An��lisis interdisciplinar de las redes m��viles e Internet en Europa

Internet fue s��lo el principio de los grandes cambios. Desde la invenci��n de la imprenta no ha habido un cambio tecnol��gico con tantas repercusiones como el de la era de la digitalizaci��n. M��s a��n, con la aparici��n de los primeros terminales m��viles que confirmaron la nueva revoluci��n en esta etapa. Este proyecto se centra en el caso europeo. Para ello, se realiza un an��lisis que, en primer lugar, abordar�� el tema econ��mico, en el que se explicar��n los factores que han influido positiva y negativamente, tales como: el capitalismo, la globalizaci��n, la crisis financiera... Despu��s, se expondr�� la cuesti��n pol��tica, haciendo referencia al marco legal europeo, los proyectos y las relaciones internacionales. Otros de los aspectos a tratar (y no menos importantes) ser��n los relacionados con el desarrollo cultural, el movimiento social y los impactos medioambientales. Finalmente se expondr��n los distintos tipos de tecnolog��a a los que han dado lugar estos cambios, y c��mo han ido evolucionando a lo largo del tiempo, hasta la aparici��n de nuevas formas de comunicaci��n. Una vez estudiadas las distintas disciplinas, se podr�� ���dise��ar��� una posible perspectiva hacia la que se dirigen las redes m��viles e Internet en Europa. En definitiva, conocer de d��nde venimos, qu�� es lo que hacemos y hacia d��nde nos dirigimos. Internet was only the beginning of great changes. Since the invention of the printing press there has been such an important technological change as the age of digitization. Moreover, with the appearance of the first mobile terminal which confirmed the new revolution at this stage. This project concentrates on the European case. To do this, an analysis is performed that, in the first place board the economic issue, which will explain the factors that have influenced positively and negatively, such as capitalism, globalization, financial crisis... Then the political question will be discussed, referring to the European legal framework, projects and international relations. Other aspects to be treated (and no less important) are those related to the cultural, social movement and environmental impacts. Finally we will present the different types of technology to which these changes have led, and how they have evolved through time, until the emergence of new forms of communication. After studying the different disciplines, you can "design" a possible perspective towards that target mobile networks and Internet in Europe. In short, knowing where we came from, what we do and where we are going.

El perfil de los consumidores de productos de comercio justo. An��lisis de las variables que influyen en su intenci��n de compra

