de Efectos Ambientales

La ciudad es un interior total. Como una nueva naturaleza, el medio urbano tiene tendencia a proliferar indefinidamente y llenar todo el espacio disponible. No sólo está caracterizado por las cualidades atmosféricas de la climatología sino por un rango cada vez mayor de sustancias y fuerzas que forman un vasto océano químico, de energía e información. La arquitectura fantasma que penetra inadvertidamente entre los objetos y ensamblajes presentes en nuestra vida cotidiana es tan importante para la cualificación de nuestro entorno como la arquitectura en sentido tradicional, sólida y visible. En consecuencia, desde el punto de vista de las prácticas materiales ya no es posible situarse en un contexto (social, político, profesional) donde este proceso de densificación ambiental pueda ser ignorado sin más. Vivimos sumergidos en una atmósfera compleja, activa y en gran medida artificial, que de manera voluntaria o involuntaria incorporamos a nuestro organismo, en un proceso en que finalmente sujeto y medio forman un ámbito común. Este es el punto de partida de la presente investigación: a partir de procesos esencialmente arquitectónicos que podemos tildar de ‘encantamientos urbanos’, individuos y objetos comparten una impregnación recíproca, una suerte de erotismo espacial, consistente en la relación a veces inadvertida y agresiva, a veces lúdica y hedonista entre el sujeto y el medio. El objetivo de esta tesis es la construcción de un concepto ampliado y polifacético del ambiente mediante el estudio de los componentes y estímulos físicos que lo caracterizan, los aquí denominados efectos ambientales. Dos elementos fundamentales gravitan inevitablemente en torno a los efectos. Por una parte la estructura, que hace referencia a aquellos objetos o soportes que los producen. Por otra, la afección producida en el sujeto, esto es, las consecuencias emocionales y fisiológicas que comportan su asimilación. La terna resultante, Estructura-Efecto-Afecto, proporcionará un orden conceptual global a la investigación. La tesis está dividida en tres partes. La primera investiga el concepto de efecto ambiental: como figura artística, como detonador de un nuevo paradigma espacial originado en el ámbito de la práctica científica y, finalmente, como categoría estética. La sección intermedia aborda la relación entre estructura y efecto, y se centra en experiencias de diversos ámbitos culturales donde la construcción de determinados artefactos y ensamblajes tiene como único propósito la caracterización del espacio únicamente mediante emisiones ambientales. Finalmente, la tercera parte investiga la arquitectura en busca una materialidad ambiental creciente. Es decir, un espacio donde estructura, atmósfera y psique finalmente convergen. Aquellas estrategias -epistemológicas, teóricas, técnicas- conducentes a la producción de todo tipo de efectos, sean ornamentales, emocionales o fisiológicos, y aquellas prácticas que hacen énfasis en los efectos y no en los objetos de los que proceden serán un importante referente para comprender aquello hoy en día conforma nuestro medio, y contribuirán a concebir la construcción de nuevas formas de habitabilidad. ABSTRACT The city is a total interior. Like a new kind of nature, urban mediums proliferate indefinitely, pervading all available space. Their atmospheric qualities are not only defined by the weather, but by a growing range of substances and forces that form a vast ocean of chemicals, energy and information. The ghost architecture that inadvertently penetrates the objects and assemblages present in our daily lives is as important for the qualification of our environment as traditional, solid and visible architecture. Consequently, there is virtually no context (social, political, professional) where material practices can simply ignore such environmental densification. We live immersed in a complex and—largely artificial—active environment that we voluntarily or involuntarily incorporate to our bodies in a process where ultimately the subject and the environment form a common substance. This is the starting point of our research: through a series of essentially architectural processes that can be called 'urban enchantments,’ individuals and objects come to share a reciprocal impregnation. This spatial erotica consists of the relationship, sometimes unnoticed and violent, sometimes playful and hedonistic, between subject and medium. This research aims at the construction of an expanded and multifaceted idea of environment through the analysis of its quintessential components and physical stimuli, here called ambient effects. Such effects are inevitably accompanied by two key elements. On the one hand there is Structure, which refers to the objects or devices that produce them. On the other hand, the Affect experimented by the subject; namely, the emotional and physiological consequences involved in effect assimilation. The resulting three interlinked concepts, Structure-Effect-Affect, provide the overall conceptual structure of this study. Three main sections are proposed. The first one investigates the concept of ambient effect in different ways: as an artistic figure, as the origin of a new spatial paradigm originated within scientific practices and, finally, as an aesthetic category. The middle section deals with the relationship between structure and effect, and focuses on the construction of certain artifacts and assemblages whose sole purpose is to characterize space by environmental emissions only. Finally, the third part investigates architecture’s quest for ultimate ambiental materiality, that is, a space where structure, atmosphere and psyche finally converge. The strategies, from the epistemological to the technical, leading to the production of all kinds of effects—be they ornamental, emotional or physiological,—and the practices that focus on effects and not the objects from where they come, will be studied. All of them will open new windows to a contemporary notion of environment and will contribute to the construction of new living habitats.

