Assessing construction and demolition waste on masonry works to avoid future generation

The difficulty of dealing with construction and demolition waste (CDW) on construction sites is not new and continues to be a significant environmental problem. Currently the CDW collection system in Spain is done in a decentralized manner by each sub-contracted company, being necessary to implement effective waste management measures ensuring a correct management and minimization. During the last years several measures have been launched in order to improve and encourage the reuse and recycling of CDW. A widespread solution for CDW recovery is using them as a landscaping aggregate or for road bases and sub-bases. However, measures encouraging onsite prevention still need to be enhanced. This paper studies the major work stage generating CDW and analyses the categories of CDW produced during its execution. For this, several real building sites have been analysed in order to quantify the estimation of CDW generated. Results of this study show that a significant contributor to the CDW generation on building construction sites in Spain are the masonry works. Finally, a Best Practices Manual (BPM) is proposed containing several strategies on masonry works aimed not only at CDW prevention, but also at improving their management and minimization. The use of this BPM together with the Study and Plan of CDW management --required by law--, promotes the environmental management of the company, favouring the cohesion of the construction process organization at all stages giving rise to establishing responsibilities in the field of waste and providing a greater control over the process. Keywords: construction and demolition waste, management, masonry works, good practice measures, prevention.

El injerto en pepino corto tipo español (Cucumis sativus L.) recomencaciones para su empleo en la zona central española

El injerto en hortalizas es uno de los temas de más actualidad en el panorama hortícola, no solo español, sino occidental, y recalcamos occidental, pues en muchos países que no corresponden a ese ámbito, sobre todo asiáticos: Japón, Corea, China, Filipinas, etc., esta es una técnica que cuenta con una gran difusión desde hace décadas, siendo, por ejemplo en Japón, la mayoría de sus cultivos de cucurbitáceas y solanáceas realizados con planta injertada. A finales de los noventa quedó claro que el empleo de bromuro de metilo tenía una fecha de caducidad y que las zonas que tenían una fuerte dependencia de este desinfectante de suelo debían de buscar alternativas a un plazo lo más corto posible, con un punto añadido sobre etapas anteriores, debían ser alternativas lo más respetuosas posible con el medio ambiente y que no incrementaran, de forma importante, los costes de producción. En la zona centro y concretamente en los invernaderos de la Comunidad de Madrid y zonas cercanas de Toledo y Guadalajara el pepino era y es el cultivo predominante, los horticultores empleaban el bromuro de metilo de forma sistemática para desinfectar sus suelos y la desaparición de este producto les planteaba una gran incertidumbre, lo que llevó a que desde diferentes instancias se buscaran diferentes alternativas. Tras analizar las posibilidades que se podían implementar y conocido el buen resultado que había dado el injerto en sandía en Almería, se decidió acometer los trabajos que conforman esta Tesis Doctoral, planteando en la zona, diferentes ensayos con la idea de conocer, si el injerto en pepino, con los cultivares empleados habitualmente, podía ser una alternativa real para los horticultores, tanto de Madrid, como los de las zonas cercanas de Toledo y Guadalajara. Se pretendía conocer sobre todo las repercusiones agronómicas y si esta técnica podría emplearse en solitario o era necesario complementarla con otras alternativas: desinfectantes químicos, solarización, biofumigación e incluso desinfección con vapor de agua. Los ensayos fueron realizados de forma secuencial entre el año 1999 y el 2011, comprobándose en primer lugar que el empleo de portainjertos híbridos de calabaza era posible con los cultivares de pepino corto tipo español, mayoritariamente empleados en los últimos años del siglo XX y primeros del XXI, fundamentalmente: Serena. Tras los primeros ensayos, Shintoza parecía el portainjerto híbrido de calabaza (Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata) con mejores perspectivas de empleo, pues presentaba la ventaja adicional de ser bien conocido por los semilleros que producen planta injertada al ser, en esos momentos, el portainjerto más empleado en sandía, lo que garantizaba por su lado, su