El consumo mundial, impulsor del desarrollo y crecimiento econ��mico de los pueblos, no ha sido igual para todas las naciones, ya que sus efectos han sido diferentes para los ciudadanos de los pa��ses del Norte y los del Sur, principalmente por dos razones: una, porque han originado complejos y diferentes estilos de vida y aspiraciones, lo que ha originado grandes diferencias entre los individuos de unos y otros pa��ses, y, dos, por su falta de valores sociales y ��ticos. Ante esta situaci��n, la sociedad en su conjunto debe tomar conciencia de este hecho, y a trav��s de un consumo responsable y de un mayor conocimiento de las relaciones comerciales entre los pueblos, debe optar por consumir productos elaborados bajo criterios de justicia y equidad. Para ayudar a alcanzar estos objetivos de equidad, solidaridad, justicia y ��tica, naci�� el Comercio Justo, que, en el caso de Espa��a, lleg�� con veinte a��os de retraso en la d��cada de los ochenta. Aunque a d��a de hoy sus ventas crecen a un buen ritmo, siguen siendo inferiores al resto de los pa��ses europeos, por cuatro razones: (1) el desconocimiento que la mayor��a de los potenciales consumidores tienen de este movimiento social; (2) la dificultad de acceder a los productos que comercializan; (3) el poco impulso que se ofrece desde las Administraciones P��blicas; y, (4) porque hay pocas investigaciones en las que se haya analizado el Comercio Justo desde la perspectiva de la demanda, lo que ha implicado que no haya un conocimiento profundo sobre los consumidores de este tipo de productos y sobre sus motivaciones de compra. En base a todo lo expuesto, el presente trabajo se concibe como un estudio exploratorio, que tiene como objetivo principal analizar el perfil de los consumidores y no consumidores de productos de Comercio Justo, sus motivaciones de compra y no compra, as�� como las variables que influyen en la intenci��n de compra futura, tanto en el segmento de consumidores actuales, como en el segmento de no consumidores de este tipo de productos. Para la realizaci��n de este trabajo, se ha utilizado, por una parte, una metodolog��a cualitativa, que ha permitido acceder a la informaci��n sobre las opiniones y actitudes que intervienen en los procesos de decisi��n de compra; y, por otra, una metodolog��a cuantitativa, a trav��s de una encuesta online dirigida a 6.500 individuos, que ha permitido tener informaci��n, a trav��s de sendos an��lisis descriptivos univariante y bivariante, de los individuos encuestados sobre el objeto del estudio. Para validar los modelos y contrastar las hip��tesis planteadas, se ha utilizado el an��lisis de fiabilidad y validaci��n de las escalas de medici��n seleccionadas (Alpha de Cronbach); el an��lisis factorial exploratorio, para comprobar la dimensionalidad y validez convergente de las escalas de medida; el an��lisis factorial confirmatorio, para validar la idoneidad de los modelos de medida propuestos; la regresi��n log��stica, para comprobar la validez del modelo general de la probabilidad de la compra o no compra de productos de Comercio Justo; y la regresi��n lineal m��ltiple, para comprobar la validez de los modelos espec��ficos de intenci��n de compra futura en los segmentos de compradores y de no compradores. Para realizar todos estos an��lisis, se han utilizado las herramientas inform��ticas SPSS v21 y AMOS. Las principales conclusiones del trabajo son: (1) que se deben establecer unos criterios claros que definan qui��n es qui��n en el movimiento de Comercio Justo, sus fines, sus objetivos, los productos que comercializan, as�� como su funcionamiento y desarrollo en Espa��a; (2) que, a pesar de las grandes ventajas y posibilidades del Comercio Justo, hay una falta de demanda de estos productos por parte de los consumidores responsables, debido principalmente a la falta de informaci��n-comunicaci��n sobre el propio movimiento, y, muy especialmente, a la falta de informaci��n sobre los productos, los canales de comercializaci��n, las pol��ticas de precios, las pol��ticas de comunicaci��n, etc., y a la necesidad de que estos productos est��n accesibles en los lugares donde los consumidores hacen su compra habitual; y (3) que el Comercio Justo espa��ol debe afrontar una serie de desaf��os, como son la coordinaci��n entre las diferentes organizaciones que participan en su desarrollo; la sensibilizaci��n de los consumidores; la creaci��n de una imagen de marca que defina de una manera clara y sencilla qu�� es el Comercio Justo; la orientaci��n al cliente y no al producto; y extender la red de comercializaci��n de productos de Comercio Justo a los canales donde los consumidores hacen su compra habitualmente. ABSTRACT Global consumption, the driver of economic growth and development of nations, is not the same for all countries, since its effects have been different on people coming from the North or the South. This is due mainly to two reasons: firstly, because they have developed complex and different lifestyles and aspirations, which have led to significant differences between individuals of one country and another and secondly, because they lack social and ethical values. Given this situation, society as a whole should be aware of this fact, and through responsible consumption and a greater knowledge of trade relations between countries, should opt for consuming products produced with criteria of justice and equity. Fair Trade began as a way to help reach these goals of equity, solidarity, justice and ethics. In the case of Spain it did not start until 20 years later, in the eighties. Although today sales of Fair Trade products are growing at a good rate, they are still below that of other European countries, for four reasons: (1) unawareness of this social movement; (2) the difficult access to these products; (3) insufficient government support; (4) the limited research carried out to analyse Fair Trade from the perspective of demand, resulting in a lack of knowledge about this type of consumer and their purchasing motivations. Based on the above, the present study is designed as an exploratory investigation, aimed at analyzing the profile of consumers and non-consumers of Fair Trade, their motivations for buying and not buying, as well as the variables which influence future purchase intention in both the current consumer segment, and the non-user segment of such products. To carry out this study we have used, on the one hand, a qualitative methodology, to obtain information about the views and attitudes involved in the purchase decision process; and on the other, a quantitative methodology, through an online survey of 6,500 individuals, which provided information through two separate univariate and bivariate descriptive analysis, of the individuals interviewed about the object of this study. To validate the models and contrast hypotheses, we have used the reliability analysis and validation of the selected measurement scales (Cronbach's Alpha); exploratory factor analysis to verify the dimensionality and convergent validity of the measurement scales; confirmatory factor analysis to validate the adequacy of the models of measurement proposed; logistic regression, to verify the validity of the general model of the probability of buying or not buying Fair Trade products; and multiple linear regression to test the validity of specific models in future purchase intention in the segments of buyers and non-buyers. To carry out these analyses, we used SPSS v21 software tools and AMOS. The principal conclusions of the investigation are: (1) the need to establish clear criteria which define who is who in the Fair Trade movement, its goals, objectives, the products they sell, as well as its operation and development in Spain; (2) that despite the great advantages and possibilities of Fair Trade, there is a lack of demand for these products by responsible consumers, mainly due to the lack of information-communication about the movement itself, and especially on the range of products, sales channels, pricing policies, communication policies, etc., and the need for these products to be available in places where consumers make their usual purchase; and (3) that Spanish Fair Trade must address a number of challenges such as: coordination between the different organizations involved in trade development; consumer awareness; creation of a brand image that defines in a clear and simple way what Fair Trade is; focus on the customer rather than the product; and expansion of the network of Fair Trade sales outlets to include the channels where consumers usually make their purchases.

