Mathematical models for the arrangement and the cleaning of the river basin and surroundings of the river sandy grounds to its passage by the city of Salta (Argentina)

The province of Salta is located the Northwest of Argentina in the border with Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay. Its Capital is the city of Salta that concentrates half of the inhabitants of the province and has grown to 600000 hab., from a small active Spanish town well founded in 1583. The city is crossed by the Arenales River descending from close mountains at North, source of water and end of sewers. But with actual growing it has become a focus of infection and of remarkable unhealthiness. It is necessary to undertake a plan for the recovery of the river, directed to the attainment of the well-being and to improve the life?s quality of the Community. The fundamental idea of the plan is to obtain an ordering of the river basin and an integral management of the channel and its surroundings, including the cleaning out. The improvement of the water?s quality, the healthiness of the surroundings and the improvement of the environment, must go hand by hand with the development of sport activities, of relaxation, tourism, establishment of breeding grounds, kitchen gardens, micro enterprises with clean production and other actions that contribute to their benefit by the society, that being a basic factor for their care and sustainable use. The present pollution is organic, chemical, industrial, domestic, due to the disposition of sweepings and sewer effluents that affects not only the flora and small fauna, destroying the biodiversity, but also to the health of people living in their margins. Within the plan it will be necessary to consider, besides hydric and environmental cleaning and the prevention of floods, the planning of the extraction of aggregates, the infrastructure and consolidation of margins works and the arrangement of all the river basin. It will be necessary to consider the public intervention at state, provincial and local level, and the private intervention. In the model it has been necessary to include the sub-model corresponding to the election of the entity to be the optimal instrument to reach the proposed objectives, giving an answer to the social, environmental and economic requirements. For that the authors have used multi-criteria decision methods to qualify and select alternatives, and for the programming of their implementation. In the model the authors have contemplated the short, average and long term actions. They conform a Paretooptimal alternative which secures the ordering, integral and suitable management of the basin of the Arenales River, focusing on its passage by the city of Salta.

Reconstructing the Timing and Dispersion Routes of HIV-1 Subtype B Epidemics in The Caribbean and Central America: A Phylogenetic Story.

The Caribbean and Central America are among the regions with highest HIV-1B prevalence worldwide. Despite of this high virus burden, little is known about the timing and the migration patterns of HIV-1B in these regions. Migration is one of the major processes shaping the genetic structure of virus populations. Thus, reconstruction of epidemiological network may contribute to understand HIV-1B evolution and reduce virus prevalence. We have investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of the HIV-1B epidemic in The Caribbean and Central America using 1,610 HIV-1B partial pol sequences from 13 Caribbean and 5 Central American countries. Timing of HIV-1B introduction and virus evolutionary rates, as well as the spatial genetic structure of the HIV-1B populations and the virus migration patterns were inferred. Results revealed that in The Caribbean and Central America most of the HIV-1B variability was generated since the 80 s. At odds with previous data suggesting that Haiti was the origin of the epidemic in The Caribbean, our reconstruction indicated that the virus could have been disseminated from Puerto Rico and Antigua. These two countries connected two distinguishable migration areas corresponding to the (mainly Spanish-colonized) Easter and (mainly British-colonized) Western islands, which indicates that virus migration patterns are determined by geographical barriers and by the movement of human populations among culturally related countries. Similar factors shaped the migration of HIV-1B in Central America. The HIV-1B population was significantly structured according to the country of origin, and the genetic diversity in each country was associated with the virus prevalence in both regions, which suggests that virus populations evolve mainly through genetic drift. Thus, our work contributes to the understanding of HIV-1B evolution and dispersion pattern in the Americas, and its relationship with the geography of the area and the movements of human populations.