empleo en pepino, y que los horticultores pudiesen disponer de planta injertada. Más adelante los trabajos se encaminaron hacia la determinación de la densidad y tipo de poda más adecuado para la planta injertada, realizándose múltiples ensayos en esta dirección, que culminaron con la conclusión de que el extravigor que los portainjertos conferían a las plantas permitía conducir estas a dos o más brazos (se suelen emplear dos, por mejor adaptación a los trabajos de manejo de la planta por parte de los agricultores), con lo que se podría disminuir la densidad de planta y por tanto ahorrar en este capítulo, cosa que preocupaba y preocupa a los agricultores. Se llegó a determinar que es posible reducir la densidad de plantación en alrededor de un 25%, estando la densidad de brazos más adecuada entre 3 y 3.5 br•m-2. Tras las primeras decisiones tomadas sobre el portainjerto y la densidad más adecuada, se continuó con el estudio de adaptación de estas propuestas a los nuevos cultivares que las empresas de semillas iban proponiendo y los agricultores adoptando. Estas acciones se complementaron con la introducción de nuevos portainjertos susceptibles de sustituir a Shintoza o rotar con él para cambiar de sistema radicular, lo que es conveniente cuando se emplean, como es el caso, portainjertos que no son resistentes a nematodos, principalmente de la especie Meloidogyne incognita, el mayor problema en la zona, debido al suelo. Cultivares como Trópico, en un primer momento, y Urano y Motril más recientemente, se adaptaron muy bien a esta técnica. Entre los portainjertos que mostraron buena adaptación a la técnica de injerto y suficientemente buena compatibilidad con la mayoría de los cultivares ensayados destacan: RS-841, Strongtosa y Camel. Azman también mostró un comportamiento relevante, pero este portainjerto no podrá ser empleado, al ser recientemente retirado del mercado por la empresa que lo obtuvo y comercializó Aunque no era el objetivo principal de esta Tesis Doctoral, se ha comprobado que puede ser interesante combinar el empleo del injerto con otras técnicas alternativas al bromuro de metilo para superar los problemas debidos a enfermedades del suelo o nematodos, pero debe seguirse trabajando pues este es un tema en continua evolución, tanto si se trata de desinfectantes, a la mayoría de los cuales les está siendo retirado el permiso para su comercialización, como de otros métodos como la biofumigación o el empleo de vapor de agua. Queda muy claro que el injerto puede considerarse entre los métodos respetuosos con el medio ambiente, si no el que más, en lo que alternativas al bromuro de metilo se refiere. También en otro momento, se comprobó que con plantas injertadas es posible reducir el aporte de nutrientes, sobre todo nitrógeno, lo que además de un ahorro supone una mejora más desde el punto de vista medioambiental. En definitiva, queda demostrado que es factible el empleo del injerto en pepino corto tipo español, que las selecciones de los híbridos entre Cucurbita maxima y C. moschata que habitualmente se están empleando en sandía son también de aplicación en estos pepinos y que su empleo puede llevarnos a producciones suficientemente remuneradoras, alargándose en muchos casos el ciclo y no modificando, de forma apreciable, la calidad. Queda también demostrado que aunque los portainjertos no sean resistentes a nematodos, su extravigor les hace desarrollarse, desde el punto de vista productivo, suficientemente, llegando por tanto, a “convivir” con ese problema. Al no ser resistentes los portainjertos, y permanecer e incluso agravarse el problema de nematodos es conveniente poder contar con diferentes portainjertos que nos permitan rotar entre ellos y utilizar diferentes sistemas radiculares que harán menos fácil el parasitismo de los nematodos, como recomiendan los nematólogos que se haga. ABSTRACT Vegetable grafting is one of the most current practices in horticulture, not only in Spain, but also in other Western and Asian countries, such as Japan, South Korea, China, the Philippines, etc. This is a decades-old, widespread technique: In fact, most cucurbit and solanaceous crops in Japan and Korea are grafted. At the end of the 1990s, it was clear that methyl bromide had an expiry date. Consequently, the areas strongly dependant on this soil disinfectant had to look for alternatives as quickly as possible. Besides, these had to be as environmentally friendly as possible and should not increase production costs significantly. The cucumber has been and still is the most important crop in greenhouses of the Comunidad de Madrid and in areas near Toledo and Guadalajara. Cucumber