Is there scope for a new project bond market in Europe? A promising opportunity for promoting transnational infrastructure

La Uni��n Europea acaba de lanzar una iniciativa para fomentar Participaciones P��blico Privadas (PPPs) mediante bonos de proyecto m��s atractivos a inversores institucionales para promover proyectos transeuropeos. Esto se logra a trav��s de mecanismos de mejora crediticia como garant��as de liquidez o tramos de deuda subordinada facilitados por el Banco Europeo de Inversiones. Esta iniciativa pretende evitar los problemas de liquidez experimentados actualmente por bancos comerciales en Europa para financiar megaproyectos. En este art��culo exploramos las ventajas e inconvenientes de esta iniciativa para promover redes de infraestructuras transnacionales en Europa, y analizamos su aplicabilidad a otras ��reas como Latino-Am��rica. The European Union recently launched an initiative to foster Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) for delivering Trans-European projects by making long-term project-bonds more appealing to institutional investors. This is achieved through credit-enhancement mechanisms such as partial stand-by liquidity guarantees, or layers of subordinated debt provided by the European Investment Bank. This initiative intends to circumvent the liquidity problems currently endured by commercial banks in Europe to fund megaprojects. In this paper we explore the advantages and drawbacks of this initiative for promoting transnational infrastructure networks in Europe, and analyse its applicability to other economic areas such as Latin America.

���This square is our home!���: the organisation of urban space in the spanish 15M movement

Why should a progressive planner/urbanist pay attention to the Spanish 15M movement? From a disciplinary standpoint, its most complex and interesting aspect, which could hypothetically be transferred to other contexts (as in fact happened in the Occupy Wall Street and Occupy London movements), is its 'spatiality'. This article analyses the spatial practices of the so called #spanishrevolution, one of the 2011 social movements that showed the possibility for a new collective appropriation and self-management (autogestion) of urban public space. Although the political goals of the movement were vague at the time of its inception, the practices and spatial imaginaries deployed by it have become consolidated and proven to be yet another of its more successful facets in promoting the spreading and organisation of the protest, making it a phenomenon that calls for reflection on the part of urban thinkers and planners.