La Institución Libre de Enseñanza y la arquitectura española de la Edad de Plata (1876-1936)

La tesis doctoral «La Institución Libre de Enseñanza y la arquitectura española de la Edad de Plata (1876-1936)» analiza las relaciones propiciadas por la ILE y la corriente cultural del institucionismo ―identificada desde los primeros años 70 del pasado siglo por el historiador Manuel Tuñón de Lara como crucial en la configuración de la cultura española contemporánea―, con la arquitectura de su tiempo en el marco histórico de la Restauración alfonsina y de la Segunda República. Lo hace desde los cuatro temas que configuran los grandes apartados en los que se estructura y articula el trabajo de investigación. El primero, el de la arquitectura de la escuela, a través del análisis de los escritos sobre la materia de los pedagogos Francisco Giner de los Ríos y Manuel Bartolomé Cossío y su papel en la materialización del edificio escolar. El segundo, el de la geografía madrileña de la ILE a través de un recorrido por las arquitecturas que acogieron su proyecto modernizador, confiado a la moral de la ciencia, a través de los centro por ella impulsados desde la Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas (JAE), como fueron la Residencia de Estudiantes y su grupo femenino de la Residencia de Señoritas, el Instituto Nacional de Física y Química, el Instituto-Escuela, el Centro de Estudios Históricos o el Instituto Cajal. El tercero, la renovación de la cultura arquitectónica española promovida a través de la política de pensiones de la JAE en el extranjero, de las actividades de extensión universitaria desarrolladas por la Residencia de Estudiantes en el ámbito de la arquitectura o por personas identificadas con su ideario. Y el cuarto, a través de la nueva valoración patrimonial de los monumentos arquitectónicos y de los paisajes españoles alentada por la práctica pedagógica del excursionismo y por los escritos de Francisco Giner de los Ríos y Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, que culmina con la promulgación de la Ley del Tesoro Artístico Nacional de 1933. El trabajo plantea una historia coral, donde tienen cabida arquitectos, pedagogos, políticos, historiadores del arte, críticos de arte y arquitectura de cuatro generaciones distintas: desde Ricardo Velázquez Bosco, coetáneo de Francisco Giner de los Ríos, a Arturo Sáenz de la Calzada, colegial de la Residencia de Estudiantes durante los años treinta y activo miembro de la Federación Universitaria Escolar, pasando por Carlos Velasco, Antonio Flórez Urdapilleta, Pablo Gutiérrez Moreno, Bernardo Giner de los Ríos, Leopoldo Torres Balbás, Carlos Arniches Moltó, Martín Domínguez Esteban, Fernando García Mercadal o Matilde Ucelay, en el caso de los arquitectos; Francisco Giner de los Ríos, Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, José Castillejo o Alberto Jiménez Fraud, entre los pedagogos; Segismundo Moret, Álvaro de Figueroa, Fernando de los Ríos o Marcelino Domingo, entre los políticos; Manuel Gómez-Moreno, Ricardo de Orueta o Emilio Camps Cazorla, entre los historiadores del arte; Javier de Winthuysen como jardinero o José Moreno Villa a través de su papel como crítico de arquitectura a favor del arte nuevo. Para ello, se ha partido del análisis y la interpretación de las arquitecturas de matriz institucionista a través de fuentes muy diversas, entre ellas un nutrido corpus de imágenes como complemento iconográfico fundamental en la articulación del discurso narrativo, que ha permitido situar a los temas analizados y sus protagonistas en su contexto histórico y disciplinar. Todo ello ha puesto de manifiesto el papel asumido por la Institución Libre de Enseñanza como un laboratorio de ideas y proyectos clave en la configuración de la cultura arquitectónica española del primer tercio del siglo XX. ABSTRACT The doctoral thesis «La Institución Libre de Enseñanza y la arquitectura española de la Edad de Plata (1876-1936)» analyzes the relationships fostered by the ILE and the cultural current «institucionismo» ―identified from the early '70s by the historian Manuel Tuñón de Lara as cardinal in shaping the contemporánea Spanish culture―, with the architecture of his time in the historical context of the Restoration and the Second Republic periods. This is done from the four themes that make up the major sections in which the research is structured and articulated. The first, the architecture of the school building, through the analysis of the writings on the subject of pedagogues Francisco Giner and Manuel Bartolomé Cossío and its role in the materialization of the school building. The second, the geography of the ILE in Madrid through a tour of the architectures that supported its modernizing project, entrusted to the moral of science, through the centers promoted by the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas (JAE), as the Residencia de Estudiantes and its girls group Residencia de Señoritas, Instituto Nacional de Física y Química, Instituto-Escuela, Centro de Estudios Históricos or Instituto Cajal. The third, the renewal of the Spanish architectural culture promoted through JAE pension abroad, the university extension activities developed by the Residencia de Estudiantes in the field of architecture or people identified with its ideology. And the fourth, through new equity valuation of architectural monuments and the Spanish landscapes encouraged by the pedagogical practice of excursionism and by the writings of Francisco Giner de los Ríos and Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, culminating in the enactment of the Ley del Tesoro Artístico Nacional in 1933. The work raises a choral history, where have place architects, educators, politicians, art historians, art and architecture critics of four distinct generations: from Ricardo Velázquez Bosco, a contemporary of Francisco Giner, Arturo Sáenz de la Calzada, schoolboy student residence during the thirties and active member of the Federación Universitaria Escolar, through Carlos Velasco, Antonio Flórez Urdapilleta, Pablo Gutiérrez Moreno, Bernardo Giner, Leopoldo Torres Balbás, Carlos Arniches Moltó, Martín Domínguez Esteban, Fernando García Mercadal or Matilde Ucelay, in the case of architects; Francisco Giner, Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, José Castillejo and Alberto Jiménez Fraud, among teachers; Segismundo Moret, Álvaro de Figueroa, Fernando de los Ríos and Marcelino Domingo, among politicians; Manuel Gómez-Moreno, Ricardo de Orueta or Emilio Camps Cazorla, including art historians; Javier de Winthuysen as gardener and José Moreno Villa through his role as architecture critic for the new art. To do this, the origin point has been the analysis and interpretation of the «institucionista» architectures through a variety of sources, including a large corpus of iconographic images as a fundamental complement to the articulation of the narrative, which has allowed place the issues discussed and its protagonists in their historical context and discipline. This has highlighted the role played by the Institución Libre de Enseñanza as a laboratory of ideas and projects and key in shaping the Spanish architectural culture of the early twentieth century.

