Tranversal motion and flow structure of fully nonlinear streaks in a laminar boundary layer

Typical streak computations present in the literature correspond to linear streaks or to small amplitude nonlinear streaks computed using DNS or nonlinear PSE. We use the Reduced Navier-Stokes (RNS) equations to compute the streamwise evolution of fully non-linear streaks with high amplitude in a laminar flat plate boundary layer. The RNS formulation provides Reynolds number independent solutions that are asymptotically exact in the limit $Re \gg 1$, it requires much less computational effort than DNS, and it does not have the consistency and convergence problems of the PSE. We present various streak computations to show that the flow configuration changes substantially when the amplitude of the streaks grows and the nonlinear effects come into play. The transversal motion (in the wall normal-streamwise plane) becomes more important and strongly distorts the streamwise velocity profiles, that end up being quite different from those of the linear case. We analyze in detail the resulting flow patterns for the nonlinearly saturated streaks and compare them with available experimental results.

3D Soil Images Structure Quantification using Relative Entropy

Soil voids manifest the cumulative effect of local pedogenic processes and ultimately influence soil behavior - especially as it pertains to aeration and hydrophysical properties. Because of the relatively weak attenuation of X-rays by air, compared with liquids or solids, non-disruptive CT scanning has become a very attractive tool for generating three-dimensional imagery of soil voids. One of the main steps involved in this analysis is the thresholding required to transform the original (greyscale) images into the type of binary representation (e.g., pores in white, solids in black) needed for fractal analysis or simulation with Lattice?Boltzmann models (Baveye et al., 2010). The objective of the current work is to apply an innovative approach to quantifying soil voids and pore networks in original X-ray CT imagery using Relative Entropy (Bird et al., 2006; Tarquis et al., 2008). These will be illustrated using typical imagery representing contrasting soil structures. Particular attention will be given to the need to consider the full 3D context of the CT imagery, as well as scaling issues, in the application and interpretation of this index.

A shake table test of typical mediterranean reinforced concrete structures

This research investigates the ultimate earthquake resistance of typical RC moment resisting frames designed accordingly to current standards, in terms of ultimate energy absorption/dissipation capacity. Shake table test of a 2/5 scale model, under several intensities of ground motion, are carried out. The loading effect of the earthquake is expressed as the total energy that the quake inputs to the structure, and the seismic resistance is interpreted as the amount of energy that the structure dissipates in terms of cumulative inelastic strain energy.

Quantum molecular dynamics and ab initio studies of the crystal structure of hydrogen and deuterium

Hydrogen isotopes play a critical role both in inertial and magnetic confinemen Nuclear Fusion. Since the preferent fuel needed for this technology is a mixture of deuterium and tritium. The study of these isotopes particularly at very low temperatures carries a technological interest in other applications. The present line promotes a deep study on the structural configuration that hydrogen and deuterium adopt at cryogenic temperatures and at high pressures. Typical conditions occurring in present Inertial Fusion target designs. Our approach is aims to determine the crystal structure characteristics, phase transitions and other parameters strongly correlated to variations of temperature and pressure.

Geografía del carbono en alta resolución en bosque tropical amazónico del Ecuador mediante sensores aerotransportados