Arquitectura Petite: Charlotte Perriand & Kazuyo Sejima. Una historia transnacional

La tesis revela paralelismos y conexiones entre las arquitectas/dise��adoras Charlotte Perriand (1903-1999) y Kazuyo Sejima (n. 1956), reflejados en una serie de proyectos de peque��a escala que denomino arquitectura petite���mobiliario tecnol��gico habitable���, resultado de momentos semejantes de cambio social, cultural, econ��mico, industrial y transnacional en Francia en la d��cada de 1920 y en Jap��n en la d��cada de 1980. Este trabajo dirige su atenci��n a la arquitectura dom��stica concebida desde el interior por arquitectos con una formaci��n complementaria en dise��o de mobiliario. A su vez, profundiza en la relaci��n que se establece entre el dise��o de una casa y el dise��o de un mueble, una m��quina o un vestido. Los peque��os proyectos, pr��ximos al mobiliario, dise��ados por Sejima, no han sido suficientemente estudiados, al igual que los proyectos de arquitectura experimental proyectados por Perriand. Ambas trayectorias analizadas desde estos renovados puntos de vista se encuentran en lo que denominamos arquitectura petite. Surge as�� un nuevo paradigma espacial en un contexto de poder de lo femenino���en los medios de comunicaci��n���y de intercambio cultural transnacional. Cuando el mobiliario crece y se equipa tecnol��gicamente para hacerse habitable por un grupo de personas, con cualidades suficientes de confort sensorial, es arquitectura petite. En 2009, Toyo Ito mostr�� en una conferencia en Madrid, una imagen de Sejima posando en su proyecto Pao I. Justo ochenta a��os antes, en 1929, Le Corbusier present�� en Buenos Aires la imagen de Perriand posando para su Chaise Longue. La coincidencia de ambas fotograf��as, junto con la lectura de dos inspiradores art��culos de Toyo Ito, ���Ad��le���s dream��� (1984)���cuyo enigm��tico t��tulo utiliza un nombre franc��s femenino para describir una casa japonesa���y ���Simple lines for Le Corbusier��� (1994), dieron origen a la hip��tesis central de una investigaci��n: la comparaci��n de dos arquitectas, sus maestros y dos objetos pertenecientes a dos momentos y lugares distantes. Perriand y Sejima fueron emblemas del concepto de Nueva Feminidad, ambas ten��an ��xito en la prensa generalista del momento antes de ser contratadas por Le Corbusier y Toyo Ito respectivamente. Junto a sus maestros de entonces, concibieron dos iconos de la era de la maquina y de la electr��nica respectivamente, la Chaise Longue (1928) y Pao I (1985), dise��ados para ellas mismas. Perriand y Sejima usaron su propio cuerpo como unidad de medida y su imagen como reclamo publicitario para la promoci��n de los dos objetos respectivamente. La precisi��n t��cnica, materiales de lujo y enfoque de la relajaci��n que compartieron la Chaise Longue y Pao I sugiri�� un nomadismo l��dico que anticip�� el desarrollo posterior de lo que denominamos de arquitectura petite por parte de Perriand y Sejima. Ambos prototipos son los antecedentes de una arquitectura de talla precisa o petite (objetos h��bridos entre casa, mueble y m��quina con la sensualidad como caracter��stica distintiva) que ambas arquitectas han proyectado a lo largo de su carrera, y que a��nan su inter��s mutuo por las propiedades f��sicas de los materiales, as�� como su formaci��n en dise��o de mobiliario y su fascinaci��n por la moda. La tesis concluye que la arquitectura petite es la depositaria de los manifiestos de una ��poca, la que sigue a la era de la m��quina enunciada por Le Corbusier y a la era de la electr��nica descrita por Toyo Ito. En este sentido, la tesis evidencia la forma en la que importantes arquitectos han concentrado ideas ambiciosas en peque��os proyectos. Las caracter��sticas de petite se resumen en el hecho de ser una arquitectura de l��mites precisos, desmontable y por tanto temporal, que explora el potencial t��cnico y formal de nuevos materiales importados de otras industrias, incorpora condiciones sensuales propias de su escala antropom��trica, y est�� destinada al ocio de un grupo de personas. A modo de colof��n, la