Actas del V Congreso de Estudiantes Universitarios de Ciencia, Tecnología e Ingeniería Agronómica

Celebramos ya la quinta edición del Congreso de Estudiantes Universitarios de Ciencia, Tecnología e Ingeniería Agronómica. Año tras año hemos ido incorporando alguna innovación de acuerdo a las sugerencias de los participantes de las diferentes ediciones con el fin de mejorar el desarrollo de cada congreso. Y como habéis observado, este año hemos decidido utilizar las TIC con dos finalidades: para agilizar la organización del mismo y para dar visibilidad a una herramienta docente que esperamos sea de uso rutinario. Este mes de mayo de 2012, presentamos de nuevo el libro de Actas realizado con las aportaciones que los estudiantes y profesores en temas relacionados con las Ciencias Agronómicas nos habéis enviado. Hemos de indicar que observamos una mejora en el cuidado que los participantes ponen a la hora de enviar temas originales, trabajos bien acabados y que cumplen las normas propuestas por el Comité Organizador. Sin embargo, confirmamos que, en alguna medida, siempre son necesarias algunas correcciones y revisiones que esperemos que más que una crítica al trabajo sean recibidas como revisiones constructivas y de mejora del mismo. Dejarlo todo para el último momento, nos hace presentar gráficas o tablas mal referenciadas en el texto, fuentes bibliográficas citadas erróneamente, trabajos de muy baja calidad y alguna que otra falta de ortografía que no se puede permitir en un trabajo universitario. Las prisas nunca fueron buenas y aunque las fechas de inscripción y de entrega de trabajos están al alcance de todos con bastante antelación, al final del proceso de revisión, algún estudiante ha preferido no enviar su trabajo o el comité lo ha rechazado finalmente por su baja calidad. Por eso este año, traemos la frase de Leonardo Da Vinci: “Quien piensa poco, se equivoca mucho” Nos gustaría transmitir a los que van a consultar este libro de Actas que los trabajos incluidos en él no son meros informes de prácticas repetidas, o revisiones bibliográficas superficiales. Podemos decir que este libro es una recopilación de trabajos escritos y revisados con esfuerzo, y cuya finalidad es que pueda ser considerado como un libro de consulta para los futuros estudiantes en esta área de conocimiento. Nuestro agradecimiento a la Fundación Premio Arce, a la Comunidad de Madrid a través del Proyecto NEWGAN (S2009/AGR-1704), a NANTA S.A., The Poultry Research Centre (PRC) Nutreco, Danisco, CEIGRAM, Eumedia, la Editorial Agrícola Española, y la cátedra Fertiberia, como patrocinadores de este evento. Gracias como siempre a todos los profesores, estudiantes, becarios y voluntarios que han colaborado en este V Congreso. Pilar García Rebollar y Mª Ángeles Pérez Cabal

Libro de Actas del VII Congreso de estudiantes de Ciencia, Tecnología e Ingeniería Agronómica

En este VII Congreso de estudiantes volvemos agradecer a todos los profesores y alumnos su participación y colaboración en todo momento para que en este Libro de Actas que tienes entre tus manos se hayan recopilado los trabajos de más de 100 estudiantes. Todos los trabajos han sido revisados por los profesores del Comité Científico del Congreso y esperamos que las correcciones hayan sido de utilidad a los autores. Ya sólo queda “la puesta en escena” con la exposición y los nervios de hablar en público. Se dice que “no hay temas aburridos, sino oradores poco entusiastas”. Sabemos que nuestros estudiantes, si se han lanzado a presentar su trabajo en este Congreso, es porque entusiasmo no les falta, y los organizadores del Congreso vamos a hacer todo lo posible para que no decaiga. No obstante, como en cualquier otro evento de este tipo, tenemos un tiempo limitado y esperamos que los ponentes controlen su entusiasmo y sepan respetarlo. Nuestro agradecimiento a la Fundación Premio Arce, a la Comunidad de Madrid a través del Proyecto MEDGAN (S2013/ABI-2913), a NANTA S.A., Dupont Industrial Biosciences, Editorial Agrícola Española, y a las Cátedras Fertiberia e Ingenio-UPM, como patrocinadores de este evento.

VIII Congresos de Estudiantes de Ciencia, Tecnología e Ingeniería Agronómica

Libro que recoge los trabajos presentados por estudiantes de grado, máster y doctorado en el VIII Congreso de estudiantes de Ciencia, Tecnología e Ingeniería Agronómica de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas de Madrid. Se trata de 28 documentos en español o inglés con una extensión de 4 folios y revisados por profesores de la Escuela antes de ser publicados en el Libro de Actas.