A governação de territórios metropolitanos. Contexto institucional e de planeamento nas regiões de Madrid, Barcelona, Paris e Lisboa / The regional metropolitan governance. Institutional mark and planning in Madrid, Barcelona, Paris and Lisbon

Resumo Em resposta aos desafios atuais de muitas grandes cidades, o contexto institucional e o planeamento territorial formam dimensões para melhorar a governação metropolitana. No quadro das regiões capitais do sudoeste europeu, quais poderão ser as inovações e diferenças nos seus modelos e processos em curso? Este artigo propõe uma investigação aplicada para apresentar a análise da governação metropolitana. Através do método de estudos de caso em perspectiva comparada, vários elementos e entrevistas são ponderados qualitativamente nas regiões de Madrid, Barcelona, Paris e Lisboa. As conclusões encontram uma tendência para o equilíbrio entre os esforços dessas duas dimensões da governação territorial metropolitana, não impedindo registrar os seus diferentes percursos: por exemplo Ile-de-France desenvolveu boas iniciativas em matéria de planeamento, que então pedem alguns ajustamentos no quadro político, enquanto Madrid teve “menos actividade” nos últimos anos, em resultado da sua grande estabilidade institucional. A região de Lisboa permanece talvez numa “posição intermédia”, com uma dinâmica de evolução pouco previsível. Mas de acordo com este argumento, admite-se que os seus processos podem levar a melhorias graduais no sistema de governação, com o seu próprio percurso, implementando acções que devem respeitar, em particular, a geografia do território. Abstract Addressing the running challenges of several greater cities, the institutional mark and regional planning are dimensions for improving metropolitan governance. Regarding the southwest European capital regions, what can be the innovations and differences in their currently processes and models? This paper proposes an applied framework to present the metropolitan governance analysis. Through a comparative case study methodology, various elements and interviews are qualitatively measured in the regions of Madrid, Barcelona, Paris and Lisbon. The conclusions find a tendency to balance between the efforts on those two regional metropolitan governance dimensions, which does not prevent to register their different paths: for example Ile-de-France has developed good initiatives in terms of planning, which then require some adjustments in the political mark, while Madrid had in recent years “less activity”, in result of his institutional stability. The Lisbon region maybe stays in an “intermediate position” with a dynamic evolution that is difficult to predict. But according to that argument, it’s possible to admit that his processes can gradually lead to small improvements in his governance system, with his own path, implementing actions that must respect, in particularly, the geography of the territory.