tesis descubre la existencia de una historia de ficci��n que vincula a Charlotte Perriand y Kazuyo Sejima a trav��s de Toyo Ito: ���El diario de Ad��le���. ABSTRACT This dissertation reveals parallels between the architects/designers Charlotte Perriand (1903- 1999) and Kazuyo Sejima (b. 1956), reflected in a series of small projects I call petite architecture���habitable technological furniture���, which formed during similar periods of social, cultural, economic, industrial and transnational change in France in the 1920s and in Japan in the 1980s. This research focuses on domestic architecture conceived from the inside by architects with additional training in furniture design. At the same time, it explores the relationships established between the design of a house, a piece of furniture, a machine, or a dress. Small architectural projects, close to the furniture, designed by Sejima have not been sufficiently studied, as well as the experimental architectural projects designed by Perriand. Both of their experimental trajectories analyzed from this renovated point of view converge on what we call petite architecture. Thus, it raises a new spatial paradigm in the context of feminine power within the media, as direct consumers, and transnational cultural exchange. When furniture expands and is technologically equipped to the point where it becomes habitable by a group, or groups of people, providing its occupants with sensorial comfort, it is petite architecture. In 2009, at a conference in Madrid, Ito showed a picture of Sejima posing at his Pao I (1985). Just eighty years earlier, in 1929, Le Corbusier exhibited in a conference in Buenos Aires an image of Perriand posing for his Chaise Longue (1928). The coincidence of the two photographs, along with two inspiring articles by Toyo Ito "Ad��le's dream" (1984) ��� whose enigmatic title uses a French female name to describe a Japanese house ��� and "Simple lines for Le Corbusier" (1994) led to a hypothesis and an investigation comparing the two architects, their mentors, and two objects, each belonging to two distant times and places. Perriand and Sejima were emblems of the concept of New Femininity, both had success in the media of their time before being hired by Le Corbusier and Toyo Ito respectively. Together with their mentors they designed two objects that became icons of the Machine Age and the Electronic Age respectively: the Chaise Longue (1928) and Pao I (1985). Designed "for themselves," Perriand and Sejima used their own bodies as a measuring unit and their image as a publicity stunt to promote the two objects respectively. Both objects are the embryonic capsules of the architecture that pampers the scale or petite (objects that conflate residence, machine and furniture, and have sensuality as a distinctive feature). From the technical precision, luxurious materials, and approach towards relaxation, emerged a playful nomadism, which anticipated the further development of what we call petite architecture. Perriand and Sejima would develop these ideas throughout their career, pooling their interests on the physical properties of materials, formation in furniture design, and their intense interest in fashion. The dissertation concludes that petite architecture is the manifestation of an age, which follows the Machine Age defined by Le Corbusier and the Electronic Age described by Toyo Ito. In this sense, the dissertation demonstrates the way in which important architects have focused their ambitious ideas on small projects. petite characteristics are summarized as being: architecture that pampers the scale, is (de)mountable and therefore temporary, explores the formal and technical potential of novel materials and techniques imported from other industries, incorporates sensual conditions according with its anthropometric scale, and is conceived for the leisure of a group of people. In addition, by way of colophon, the dissertation discovers the existence of a fictional story that links Charlotte Perriand and Kazuyo Sejima through Toyo Ito: "Ad��le's Diary".