La estimación de la biomasa de la vegetación terrestre en bosque tropical no sólo es un área de investigación en rápida expansión, sino también es un tema de gran interés para reducir las emisiones de carbono asociadas a la deforestación y la degradación forestal (REDD+). Las estimaciones de densidad de carbono sobre el suelo (ACD) en base a inventarios de campo y datos provenientes de sensores aerotransportados, en especial con sensores LiDAR, han conducido a un progreso sustancial en el cartografiado a gran escala de las reservas de carbono forestal. Sin embargo, estos mapas de carbono tienen incertidumbres considerables, asociadas generalmente al proceso de calibración del modelo de regresión utilizado para producir los mapas. En esta tesis se establece una metodología para la calibración y validación de un modelo general de estimación de ACD usando LiDAR en un sector del Parque Nacional Yasuní en Ecuador. En el proceso de calibración del modelo se considera el tamaño y la ubicación de las parcelas, la influencia de la topografía y la distribución espacial de la biomasa. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizan técnicas geoestadísticas en combinación con variables geomorfométricas derivadas de datos LiDAR, y se propone un esquema de muestreo estratificado por posiciones topográficas (valle, ladera y cima). La validación del modelo general para toda la zona de estudio presentó valores de RMSE = 5.81 Mg C ha-1, R2 = 0.94 y sesgo = 0.59, mientras que, al considerar las posiciones topográficas, el modelo presentó valores de RMSE = 1.67 Mg C ha-1, R2 = 0.98 y sesgo = 0.23 para el valle; RMSE = 3.13 Mg C ha-1, R2 = 0.98 y sesgo = - 0.34 para la ladera; y RMSE = 2.33 Mg C ha-1, R2 = 0.97 y sesgo = 0.74 para la cima. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la metodología de muestreo estratificado por posiciones topográficas propuesto, permite calibrar de manera efectiva el modelo general con las estimaciones de ACD en campo, logrando reducir el RMSE y el sesgo. Los resultados muestran el potencial de los datos LiDAR para caracterizar la estructura vertical de la vegetación en un bosque altamente diverso, permitiendo realizar estimaciones precisas de ACD, y conocer patrones espaciales continuos de la distribución de la biomasa aérea y del contenido de carbono en la zona de estudio. ABSTRACT Estimating biomass of terrestrial vegetation in tropical forest is not only a rapidly expanding research area, but also a subject of tremendous interest for reducing carbon emissions associated with deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). The aboveground carbon density estimates (ACD) based on field inventories and airborne sensors, especially LiDAR sensors have led to a substantial progress in large-scale mapping of forest carbon stocks. However, these carbon maps have considerable uncertainties generally associated with the calibration of the regression model used to produce these maps. This thesis establishes a methodology for calibrating and validating a general ACD estimation model using LiDAR in Ecuador´s Yasuní National Park. The size and location of the plots are considered in the model calibration phase as well as the influence of topography and spatial distribution of biomass. Geostatistical analysis techniques are used in combination with geomorphometrics variables derived from LiDAR data, and then a stratified sampling scheme considering topographic positions (valley, slope and ridge) is proposed. The validation of the general model for the study area showed values of RMSE = 5.81 Mg C ha-1, R2 = 0.94 and bias = 0.59, while considering the topographical positions, the model showed values of RMSE = 1.67 Mg C ha-1, R2 = 0.98 and bias = 0.23 for the valley; RMSE = 3.13 Mg C ha-1, R2 = 0.98 and bias = - 0.34 for the slope; and RMSE = 2.33 Mg C ha-1, R2 = 0.97 and bias = 0.74 for the ridge. The results show that the stratified sampling methodology taking into account topographic positions, effectively calibrates the general model with field estimates of ACD, reducing RMSE and bias. The results show the potential of LiDAR data to characterize the vertical structure of vegetation in a highly diverse forest, allowing accurate estimates of ACD, and knowing continuous spatial patterns of biomass distribution and carbon stocks in the study area.

Crecimiento forestal en el bosque tropical de montaña: efectos de la diversidad florística y de la manipulación de nutrientes

