Gestión de costos medioambientales en la industria petroquímica

Se analiza la gestión de costos medioambientales que lleva a cabo la industria petroquímica del estado Zulia - Venezuela. El diseño de la investigación es no experimental, de tipo descriptiva - analítica y transeccional; se utilizaron como técnicas de recolección de información, la revisión documental y la entrevista estructurada a través de un cuestionario; la población estuvo constituida por las ocho empresas del sector petroquímico que operan en el estado Zulia, realizándose un censo de la misma. Los resultados muestran que existen debilidades en la gestión de costos realizada por las empresas petroquímicas, ya que no clasifican sus costos medioambientales adecuadamente, no los distribuyen a sus costos de producción, ni los operan con criterios de ecoeficiencia, por lo que se recomienda incorporar la categoría de costos de evaluación o detección a la clasificación de costos realizada actualmente; distribuir los costos medioambientales a los productos tomando una base funcional de aplicación y determinar indicadores de costos y rentabilidad medioambiental, que permitan evaluar el comportamiento de estos costos y realizar comparaciones entre diferentes períodos y con otras empresas del sector.

How small and medium enterprises can begin their implementation of ITIL?

Sequencing of Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) processes related to their order of implementation is one of the pending issues in the ITIL handbooks. Other frameworks and process models related to service management (e.g., COBIT, COSO and CMMI-SVC) are quite well described in the literature and their handbooks. However, the identifi cation of the fi rst process to be implemented has not been deeply analysed in the previous frameworks and models, and it is also a complex question to answer for organizations, especially Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Moreover, SMEs are the organizations that have the largest presence in the world economy; offi cial data of General Business Directory, show that their range of presence in different countries around the world is between 93% and 99%, and the average of employment contribution is around 60%. Consequently, the improvement of information technology service management is of vital importance to accomplish in this type of enterprises. This research has focused on two surveys that aim at helping SMEs to select the ITIL process by which starting the implementation of ITIL. In the fi rst survey, data were gathered through a questionnaire to SMEs registered in the region of Madrid. The second survey obtained data from experts and enterprises in countries as Spain, Ecuador, Chile, Luxembourg, Colombia, Norway, El Salvador, and Venezuela. Finally, the results of both surveys show that the tendency for starting an ITIL implementation in SMEs points to one of the processes included in the Service Operation.