Caracterización de la PYME Productora de Quesos Artesanales y su Nivel de Diversidad: un Estudio de Caso con Base en los Principios de Manufactura Esbelta

Se presenta un estudio de caso para caracterizar la PYME productora de quesos artesanales, analizar su diversidad y determinar su adecuación a los principios de producción esbelta. Fue realizado en la Red Artesano! de Productores de Queso Guayanés Jelita, en dos municipios rurales del Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. La investigación Jue de campo con alcance descriptivo. Se aplicó un cuestionario basado en las buenas prácticas de producción de alimentos a 30 unidades de producción. Se utilizó el análisis cualitativo para la caracterización y la herramienta STATGHiPHICSpara el análisis multifactorial Los resultados sugieren que estas PJlíE son de baja escala, con alta diversidad entre ellas y tienen limitaciones para garantizar la calidad de! producto. Los factores vinculados con los principios de producción esbeta nofieron evidenciados. Se plantea ¡a generación de nuevas líneas de investigación en cuanto a ¡íi producción de alimentos y del desarrollo rural se refiere.

Analysis of duplication in the Spanish durum wheat collection maintained in the CRF-INIA on the basis of agro-morphological traits and gliadin proteins

A total of 106 potential duplicate cases involved 277 accessions were detected on the basis of passport data in the durum wheat collection maintained in the CRF-INIA. Similarity between accessions was measured by agro-morphological traits. The 90% of the agro-morphological duplication were verified with gliadin proteins, allowing identification of similar material with greater refinement than agro-morphological data. However, the results indicated not to decide for rationalisation only on the basis of molecular data.

Combined use of gliadins and SSRs to analyse the genetic variability of the Spanish collection of cultivated diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum)

This work studied the combined use of gliadins and SSRs to analyse inter- and intra-accession variability of the Spanish collection of cultivated einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) maintained at the CRF-INIA. In general, gliadin loci presented higher discrimination power than SSRs, reflecting the high variability of the gliadins. The loci on chromosome 6A were the most polymorphic with similar PIC values for both marker systems, showing that these markers are very useful for genetic variability studies in wheat. The gliadin results indicated that the Spanish einkorn collection possessed high genetic diversity, being the differentiation large between varieties and small within them. Some associations between gliadin alleles and geographical and agro-morphological data were found. Agro-morphological relations were also observed in the clusters of the SSRs dendrogram. A high concordance was found between gliadins and SSRs for genotype identification. In addition, both systems provide complementary information to resolve the different cases of intra-accession variability not detected at the agro-morphological level, and to identify separately all the genotypes analysed. The combined use of both genetic markers is an excellent tool for genetic resource evaluation in addition to agro-morphological evaluation.

Effects of N fertilisation, year and prolamin alleles on guten quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. turgidum) landraces from Spain

A subset of durum wheat Spanish landraces, previously evaluated for yield at low and high nitrogen (N) levels, was analysed for quality, protein content (P) and sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test. The evaluation was carried out at the two N rates and in two years. The influence of prolamin alleles at the Glu-1, Glu-3, Glu-B2 and Gli-1 loci on quality parameters was also studied. The non significant Variety-by-Year or Variety-by-N interactions suggested that year and N affected all the varieties in a similar manner. Year and N effects were larger than variety effect for P, which increased with N. In contrast, variety genotype exhibited a stronger influence on SDSS test, which was not affected by year and fertilizer. Variety effects on P did not reflect the variety differences for SDSS test. A high positive influence of some prolamin alleles on quality parameters was detected, mainly for SDSS values. No correlation between yield and P was detected in the landraces adapted to low N. Based on the results of yield and quality evaluations, four landraces with high yield and high gluten strength were pre-selected for low N production.