El bosque tropical de montaña, es considerado zona de mega diversidad y de alto grado de endemismo, por las diferentes zonas ecológicas que presenta. Durante las últimas décadas estos bosques han recibido mayor atención por parte de investigadores, sin embargo, aún existe poca investigación en determinar cuáles son las respuestas de los bosques a los cambios ambientales a los que son sometidos. Estos bosques están sufriendo serias amenazas como pérdida de cobertura vegetal y cambios en los ciclos de nutrientes. El trabajo se dividió en cuatro objetivos específicos. i) Caracterización y análisis de patrones altitudinales de la riqueza de especies en el bosque tropical de montaña en el sur del Ecuador; con el fin de conocer cómo varía la diversidad de especies riqueza lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal. ii) Conocer los patrones espaciales del crecimiento en tres remanentes boscosos de un bosque tropical de montaña para determinar cómo la vecindad y la semejanza funcional de ésta influyen en el crecimiento forestal. iii) Conocer los efectos de la fertilización en el crecimiento diamétrico de especies arbóreas, en el bosque tropical de montaña; se analizó cómo reaccionan los árboles a la adición de nutrientes N y P en tres tipos de bosque. iv) Saber la respuesta de la comunidad de árboles a la adición de nutrientes en el bosque montano andino; este objetivo se basó con el supuesto de la deficiencia de tres tipos de nutrientes N, P y Ca, en esta formación boscosa y cómo reaccionan los árboles a la adición de nutrientes. El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo, en el bosque tropical de montaña que se encuentra localizada en la parte adyacente del Parque Nacional Podocarpus (PNP) en la cordillera del Consuelo, forma parte de la cadena oriental de los Andes del sur del Ecuador El trabajo de desarrollo entre los años 2008 y 2014. Para abordar el primer objetivo se establecieron 54 parcelas ubicadas aleatoriamente a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal (3 niveles de altitud) y se e midieron e identificaron todos los individuos mayores a 5cm de DAP. Se construyó una filogenia con Phylocom y se calcularon diferentes componentes de diversidad para cada parcela ( riqueza taxonómica, diversidad filogenética y edad media de las especies). Ajustando modelos lineares se contrastó el efecto de la altitud sobre dichos componentes y se vio que la riqueza taxonómica y la edad media de las especies aumentaron con la altitud, en sentido contrario a las predicciones de la "hipótesis del conservadurismo tropical" (Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis). Para abordar el segundo objetivo se realizó una remedición de todos los árboles cartografiados en tres parcelas permanentes de alrededor de 5000 m2 cada una, representativas de tres estados diferentes de la sucesión del bosque montano. A partir de las coordenadas y de los datos de registrados, y empleando diferentes funciones de correlación de marca se analizó la distribución espacial del tamaño y del crecimiento relativo y del tamaño. Se constató que mientras que el tamaño de los árboles presentó una correlación espacial negativa, el crecimiento presentó correlación espacial positiva, en ambos casos a distancias cortas. El rango y la magnitud de ambas correlaciones aumentaron al avanzar la sucesión. La distribución espacial del crecimiento mostró una correlación negativa con la distribución espacial de tamaños. Por otro lado, la distribución espacial del crecimiento mostró una correlación negativa para árboles semejantes funcionalmente y positiva cuando se calculó entre árboles con diferente estrategia funcional. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos señalan un aumento de la importancia de procesos competitivos y una mayor estructuración espacial del crecimiento y de la distribución de tamaños al avanzar la sucesión. Para el tercer y cuarto objetivo se instalaron 52 parcelas distribuidas en bloques donde se fertilizaron dos veces al año durante 6,4 años, se identificaron todos los individuos mayores a 10 cm de DAP, y se midió el crecimiento diamétrico durante estos años Con la adición de nutrientes realizada a los diferentes tipos de bosque en la gradiente altitudinal, encontramos que el efecto sobre el crecimiento diamétrico en la comunidad varia con el rango altitudinal, y el tipo de nutriente, analizando a nivel de las especies, en la mayoría de los casos las especies comunes no tuvieron cambios significativos a la adición de nutrientes. Los resultados de este estudio aportan nuevas evidencias para el entendimiento de la diversidad, estructura y dinámica de los bosques tropicales de montaña. ABSTRACT The montane tropical forest is considered a megadiverse habitat that harbor an enormous degree of endemism. This is mainly due to the high degree of environmental heterogeneity found and the presence of different well defined ecological areas. These forests have received more attention during the last decades, however, the information regarding the responses of these forests to environmental change, is still scarce. These forests are seriously endangered and are suffering serious threats, such as loss of vegetative cover, changes in the nutrient cycles. The work was divided in four specific objectives: i) Characterization and analysis of the species richness altitudinal patterns in the montane tropical forest of south Ecuador. Specifically, how species diversity changes along altitudinal gradients. ii) Exploring the spatial patterns of tree growth in three remnants of a montane tropical forest, and analyze how tree neighborhood and functional similarity among trees influence tree growth. Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis iii) Understanding the effects of fertilization in arboreal species growth (increase in diameter) of the montane tropical forest. Specifically we studied the effects of P and N addition on three different forests across an altitudinal gradient. iv) Know the response of the community of trees to the addition of nutrients in the Andean montane forest; this objective was based on the supposition of deficiency of three types of nutrients: P, N and Ca in this forest all formation and how the trees react to the addition of these nutrients. The present work was carried out in the montane tropical forest located in Bombuscaro, San Francisco and Cajanuma close to Podocarpus National Park (PNP) on Consuelo mountain range (Andean oriental range) at South of Ecuador. Field work was carried out during 2008 and 2014. To address the first objective, we randomly placed 54 plots along an altitudinal gradient. In these plots, every individual larger than 5 cm of DBH was measured and identified. A phylogeny was build with Phylocom and different diversity components (taxonomic richness, phylogenetic diversity and average species age) were computed for each plot. Linear models were used to test the effects of altitude on the diversity components. Our results showed that, contrary to the Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis, both taxonomic richness and average species age increased with altitude. To address our second objective, all mapped trees in three successional permanent plots (around ~5000 m2 each) were re-measured. Using different mark correlation functions, we analyzed the spatial distribution of tree-size and tree relative growth rate. Whereas tree size showed negative spatial correlation at fine spatial scales, relative growth rate showed positive correlation at the same scales. The range and magnitude of those correlations increased along successional stage. The spatial distribution of the relative growth rate was negatively correlated with the spatial distribution of tree sizes. Additionally, we found that the spatial correlation of the relative growth rate was negative for functionally similar trees and positive when computed for functionally different trees. In synthesis, our results point to an increase of competitive processes and strong spatial structure of relative growth rate and tree size along succession. For the third and fourth objectives, 52 plots were placed in a block design and were fertilized twice a year for 6,4 years. In these plots all the individuals with DBH > 10 cm were identified, and the diametrical growth was measured during these years. The nutrient addition at the three different altitude forests, revealed that the effect on the diametrical growth in the community varied with the altitudinal range. When analyzed at species level, the addition of nutrients was no significant in most cases. These results represent new evidences that will improved our understanding of diversity patterns and structure, and the dynamics of tropical montane forests.