growers used methyl bromide systematically to disinfect the soil. The banning of this chemical product brought about uncertainty, which encouraged the search for different alternatives. After analyzing the different possibilities and taking into account the good results of watermelon grafting in Almería, it was decided to carry out the works that make up this doctoral thesis. Different trials were made in order to know if the cultivars used in cucumber grafting might be a real alternative for farmers, not only in Madrid, but also in the areas near Toledo and Guadalajara. The main aim was to assess the agronomic repercussions and whether that technique could be used alone, or if other complementary alternatives, such as chemical disinfectants, solarisation, biofumigation, or even steam disinfection, were necessary. Trials were carried out sequentially from 1999 to 2011. It was observed that the use of pumpkin hybrid rootstocks could be applied to cultivars of Spanish short cucumbers, mainly grown in the late 20th and early 21st centuries eg Serena. After the early trials, Shintoza (Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata), a pumpkin hybrid rootstock, seemed to be the best option, as it had the additional advantage of being well known by nurseries growing grafting plants. Bearing this in mind, Shintoza was then the hybrid rootstock to be used in cucumbers and consequently growers could have grafted plants at their disposal. Later on, research was focused on density and the most adequate type of pruning, by carrying out several trials. These experiments showed that, the extra vigour the rootstocks gave to the plants, allowed them to have two or three stems, (normally nurserymen use two, as it is easier for them to manage the plants). These findings would lead to the lessening the density of the plant and thus reduce costs, something which worried and still worries farmers. It was stated that it would be possible to reduce the density of the plants by about 25%, the optimum density of the stems ranging from 3 to 3.5 stem-m-2. Once decisions were taken both on the rootstock and the appropriate density, we went on to study how to apply these proposals to the new cultivars which the seed companies were proposing and the farmers were applying. These measures were complemented with the introduction of new rootstocks capable of replacing Shintoza, or rotating with it in order to change the root system. This is particularly necessary when rootstocks, non-resistant to nematodes, mainly of the species Meloidogyne incognita, are used. This is the main problem due to the soil of that area. Cultivars such as Trópico, at first, and Urano and Motril, more recently, adapted quite well to this technique. Among the rootstocks which adapted well to grafting and which were compatible with most tested cultivars, were, in particular, RS-841 Strongtosa and Camel. The behaviour of Azman was worth studying, but this rootstock was removed from the market by the company which had bought and commercialized it. Although not the main purpose of the research, it was observed that combining grafting with other alternatives to methyl bromide in order to overcome problems due to soil diseases or nematodes may be worthwhile. However, further research is needed, as this topic is in constant evolution, not only when we come to disinfectants, most of which are being affected by the removal of the permit for commercialization, but also when we refer to other techniques such as biofumigation or the use of steam. Results also showed that grafted plants may reduce the amount of fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, used: This means both saving money and the protection of the environment. We may conclude by saying that grafting Spanish short cucumbers is feasible, that the selections of the hybrids between Cucurbita maxima and C. moschata, habitually used in watermelon grafting, can also be applied to these cucumbers. It can also be concluded that the use of these grafting techniques may lead to profitable yields, by lengthening the growing cycle in many cases and by maintaining the quality to a large extent. Although these rootstocks are not resistant to nematodes, the results showed that their extra vigour enables them to develop in terms of production, and thus they cope with this problem. Since these rootstocks are not resistant to nematodes and the problem with these nematodes may even worsen, it is recommended that different types of rootstocks should be available to enable both the rotation and the use of different root systems, which will encourage the parasitism of nematodes.