Genetic redundancy among durum wheat accessions as assessed with SSRs and endosperm proteins

Reducing duplication in ex-situ collections is complicated and requires good quality genetic markers. This study was conducted to assess the value of endosperm proteins and SSRs for validation of potential duplicates and monitoring intra-accession variability. Fifty durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) accessions grouped in 23 potential duplicates, and previously characterised for 30 agro-morphological traits, were analysed for gliadin and high molecular weight glutenin (HMWG) subunit alleles, total protein, and 24 SSRs, covering a wide genome area. Similarity and dissimilarity matrices were generated based on protein and SSRs alleles. For heterogeneous accessions at gliadins the percent pattern homology (PH) between gliadin patterns and the Nei’s coefficient of genetic identity (I) were computed. Eighteen duplicates identical for proteins showed none or less than 3 unshared SSRs alleles. For heterogeneous accessions PH and I values lower than 80 identified clearly off-types with more than 3 SSRs unshared. Only those biotypes differing in no more than one protein-coding locus were confirmed with SSRs. A good concordance among proteins, morphological traits, and SSR were detected. However, the discrepancy in similarity detected in some cases showed that it is advisable to evaluate redundancy through distinct approaches. The analysis in proteins together with SSRs data are very useful to identify duplicates, biotypes, close related genotypes, and contaminations

Analysis of genetic variability in a sample of the durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Spanish collection based on gliadin markers

In this work gliadin proteins were used to analyse the genetic variability in a sample of the durum wheat Spanish collection conserved at the CRF-INIA. In total 38 different alleles were identified at the loci Gli-A1, Gli-A3, Gli-B5, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. All the gliadin loci were polymorphic, possessed large genetic diversity and small and large differentiation within and between varieties, respectively. The Gli-A2 and Gli-B2 loci were the most polymorphic, the most fixed within varieties and the most useful to distinguish among varieties. Alternatively, Gli-B1 locus presented the least genetic variability out of the four main loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. The Gli-B1 alleles coding for the gliadin γ-45, associated with good quality, had an accumulated frequency of 69.7%, showing that the Spanish germplasm could be a good source for breeding quality. The Spanish landraces studied showed new gliadin alleles not catalogued so far. These new alleles might be associated with specific Spanish environment factors. The large number of new alleles identified also indicates that durum wheat Spanish germplasm is rather unique.

Effects of increasing levels of pea hulls in the diet on productive performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and nutrient retention of broilers from one to eighteeen days of age

The effects of inclusion of pea hulls (PH) in the diet on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract and nutrient retention were studied in broilers from 1 to 18d of age. There were a control diet based on low fibre ingredients (69.3 total dietary fibre (16.1g crude fibre/kg)) and three additional diets that resulted from the dilution of the basal diet with 25, 50 and 75g PH/kg (81.2, 93.2, and 105.1g total dietary fibre/kg diet, respectively). Each treatment was replicated six times and the experimental unit was a cage with 12 chicks. Growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract and the coefficients of total tract apparent retention (CTTAR) of nutrients were recorded at 6, 12 and 18d of age. In addition, jejunal morphology was measured at 12 and 18d and the coefficients of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of nutrients at 18d of age. Pea hulls inclusion affected all the parameters studied. The inclusion of 25 and 50g PH/kg diet improved growth performance as compared to the control diet. The relative weight (g/kg body weight) of proventriculus (P≤0.01), gizzard (P≤0.001) and ceca (P≤0.05) increased linearly as the level of PH in the diet increased. The inclusion of PH affected quadratically (P≤0.01) villus height:crypt depth ratio with the highest value shown at 25g PH/kg. In general, the CTTAR and CAID of nutrients increased linearly and quadratically (P≤0.05) with increasing levels of PH, showing maximum values with PH level between 25 and 50g/kg diet. We conclude that the size of the digestive organs increases with increasing levels of PH in the diet. In general, the best performance and nutrient digestibility values were observed with levels of PH within the range of 25 and 50g/kg. Therefore, young broilers have a requirement for a minimum amount of dietary fibre. When pea hulls are used as a source of fibre, the level of total dietary fibre required for optimal performance is within the range of 81.2–93.2g/kg diet (25.6–35.0g crude fibre/kg diet). An excess of total dietary fibre (above 93.2g/kg diet) might reduce nutrient digestibility and growth performance to values similar to those observed with the control diet.

Effect of fibers and whole grain content on quality attributes

Incorporation of fiber in cereals may lead to quality issues, thus decreasing consumer acceptance. This is partially due to deterioration of the microstructure, one of the primary quality attributes of cereals. The objective of this study was to better understand the mechanisms by which dietary fibers affect the quality of cereal products during extrusioncooking. The study quantified the effect of amount and type of fiber and whole grain on (i) texture, (ii) structure, and (iii) rehydration properties of extruded cereals. New innovative methods were applied and combined with traditional techniques to characterize both the structure and the rehydration properties. Extruded cereals were produced using a starch-based recipe (whole and wheat flours) and two sources of fibers (oat bran concentrate and wheat bran). The oat and wheat bran levels used in this study were 0, 10, and 20%. The different mixtures were extruded in a pilot twinscrew extruder BC21 (Clextral) and then sugar coated after drying. Mechanical properties of extruded cereals were investigated by compression test. The cellular structure was observed by X-ray tomography. The quality of coating (thickness, homogeneity) was analyzed by optical coherence tomography. The rehydration properties of such cereals in milk were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and optical coherence tomography. This work revealed that structure assessment of extruded cereals may lead to a better understanding of the effect of fiber addition on texture and rehydration properties. The application of innovative methods, such as optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, was found to be useful to quantify the structural properties.

