Una leve Arqueología de la escala

Esta es una tesis con dos partes bien diferenciadas; en la primera se habla de conceptos como la escala, el tamaño y la medida en el mundo de la antigua Roma. Para ello se eligen edificios con características específicas que pueden explicar estos términos, como la” Villa Adriana” en la que se habla del tamaño desde la acumulación de dimensiones medias, el “Ara Pacis”, en la que se describe la ambigüedad dimensional y el tamaño, el Panteón en el que habla de la escala, y el Santuario de Baalbek a través del cual se reflexiona sobre la condición de monumentalidad. Dichos edificios se comparan con piezas de arte contemporáneo que ayudan a entender el contenido histórico. En ese sentido la tesis propone un viaje desde lo moderno a lo antiguo, instalándose en la certeza de que el conocimiento ampliado de los conceptos contemporáneos otorga nueva vida a los edificios históricos, en un paseo inverso al clásico de estudiar lo antiguo para entender el presente. La tesis defiende que el presente se lee desde el presente y el pasado también desde el presente, elaborando nuevas narrativas que permiten superponer realidades distintas para alumbrar lo real. La segunda parte de la tesis compara la medida de lo público y lo privado así como la medida del paisaje. Habla de la medida del Poder ejemplificada en el proyecto de los Foros Imperiales desde el Foro de César hasta el Foro de Trajano y elabora una comparación dimensional desde la disección de sesenta casas pompeyanas, que son sometidas a un cuidadoso análisis métrico y relacional. Se estudian así mismo sus distintas proporciones desde el tratado de Vitrubio y se analizan sus sistemas de proyecto, encontrando en la ampliación acumulativa un mecanismo que relaciona lo público y lo privado. Por último se estudia la medida del paisaje, encontrando un apoyo en la pintura mural romana y también en la relación entre los cuatro Santuarios Republicanos de Lacio. ABSTRACT This is a thesis with two different parts; the first one deals with concepts from the Ancient Rome, such as scale, size and measure. Some buildings with specific characteristics have been chosen in order to explain these terms, such as "Villa Adriana" where size is formed by the accumulation of medium sizes, the "Ara Pacis",where the dimensional ambiguity is described, the Pantheon where the scale is explained and the Sanctuary of Baalbek where the condition of monumentality is understood. These buildings are compared with contemporary artworks that help to understand the historical contents. In that sense, the thesis proposes a journey from the modern to the old, settling in the certainty that the extended knowledge of contemporary concepts gives new life to historic buildings, instead of the usual walk to the old to understand the present . The thesis argues that both the present and the past can be read through the present, developing new narratives that are overlayed to light reality. The second part of the thesis compares the measures in public and private worlds as well as the measure in the landscape. It is also about the measure of the power, that is exemplified in the Fori Imperiali as the Forum of Caesar and Trajan's Forum. Besides a dimensional comparison is made by dissecting sixty Pompeian houses, which are subjected to careful and relational analysis. Furthermore, their different proportions are studied, since the Treaty of Vitruvius and their design systems are analyzed, finding the mechanism that links the public and private spheres in the cumulative expansion. Finally , the measure of the landscape is studied supported by Roman wall painting and in the relationship between the four Sanctuaries Republicans of Lazio.

Biokerosene from coconut, babassu, camelina and palm kernel oils: production and properties of their blends with fossil kerosene

On December 20th 2006 the European Commission approved a law proposal to include the civil aviation sector in the European market of carbon dioxide emission rights [European Union Emissions Trading System, EUETS). On July 8th 2009, the European Parliament and Conseil agreed that all flights leaving or landing in the EU airports starting from January 1st 2012 should be included in the EUETS. On November 19th 2008, the EU Directive 2008/101/CE [1] included the civil aviation activities in the EUETS, and this directive was transposed by the Spanish law 13/2010 of July 5th 2010 [2]. Thus, in 2012 the aviation sector should reduce their emissions to 97 % of the mean values registered in the period 2004-2006, and for 2013 these emission reductions should reach 95 % of the mean values for that same period. Trying to face this situation, the aviation companies are planning seriously the use of alternative jet fuels to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and to lower their costs. However, some US airlines have issued a lawsuit before the European Court of Justice based in that this EU action violates a long standing worldwide aviation treaty, the Chicago convention of 1944, and also the Chinese aviation companies have rejected to pay any EU carbon dioxide tax [3]. Moreover, the USA Departments of Agriculture and Energy and the Navy will invest a total of up to $150 million over three years to spur production of aviation and marine biofuels for commercial and military applications [4]. However, the jet fuels should fulfill a set of extraordinarily sensitive properties to guarantee the safety of planes and passengers during all the flights.