Auto component supply chain: a path to global India

Supply chain management works to bring the supplier, the distributor, and the customer into one cohesive process. The Supply Chain Council defined supply chain as ‘Supply Chain: The flow and transformation of raw materials into products from suppliers through production and distribution facilities to the ultimate consumer., and then Sunil Chopra and Meindl, (2001) have define Supply chain management as ‘Supply Chain Management involves the flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total profitability.’ After 1950, supply chain management got a boost with the production and manufacturing sector getting highest attention. The inventory became the responsibility of the marketing, accounting and production areas. Order processing was part of accounting and sales. Supply chain management became one of the most powerful engines of business transformation. It is the one area where operational efficiency can be gained. It reduces organizations costs and enhances customer service. With the liberalization of world trade, globalization, and emergence of the new markets, many organizations have customers and competitions throughout the world, either directly or indirectly. Business communities are aware that global competitiveness is the key to the success of a business. Competitiveness is ability to produce, distribute and provide products and services for the open market in competition with others. The supply chain, a critical link between supplier, producer and customer is emerged now as an essential business process and a strategic lever, potential value contributor a differentiator for the success of any business. Supply chain management is the management of all internal and external processes or functions to satisfy a customer’s order (from raw materials through conversion and manufacture through logistics delivery.). Goods-either in raw form or processed, whole sale or retailed distribution, business or technology services, in everyday life- in the business or household- directly or indirectly supply chain is ubiquitously associated in expanding socio-economic development. Supply chain growth competitive performance and supporting strong growth impulse at micro as well as micro economic levels. Keeping the India vision at the core of the objective, the role of supply chain is to take up social economic challenges, improve competitive advantages, develop strategies, built capabilities, enhance value propositions, adapt right technology, collaborate with stakeholders and deliver environmentally sustainable outcomes with minimum resources.

Knowledge pipeline in freight pipeline industry: competence- based model for open innovation

There is growing concern over the challenges for innovation in Freight Pipeline industry. Since the early works of Chesbrough a decade ago, we have learned a lot about the content, context and process of open innovation. However, much more research is needed in Freight Pipeline Industry. The reality is that few corporations have institutionalized open innovation practices in ways that have enabled substantial growth or industry leadership. Based on this, we pursue the following question: How does a firm’s integration into knowledge networks depend on its ability to manage knowledge? A competence-based model for freight pipeline organizations is analysed, this model should be understood by any organization in order to be successful in motivating professionals who carry out innovations and play a main role in collaborative knowledge creation processes. This paper aims to explain how can open innovation achieve its potential in most Freight Pipeline Industries.

Análisis de micromovilidad en vástagos femorales mediante ensayo dinámico de oscilaciones libres

La artroplastia de cadera se considera uno de los mayores avances quirúrgicos de la Medicina. La aplicación de esta técnica de Traumatología se ha incrementado notablemente en los últimos anos, a causa principalmente del progresivo incremento de la esperanza de vida. En efecto, con la edad aumentan los problemas de artrosis y osteoporosis, enfermedades típicas de las articulaciones y de los huesos que requieren en muchos casos la sustitución protésica total o parcial de la articulación. El buen comportamiento funcional de una prótesis depende en gran medida de la estabilidad primaria, es decir, el correcto anclaje de la prótesis en el momento de su implantación. Las prótesis no cementadas basan su éxito a largo plazo en la osteointegración que tiene lugar entre el material protésico y el tejido óseo, y para lograrla es imprescindible conseguir unas buenas condiciones de estabilidad primaria. El aflojamiento aséptico es la principal causa de fallo de artroplastia total de cadera. Este es un fenómeno en el que, debido a complejas interacciones de factores mecánicos y biológicos, se producen movimientos relativos que comprometen la funcionalidad del implante. La minimización de los correspondientes danos depende en gran medida de