An image segmentation based on a genetic algorithm for determining soil coverage by crop residues

Determination of the soil coverage by crop residues after ploughing is a fundamental element of Conservation Agriculture. This paper presents the application of genetic algorithms employed during the fine tuning of the segmentation process of a digital image with the aim of automatically quantifying the residue coverage. In other words, the objective is to achieve a segmentation that would permit the discrimination of the texture of the residue so that the output of the segmentation process is a binary image in which residue zones are isolated from the rest. The RGB images used come from a sample of images in which sections of terrain were photographed with a conventional camera positioned in zenith orientation atop a tripod. The images were taken outdoors under uncontrolled lighting conditions. Up to 92% similarity was achieved between the images obtained by the segmentation process proposed in this paper and the templates made by an elaborate manual tracing process. In addition to the proposed segmentation procedure and the fine tuning procedure that was developed, a global quantification of the soil coverage by residues for the sampled area was achieved that differed by only 0.85% from the quantification obtained using template images. Moreover, the proposed method does not depend on the type of residue present in the image. The study was conducted at the experimental farm “El Encín” in Alcalá de Henares (Madrid, Spain).

An elicitor isolated from smut teliospores (Sporisorium scitamineum) enhances lignin deposition on the cell wall on both sclerenchyma and xylem in sugarcane leaves

Sugarcane leaf shows the classical arrangement of cells which defines a C4 species. Vascular bundles consist of xylem, phloem and fibres, surrounded by an outer layer of sclereids and an inner ring of stone cells associated with the phloem. Some sclereids located below and above the vascular bundles act as docking cells and connect the vascular bundle to the internal surfaces of upper and lower layers of the epidermis. A compact mass of sclereids occupies the total internal volume of the leaf edge. Neither docking cells nor the internal mass of sclereids in the edge were markedly coloured by acriflavin or phloroglucinol, indicating the absence of lignin in their cell walls. However, such staining indicated that fibres of the vascular bundle and the external layer of sclereids were strongly lignified. Incubation of leaf discs with an elicitor produced by the pathogen Sporisorium scitamineum increased the thickness of the lignified cell walls of sclereids as well as the mid and small xylem vessels, as a possible mechanical defense response to the potential entry of the pathogen.

Crop rotation and residues influence N2O emission and N efficiency rather than tillage under a rainfed Mediterranean agroecosystem

Conservation tillage and crop rotation have spread during the last decades because promotes several positive effects (increase of soil organic content, reduction of soil erosion, and enhancement of carbon sequestration) (Six et al., 2004). However, these benefits could be partly counterbalanced by negative effects on the release of nitrous oxide (N2O) (Linn and Doran, 1984). There is a lack of data on long-term tillage system study, particularly in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term (>17 year) tillage systems (no tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT)); and crop rotation (wheat (W)-vetch (V)-barley (B)) versus wheat monoculture (M) on N2O emissions. Additionally, Yield-scaled N2O emissions (YSNE) and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) were assessed for each treatment.