Development of a human movement monitoring system based on wearable devices

It is essential to remotely and continuously monitor the movements of individuals in many social areas, for example, taking care of aging people, physical therapy, athletic training etc. Many methods have been used, such as video record, motion analysis or sensor-based methods. Due to the limitations in remote communication, power consumption, portability and so on, most of them are not able to fulfill the requirements. The development of wearable technology and cloud computing provides a new efficient way to achieve this goal. This paper presents an intelligent human movement monitoring system based on a smartwatch, an Android smartphone and a distributed data management engine. This system includes advantages of wide adaptability, remote and long-term monitoring capacity, high portability and flexibility. The structure of the system and its principle are introduced. Four experiments are designed to prove the feasibility of the system. The results of the experiments demonstrate the system is able to detect different actions of individuals with adequate accuracy.

La vivienda social como patrimonio urbano: an��lisis de la patrimonializaci��n de tres Barrios de Promoci��n Oficial madrile��os

Aunque los conjuntos de vivienda social carecen en Europa de un nivel de protecci��n patrimonial comparable a otras ��reas urbanas, las negociaciones que surgen a ra��z del anuncio de su remodelaci��n o rehabilitaci��n resultan inexplicables si no se supone su aceptaci��n como patrimonio por parte de algunos de los actores implicados. Nos encontrar��amos entonces no con un repertorio patrimonial consolidado, sino ante un proceso de patrimonializaci��n, entendido no s��lo como el paso de la categor��a de no-patrimonio a la de patrimonio mediante la protecci��n jur��dica o urban��stica, sino tambi��n como la construcci��n del consenso social suficiente en torno la posesi��n de ciertos valores preexistentes, as�� como la producci��n y reproducci��n social e hist��rica de estos valores. Ante el incipiente proceso de patrimonializaci��n de determinados Barrios de Promoci��n Oficial madrile��os, la tesis aborda dos cuestiones fundamentales, los mecanismos que conducen a su construcci��n social e hist��rica como nuevos elementos patrimoniales, y la evoluci��n y estado actual del conjunto de elementos eventualmente patrimonializables, los Barrios de Promoci��n Oficial madrile��os. De esta forma, propone un modelo te��rico del proceso de patrimonializaci��n de los conjuntos de vivienda social, basado en la identificaci��n de discursos, valores, sujetos y etapas, as�� como de su relaci��n con las caracter��sticas f��sicas y sociales originales de los barrios y su evoluci��n hasta la actualidad. Para ello, se reconstruye la evoluci��n f��sica, social y de la protecci��n patrimonial de los Barrios de Promoci��n Oficial madrile��os, y se analizan tres procesos concretos de patrimonializaci��n, la participaci��n de la Colonia del Tercio y Terol en la defensa ciudadana de las Colonias Hist��ricas madrile��as (1973-1979), la incorporaci��n de criterios patrimoniales en la rehabilitaci��n integral del Poblado Dirigido de Ca��o Roto (1991-2004), y la protecci��n patrimonial como obst��culo para la remodelaci��n de la U.V.A. de Hortaleza (2004-2015). ABSTRACT Comparatively speaking, few social housing estates are legally protected as cultural heritage in Europe. However, when a physical intervention is announced, the ensuing negotiation often defies explanation unless one assumes that the estate is regarded as cultural heritage by some of the players involved. Therefore, one should not so much talk of social housing as heritage, but of the process of patrimonialisation, which refers not only to the change of these estates from the status of non-heritage to that of cultural heritage through their legal recognition, but also to the process that leads to the acknowledgment of certain values in these estates, and even the social and cultural shaping of these values. This thesis tackles two main issues: the mechanisms that lead to the social and historical construction of new heritage elements or repertoires, and the evolution and current status of the Barrios de Promoci��n Oficial in Madrid. It proposes a theoretical model of the process of patrimonialisation of social housing estates, based on the identification of discourses, values, subjects and phases, as well as its relationship with the original physical and social features of these estates and their further evolution up to the present. In order to do so, the changes in the physical and social features of the Barrios de Promoci��n Oficial and in their heritage protection are reconstructed, and three particular processes are analysed. These are the role of Colonia del Tercio y Terol in the citizens��� movement for the preservation of the Colonias Hist��ricas in Madrid (1973-1979), the incorporation of conservation criteria in the refurbishment of Poblado Dirigido de Ca��o Roto (1991-2004), and heritage as an obstacle to urban renewal in U.V.A. de Hortaleza (2004-2015).