Regenerative morphological traits in a woody species community in Tumbesian tropical dry forest.

The study of functional morphological traits enables us to know fundamental aspects of the dynamics of plant communities in local and global habitats. Regenerative morphological traits play an important role in defining plant history and ecological behavior. Seed and fruit characteristics determine to a large extent the patterns for dispersal, germination, establishment and seedling recruitment a given species exhibits on its natural habitat. Despite their prominent role, seed and fruit traits have been poorly studied at the community level of woody plant species in neo-tropical dry forests. In the present study we aimed at i) evaluate the functional role of morphological traits of seeds, fruits and embryo in woody plant species; ii) determine which are the morphological patterns present in seeds collected from the community of woody species that occur in neo-tropical dry forests; and iii) compare woody plant species seed mass values comparatively between neo-tropical dry and tropical forests. To do so, mature seeds were collected from 79 plant species that occur in the Tumbesian forest of Southwest Ecuador. The studied species included the 42 and 37 most representative tree and shrubbery species of the Tumbesian forest respectively. A total of 18 morphological traits (seven quantitative and 11 qualitative) were measured and evaluated in the seeds, fruits and embryos of the selected species, and we compared the seeds mass with other forest types. Our results showed a huge heterogeneity among traits values in the studied species. Seed mass, volume and number were the traits that vary the most at the community level, i.e. seed length ranged from 1.3 to 39 mm, and seed width from 0.6 to 25 mm. Only six embryo types were found among the 79 plant species. In 40 % of the cases, fully developed inverted embryos with large and thick cotyledons to store considerable amount of nutrients were recorded. We concluded that highly variable and functionally complementary morphological traits occur among the studied woody plants of the dry Tumbesian forest. The latter favors a plethora of behavioral mechanisms to coexist among woody species of the dry forest in response to the environmental stress that is typical of arid areas.