Mechanical properties of tungsten alloys with Y2O3 and titanium additions

In this research the mechanical behaviour of pure tungsten (W) and its alloys (2 wt.% Ti–0.47 wt.% Y2O3 and 4 wt.% Ti–0.5 wt.% Y2O3) is compared. These tungsten alloys, have been obtained by powder metallurgy. The yield strength, fracture toughness and elastic modulus have been studied in the temperature interval of 25 °C to 1000 °C. The results have shown that the addition of Ti substantially improves the bending strength and toughness of W, but it also dramatically increases the DBTT. On the other hand, the addition of 0.5% Y2O3, is enough to improve noticeably the oxidation behaviour at the higher temperatures. The grain size, fractography and microstructure are studied in these materials. Titanium is a good grain growth inhibitor and effective precursor of liquid phase in HIP. The simultaneous presence of Y2O3 and Ti permits to obtain materials with low pores presence

High-temperature mechanical properties of aluminium alloys reinforced with titanium diboride (TiB2) particles

The physical and mechanical properties of metal matrix composites were improved by the addition of reinforcements. The mechanical properties of particulate-reinforced metal-matrix composites based on aluminium alloys (6061 and 7015) at high temperatures were studied. Titanium diboride (TiB2) particles were used as the reinforcement. All the composites were produced by hot extrusion. The tensile properties and fracture characteristics of these materials were investigated at room temperature and at high temperatures to determine their ultimate strength and strain to failure. The fracture surface was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. TiB2 particles provide high stability of the aluminium alloys (6061 and 7015) in the fabrication process. An improvement in the mechanical behaviour was achieved by adding TiB2 particles as reinforcement in both the aluminium alloys. Adding TiB2 particles reduces the ductility of the aluminium alloys but does not change the microscopic mode of failure, and the fracture surface exhibits a ductile appearance with dimples formed by coalescence.

Development of corrosion of steel bars embedded in mortar made with slag from secondary metallurgy

The aim of this work is to study the evolution of the corrosion rate of reinforcements embedded in mortar specimens that have been partly or fully replaced by the sand ladle furnace white slag. Prisms are manufactured mortar 6cm x 8cm x 2cm in which are embedded reinforcing steel bars of 6mm diameter B500SD. At the time of mixing were added varying amounts of chloride ion content by weight of cement (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 2%). The specimens were made totally or partially replacing the white slag, getting four different mixes depending on the degree of substitution. After curing the specimens for 28 days in moist chambers proceeded to dry up naturally. Here are gradually dampened by its conservation in a moist chamber, periodically measuring the corrosion rate of the bars using the technique of polarization curve. The results, in terms of corrosion current and corrosion potential, were compared with those obtained on standard samples, without replacement by slag aggregate. The analysis of results allows us to know, depending on the type of mortar used, the chloride threshold with the depassivation produced steel and the corrosion rates achieved in steels in the active state in terms of mortar moisture, obtained from qualitatively using gravimetric techniques. The results achieved to date support the conclusion that no significant differences in the behavior against corrosion induced by chloride ions, between the steel bars embedded in standard samples and the steel bars embedded in samples including with aggregates from slag. Both the chloride threshold resulting in the depassivation steel as the corrosion rate reached through the bars in an active state are very similar in both types of mortars when they have the same moisture content.

Properties of aluminium nodules foamed with concentrated solar energy

Commercial aluminium foam filled structures and sandwich panels are available for structural applications. As alternative to these materials, small granular foamed pieces are proposed to fill structures as well as sandwich panels. On the present work, foam precursors are obtained by Powder Metallurgy (PM) route, using natural calcium carbonate as foaming agent instead of titanium hydride. Extruded precursor bars were cut into small pieces (around 4.5 mm long and 5mm in diameter). Foaming treatment was carried out on two different ways: electrical preheated furnace and by solar furnace. Foamed nodules presented a low cell size, density e.g. 0.67 g/cm3 to 0.88 g/cm3 and a height/diameter ratio between 0.72 and 0.84 as a function of precursor size. These properties depend on the foaming particle size, foaming cycle and precursor dimensions. Carbonate precursors are easily foamed by concentrated solar energy, due to the lower risk of cell collapse than with hydride precursors, resulting from cell stabilization by oxide skin formation into cells and a low degree of foamed nodules bonding.

Experimental verification of intermediate band formation on titanium-implanted silicon

Intermediate band formation on silicon layers for solar cell applications was achieved by titanium implantation and laser annealing. A two-layer heterogeneous system, formed by the implanted layer and by the un-implanted substrate, was formed. In this work, we present for the first time electrical characterization results which show that recombination is suppressed when the Ti concentration is high enough to overcome the Mott limit, in agreement with the intermediate band theory. Clear differences have been observed between samples implanted with doses under or over the Mott limit. Samples implanted under the Mott limit have capacitance values much lower than the un-implanted ones as corresponds to a highly doped semiconductor Schottky junction. However, when the Mott limit is surpassed, the samples have much higher capacitance, revealing that the intermediate band is formed. The capacitance increasing is due to the big amount of charge trapped at the intermediate band, even at low temperatures. Ti deep levels have been measured by admittance spectroscopy. These deep levels are located at energies which vary from 0.20 to 0.28?eV below the conduction band for implantation doses in the range 1013-1014 at./cm2. For doses over the Mott limit, the implanted atoms become nonrecombinant. Capacitance voltage transient technique measurements prove that the fabricated devices consist of two-layers, in which the implanted layer and the substrate behave as an n+/n junction.

Electrical properties of silicon supersaturated with titanium or vanadium for intermediate band material

We have fabricated titanium and vanadium supersaturated silicon layers on top of a silicon substrate by means of ion implantation and pulsed laser melting processes. This procedure has proven to be suitable to fabricate an intermediate band (IB) material, i.e. a semiconductor material with a band of allowed states within the bandgap. Sheet resistance and Hall mobility measurements as a function of the temperature show an unusual behavior that has been well explained in the framework of the IB material theory, supposing that we are dealing with a junction formed by the IB material top layer and the n-Si substrate. Using an analytical model that fits with accuracy the experimental sheet resistance and mobility curves, we have obtained the values of the exponential factor for the thermically activated junction resistance of the bilayer, showing important differences as a function of the implanted element. These results could allow us to engineer the IB properties selecting the implanted element depending on the required properties for a specific application.

Mechanical Characterization of Tungsten-Titanium-Lanthana alloy: Influence of Temperature and Atmosphere

The target is to evaluate the mechanical behavior of Ti and La2O3 dispersed W alloy, processed by HIP and compare it with a reference pure-W. Tests were performed in both oxidant (air) and inert (vacuum) atmosphere in a temperature range from -196 to 1200 °C.

Influence of Temperature and Atmosphere in Tungsten-Titanium-Lanthana Alloys

The most promising materials to be used as Plasma Facing Components(PFC),in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), are tungsten alloys. However these materials have to withstand extreme operating conditions such as those that will be used inside the reactor.

Multiscale modeling of a small punch test on nanostructured CP titanium

Small punch (SP) test techniques are typically used to study the mechanical properties of materials or components from miniature size specimens. This kind of test was originally developed to assess ductility loss in steel caused by irradiation or thermal treatment, particularly when the amount of metal was limited, but it soon proved to be a powerful method to estimate several properties.

Towards a new generation of solar cells: silicon supersaturated with titanium or vanadium

We have analyzed the spectral sub-bandgap photoresponse of silicon (Si) samples implanted with vanadium (V) and titanium (Ti) at different doses and subsequently processed by pulsed-laser melting.