Dynamic interactions between solids and viscous liquids with free surface = Interacciones dinámicas entre sólidos y líquidos viscosos con superficie libre

En esta tesis se investiga la interacción entre un fluido viscoso y un cuerpo sólido en presencia de una superficie libre. El problema se expresa teóricamente poniendo especial atención a los aspectos de conservación de energía y de la interacción del fluido con el cuerpo. El problema se considera 2D y monofásico, y un desarrollo matemático permite una descomposición de los términos disipativos en términos relacionados con la superficie libre y términos relacionados con la enstrofía. El modelo numérico utilizado en la tesis se basa en el método sin malla Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). De manera análoga a lo que se hace a nivel continuo, las propiedades de conservación se estudian en la tesis con el sistema discreto de partículas. Se tratan también las condiciones de contorno de un cuerpo que se mueve en un flujo viscoso, implementadas con el método ghost-fluid. Se ha desarrollado un algoritmo explícito de interacción fluido / cuerpo. Se han documentado algunos casos de modo detallado con el objetivo de comprobar la capacidad del modelo para reproducir correctamente la disipación de energía y el movimiento del cuerpo. En particular se ha investigado la atenuación de una onda estacionaria, comparando la simulación numérica con predicciones teóricas. Se han realizado otras pruebas para monitorizar la disipación de energía para flujos más violentos que implican la fragmentación de la superficie libre. La cantidad de energía disipada con los diferentes términos se ha evaluado en los casos estudiados con el modelo numérico. Se han realizado otras pruebas numéricas para verificar la técnica de modelización de la interacción fluido / cuerpo, concretamente las fuerzas ejercidas por las olas en cuerpos con formas simples, y el equilibrio de un cuerpo flotante con una forma compleja. Una vez que el modelo numérico ha sido validado, se han realizado simulaciones numéricas para obtener una comprensión más completa de la física implicada en casos (casi) realistas sobre los había aspectos que no se conocían suficientemente. En primer lugar se ha estudiado el el flujo alrededor de un cilindro bajo la superficie libre. El estudio se ha realizado con un número de Reynolds moderado, para un rango de inmersiones del cilindro y números de Froude. La solución numérica permite una investigación de los patrones complejos que se producen. La estela del cilindro interactúa con la superficie libre. Se han identificado algunos inestabilidades características. El segundo estudio se ha realizado sobre el problema de sloshing, tanto experimentalmente como numéricamente. El análisis se restringe a aguas poco profundas y con oscilación horizontal, pero se ha estudiado un gran número de condiciones, lo que lleva a una comprensión bastante completa de los sistemas de onda involucradas. La última parte de la tesis trata también sobre un problema de sloshing pero esta vez el tanque está oscilando con rotación y hay acoplamiento con un sistema mecánico. El sistema se llama pendulum-TLD (Tuned Liquid Damper - con líquido amortiguador). Este tipo de sistema se utiliza normalmente para la amortiguación de las estructuras civiles. El análisis se ha realizado analíticamente, numéricamente y experimentalmente utilizando líquidos con viscosidades diferentes, centrándose en características no lineales y mecanismos de disipación. ABSTRA C T The subject of the present thesis is the interaction between a viscous fluid and a solid body in the presence of a free surface. The problem is expressed first theoretically with a particular focus on the energy conservation and the fluid-body interaction. The problem is considered 2D and monophasic, and some mathematical development allows for a decomposition of the energy dissipation into terms related to the Free Surface and others related to the enstrophy. The numerical model used on the thesis is based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH): a computational method that works by dividing the fluid into particles. Analogously to what is done at continuum level, the conservation properties are studied on the discrete system of particles. Additionally the boundary conditions for a moving body in a viscous flow are treated and discussed using the ghost-fluid method. An explicit algorithm for handling fluid-body coupling is also developed. Following these theoretical developments on the numerical model, some test cases are devised in order to test the ability of the model to correctly reproduce the energy dissipation and the motion of the body. The attenuation of a standing wave is used to compare what is numerically simulated to what is theoretically predicted. Further tests are done in order to monitor the energy dissipation in case of more violent flows involving the fragmentation of the free-surface. The amount of energy dissipated with the different terms is assessed with the numerical model. Other numerical tests are performed in order to test the fluid/body interaction method: forces exerted by waves on simple shapes, and equilibrium of a floating body with a complex shape. Once the numerical model has been validated, numerical tests are performed in order to get a more complete understanding of the physics involved in (almost) realistic cases. First a study is performed on the flow passing a cylinder under the free surface. The study is performed at moderate Reynolds numbers, for various cylinder submergences, and various Froude numbers. The capacity of the numerical solver allows for an investigation of the complex patterns which occur. The wake from the cylinder interacts with the free surface, and some characteristical flow mechanisms are identified. The second study is done on the sloshing problem, both experimentally and numerically. The analysis is restrained to shallow water and horizontal excitation, but a large number of conditions are studied, leading to quite a complete understanding of the wave systems involved. The last part of the thesis still involves a sloshing problem but this time the tank is rolling and there is coupling with a mechanical system. The system is named pendulum-TLD (Tuned Liquid Damper). This kind of system is normally used for damping of civil structures. The analysis is then performed analytically, numerically and experimentally for using liquids with different viscosities, focusing on non-linear features and dissipation mechanisms.