la detección precoz del aflojamiento. Para lograr la detección temprana del aflojamiento aséptico del vástago femoral se han ensayado diferentes técnicas, tanto in vivo como in vitro: análisis numéricos y técnicas experimentales basadas en sensores de movimientos provocados por cargas transmitidas natural o artificialmente, tales como impactos o vibraciones de distintas frecuencias. Los montajes y procedimientos aplicados son heterogéneos y, en muchas ocasiones, complejos y costosos, no existiendo acuerdo sobre una técnica simple y eficaz de aplicación general. Asimismo, en la normativa vigente que regula las condiciones que debe cumplir una prótesis previamente a su comercialización, no hay ningún apartado referido específicamente a la evaluación de la bondad del diseño del vástago femoral con respecto a la estabilidad primaria. El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar una metodología para el análisis, in vitro, de la estabilidad de un vástago femoral implantado, a fin de poder evaluar las técnicas de implantación y los diferentes diseños de prótesis previamente a su oferta en el mercado. Además se plantea como requisito fundamental que el método desarrollado sea sencillo, reversible, repetible, no destructivo, con control riguroso de parámetros (condiciones de contorno de cargas y desplazamientos) y con un sistema de registro e interpretación de resultados rápido, fiable y asequible. Como paso previo, se ha realizado un análisis cualitativo del problema de contacto en la interfaz hueso-vástago aplicando una técnica optomecánica del campo continuo (fotoelasticidad). Para ello se han fabricado tres modelos en 2D del conjunto hueso-vástago, simulando tres tipos de contactos en la interfaz: contacto sin adherencia y con holgura, contacto sin adherencia y sin holgura, y contacto con adherencia y homogéneo. Aplicando la misma carga a cada modelo, y empleando la técnica de congelación de tensiones, se han visualizado los correspondientes estados tensionales, siendo estos más severos en el modelo de unión sin adherencia, como cabía esperar. En todo caso, los resultados son ilustrativos de la complejidad del problema de contacto y confirman la conveniencia y necesidad de la vía experimental para el estudio del problema. Seguidamente se ha planteado un ensayo dinámico de oscilaciones libres con instrumentación de sensores resistivos tipo galga extensométrica. Las muestras de ensayo han sido huesos fémur en todas sus posibles variantes: modelos simplificados, hueso sintético normalizado y hueso de cadáver, seco y fresco. Se ha diseñado un sistema de empotramiento del extremo distal de la muestra (fémur) con control riguroso de las condiciones de anclaje. La oscilación libre de la muestra se ha obtenido mediante la liberación instantánea de una carga estética determinada y aplicada previamente, bien con una maquina de ensayo o bien por gravedad. Cada muestra se ha instrumentado con galgas extensométricas convencionales cuya señal se ha registrado con un equipo dinámico comercial. Se ha aplicado un procedimiento de tratamiento de señal para acotar, filtrar y presentar las respuestas de los sensores en el dominio del tiempo y de la frecuencia. La interpretación de resultados es de tipo comparativo: se aplica el ensayo a una muestra de fémur Intacto que se toma de referencia, y a continuación se repite el ensayo sobre la misma muestra con una prótesis implantada; la comparación de resultados permite establecer conclusiones inmediatas sobre los efectos de la implantación de la prótesis. La implantación ha sido realizada por un cirujano traumatólogo utilizando las mismas técnicas e instrumental empleadas en el quirófano durante la práctica clínica real, y se ha trabajado con tres vástagos femorales comerciales. Con los resultados en el dominio del tiempo y de la frecuencia de las distintas aplicaciones se han establecido conclusiones sobre los siguientes aspectos: Viabilidad de los distintos tipos de muestras sintéticas: modelos simplificados y fémur sintético normalizado. Repetibilidad, linealidad y reversibilidad del ensayo. Congruencia de resultados con los valores teóricos deducidos de la teoría de oscilaciones libres de barras. Efectos de la implantación de tallos femorales en la amplitud de las oscilaciones, amortiguamiento y frecuencias de oscilación. Detección de armónicos asociados a la micromovilidad. La metodología se ha demostrado apta para ser incorporada a la normativa de prótesis, es de aplicación universal y abre vías para el análisis de la detección y caracterización de la micromovilidad de una prótesis frente a las cargas de servicio. ABSTRACT Total hip arthroplasty is considered as one of the greatest surgical advances in medicine. The application of this technique on Traumatology has increased significantly in recent years, mainly due to the progressive increase in life expectancy. In fact, advanced age increases osteoarthritis and osteoporosis problems, which are typical diseases of joints and bones, and in many cases require full or partial