Investigación sobre fermentaciones metánicas de desechos estacionales

En el campo agrícola se producen una serie de desechos orgánicos, que por un lado representan serios problemas de contaminación ambiental y por otro el desperdicio de valores energéticos importantes. Es decir una acción contraria a la sostenibilidad que debe buscarse en este siglo XXI. Entre estos productos agrícolas pueden citarse la pulpa de café, residuos herbáceos, bagazo de caña y la fracción insoluble de estiércol de ganado porcino conocida como cerdaza. Un problema añadido para dar solución adecuada es la disponibilidad de estos solo en cortas épocas del año. Todo lo anterior ha sido el origen de la presente investigación, para dar solución adecuada tanto en el aprovechamiento de biogás como en la reducción de la contaminación. La investigación descrita en este documento contempla el desarrollo de los siguientes aspectos: 1) Caracterización y problemática de cada uno de los productos señalados, 2) la solución al problema mediante el proceso de digestión anaerobia con fases separadas con el aprovechamiento del biogás generados y 3) recomendaciones para el arranque del proceso de digestión anaerobia y su mantenimiento en una alternancia de los productos citados. En la primera etapa de la fase experimental se estimó el rendimiento específico de metano para los diferentes sustratos, utilizando reactores batch configurados en una y dos fases concluyendo que la digestión anaerobia en dos fases presenta diferentes ventajas sobre la digestión monoetapa. En general se obtuvo un mayor rendimiento en la producción de metano, una reducción en los tiempos de retención, mayor eficiencia en la eliminación de los sólidos volátiles agregados, y una mayor estabilidad en el proceso reflejado en el mantenimiento de valores de pH en los rangos de operación recomendados. Seguidamente, al comparar dos procesos para la puesta en marcha de digestores metanogénicos operados en forma continua, se concluye que las variables determinantes en la estabilidad del sistema son la alcalinidad total presente en el digestor, el establecimiento de la población de microorganismos y la carga orgánica aplicada. Las dos primeras están determinadas por la calidad y proporción del inóculo suministrado al inicio del proceso. La alternación de sustratos suministrados al sistema de digestión en dos fases, permitió determinar el impacto sobre el desempeño del mismo, registrando una reducción en la producción de biogás, la riqueza de metano y la eficiencia de eliminación de sólidos volátiles durante los primeros días de operación luego del cambio de sustrato. Este periodo corresponde al proceso de aclimatación de los microorganismos el cual requirió de 20 días para asimilar los componentes del nuevo sustrato. Finalmente, entre los sustratos analizados, la menor carga orgánica de operación para mantener la operación del sistema en continuo corresponde a la pulpa de café con 0.1 kg SV/m3. La composición de este sustrato favorece la rápida acumulación de acidez volátil en el sistema, proporcionando una tendencia a la acidificación. Sin embargo, al controlar las cargas orgánicas volumétricas, el sistema permaneció operando sin necesidad de adición de alcalinizantes. La aplicación de los resultados de la presente investigación a la problemática de residuos de café es alentadora, comprobando que el sistema puede ser operado en continuo alternando residuos boreales y pulpa de café, ambos sustratos disponibles en las plantas de procesamiento de la cereza de café. ABSTRACT In the agricultural field there are series of organic wastes, which in one hand are the source of serious problems of environmental pollution and in the other, they represent a residue that could be used as a feedstock with significant energy values. These actions are contrary to efforts towards sustainability, which should be a priority in this century. Among agricultural residues with significant abundance, the coffee pulp, herbaceous waste, sugarcane bagasse and the insoluble fraction of pig manure can be mentioned. An added problem to the development of appropriate treatment systems, which provides a solution to the disposal of such wastes, is the limited availability of these feedstocks only in short seasons. These arguments have been the source of our research, in order to provide properly measures to biogas usage and pollution reduction. The research presented in this document includes the approaches to the following aspects. 1) Characterization and problems regarding the selected feedstocks 2) the solution to the problem by anaerobic digestion process with separate phases and 3) recommendations for starting the process of anaerobic digestion and its maintenance with alternation of the products listed For the first stage of the experimental phase, the specific methane yield of the selected feedstocks was estimated using batch reactors configured in one and two phases. It was concluded that two-phase anaerobic digestion offered distinct advantages over the single-stage digestion. In general a higher methane production yields, lower retention times, higher efficiency in volatile solids removal, and increased stability among the process were obtained. When comparing two processes for starting up methanogenic digesters, it is concluded that the variables that determine the stability of the system are the total alkalinity in the digester, the establishment of the population of microorganisms and the organic load. The first variables are influenced by the proportion and quality of the inoculum supplied at the beginning of the process. The alternation of substrates gave as a result a negative impact on system performance, recording a reduction on biogas production, the methane concentration and the efficiency of volatile solids removal. The situation was observed during the first days of operation after the change of feeding. This period corresponds to the process of acclimatization of the microorganisms which required 20 days to assimilate new substrate components. Finally, among substrates studied, the lowest organic load applied to maintain a continuous operation of the system, corresponds to the coffee pulp with 0.1 kg VS / m3. The composition of this substrate promotes a rapid accumulation of volatile acidity within the system, providing a tendency to acidification. However, by controlling organic loads, the operating system remained stable without addition of alkalizing components. The application of the results of this research to the problem of coffee waste is promising, proving that an anaerobic system can be operated continuously by alternating boreal waste and coffee pulp, both substrates available in coffee processing plants.