MRI texture analysis as means for addressing rehydration and milk diffusion of cereals

Cereals microstructure is one of the primary quality attributes of cereals. Cereals rehydration and milk diffusion depends on such microstructure and thus, the crispiness and the texture, which will make it more palatable for the final consumer. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a very powerful topographic tool since acquisition parameter leads to a wide possibility for identifying textures, structures and liquids mobility. It is suited for non-invasive imaging of water and fats. Rehydration and diffusion cereals processes were measured by MRI at different times and using two different kinds of milk, varying their fat level. Several images were obtained. A combination of textural analysis (based on the analysis of histograms) and segmentation methods (in order to understand the rehydration level of each variety of cereals) were performed. According to the rehydration level, no advisable clustering behavior was found. Nevertheless, some differences were noticeable between the coating, the type of milk and the variety of cereals

Nutritive value of palm kernel meal in diets for growing rabbits

The aim of this work was to determine the nutritive value of palm kernel meal (PKM) in diets for growing rabbits. In Experiment 1, 20 New Zealand × Californian growing rabbits 50 d-old were used to determine energy, crude protein, fibre and fat digestibility of PKM. The nutritive value was estimated by the difference method using a basal diet and another diet made by substituting 200 g/kg of basal diet with PKM. Energy, crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent fibre of PKM digestibilities were, respectively, 0.549 (±0.056, SE), 0.541 (±0.069), 0.850 (±0.048) and 0.430 (±0.101), and the digestible energy concentration was 10.9 MJ/kg (±1.03) DM. In Experiment 2, 412 rabbits were allocated at random to the two experimental diets to measure growing performance. Inclusion of 200 g PKM/kg in the diet did not affect feed or digestible energy intake but decreased slightly (by around 5%) average daily gain (P = 0.003) and feed efficiency (P < 0.001). Neither mortality nor Clostridium perfringens counts in soft faeces were affected by type of diet. Palm kernel meal can be considered a palatable source of fibre, protein and fat for rabbits and can substitute significant amounts of other fibrous ingredients in the diet without adverse effects on growth performance.

Effect of starch substitution with crude glycerol on growing rabbit and lactating doe performance

The aim of this work was to study the effect of dietary inclusion of 2.5 or 5.0% of glycerol in substitution for starch on performance of lactating does and fattening rabbits. Over four consecutive reproductive cycles, a total of 81 New Zealand ´ Californian rabbit does and 813 young rabbits weaned at 25 (fattening trial 1) or 35 (fattening trial 2) days of age were allocated at random to the experimental treatments. Inclusion of glycerol in the diet up to 5% did not influence total feed consumption of does and suckling rabbits, body weight and bioelectrical impedance of does at parturition or at day 21 of lactation and litter weight at weaning, or reproductive efficiency. Substitution of starch with glycerol did not affect feed intake, weight gain or mortality during fattening. The results of the current study indicate that crude glycerol from the biofuel industry can be used at levels up to 5% in rabbit diets without any detrimental or beneficial effect on performance

Combination of optical and on-destructivemechanicaltechniques for the measurement of maturity in peach

Increasing consumer dissatisfaction related with lack of ripeness in peach has been repeatedly reported since 1990 to the present day. There is thus, a great interest in improving the assessment of peach maturity, currently based on Magness Taylor firmness (destructive, highly variable, and time consuming) and colour (not reliable for highly coloured varieties). The present research studies as an alternative several non-destructive (ND) measurements, based on multispectral imaging, visible spectra, and low mass impact response. Their relationship with maturity, as well as the potential of their combination was studied. As a result, two rather independent (R2 = 0.3) groups of non-destructive measurements, chlorophyll related optical indexes and low mass impact (LMI) measurements, were identified. Optical measurements showed the best behaviour for assessing maturity at harvest, while LMI measurements reflected handling incidences, showing a promising potential to be used to control transport and postharvest handling.