prosthetic replacement on the joint. Right functional behavior of prosthesis is highly dependent on the primary stability; this means it depends on the correct anchoring of the prosthesis at the time of implantation. Uncemented prosthesis base their long-term success on the quality of osseointegration that takes place between the prosthetic material and bone tissue, and to achieve this good primary stability conditions is mandatory. Aseptic loosening is the main cause of failure in total hip arthroplasty. This is a phenomenon in which relative movements occur, due to complex interactions of mechanical and biological factors, and these micromovements put the implant functionality at risk. To minimize possible damage, it greatly depends on the early detection of loosening. For this purpose, various techniques have been tested both in vivo and in vitro: numerical analysis and experimental techniques based on sensors for movements caused by naturally or artificially transmitted loads, such as impacts or vibrations at different frequencies. The assemblies and methods applied are heterogeneous and, in many cases, they are complex and expensive, with no agreement on the use of a simple and effective technique for general purposes. Likewise, in current regulations for governing the conditions to be fulfilled by the prosthesis before going to market, there is no specific section related to the evaluation of the femoral stem design in relation to primary stability. The aim of this thesis is to develop a in vitro methodology for analyzing the stability of an implanted femoral stem, in order to assess the implantation techniques and the different prosthesis designs prior to its offer in the market. We also propose as a fundamental requirement that the developed testing method should be simple, reversible, repeatable, non-destructive, with close monitoring of parameters (boundary conditions of loads and displacements) and with the availability of a register system to record and interpret results in a fast, reliable and affordable manner. As a preliminary step, we have performed a qualitative analysis of the contact problems in the bone-stem interface, through the application of a continuous field optomechanical technique (photoelasticity). For this proposal three 2D models of bone–stem set, has been built simulating three interface contact types: loosened an unbounded contact, unbounded and fixed contact, and bounded homogeneous contact. By means of applying the same load to each model, and using the stress freezing technique, it has displayed the corresponding stress states, being more severe as expected, in the unbounded union model. In any case, the results clearly show the complexity of the interface contact problem, and they confirm the need for experimental studies about this problem. Afterward a free oscillation dynamic test has been done using resistive strain gauge sensors. Test samples have been femur bones in all possible variants: simplified models, standardized synthetic bone, and dry and cool cadaveric bones. An embedding system at the distal end of the sample with strong control of the anchoring conditions has been designed. The free oscillation of the sample has been obtained by the instantaneous release of a static load, which was previously determined and applied to the sample through a testing machine or using the gravity force. Each sample was equipped with conventional strain gauges whose signal is registered with a marketed dynamic equipment. Then, it has applied a signal processing procedure to delimit, filter and present the time and frequency response signals from the sensors. Results are interpreted by comparing different trials: the test is applied to an intact femur sample which is taken as a reference, and then this test is repeated over the same sample with an implanted prosthesis. From comparison between results, immediate conclusions about the effects of the implantation of the prosthesis can be obtained. It must be said that the implementation has been made by an expert orthopedic surgeon using the same techniques and instruments as those used in clinical surgery. He has worked with three commercial femoral stems. From the results obtained in the time and frequency domains for the different applications the following conclusions have been established: Feasibility of the different types of synthetic samples: simplified models and standardized synthetic femur. Repeatability, linearity and reversibility of the testing method. Consistency of results with theoretical values deduced from the bars free oscillations theory. Effects of introduction of femoral stems in the amplitude, damping and frequencies of oscillations Detection of micromobility associated harmonics. This methodology has been proved suitable to be included in the standardization process of arthroplasty prosthesis, it is universally applicable and it allows establishing new methods for the analysis, detection and characterization of prosthesis micromobility due to functional loads.