Analysis and optimization of propagation losses in LiNbO3 optical waveguides produced by swift heavy-ion irradiation

The propagation losses (PL) of lithium niobate optical planar waveguides fabricated by swift heavy-ion irradiation (SHI), an alternative to conventional ion implantation, have been investigated and optimized. For waveguide fabrication, congruently melting LiNbO3 substrates were irradiated with F ions at 20 MeV or 30 MeV and fluences in the range 1013–1014 cm−2. The influence of the temperature and time of post-irradiation annealing treatments has been systematically studied. Optimum propagation losses lower than 0.5 dB/cm have been obtained for both TE and TM modes, after a two-stage annealing treatment at 350 and 375∘C. Possible loss mechanisms are discussed.

Ferromagnetic resonance and magnetooptic study of submicron epitaxial Fe(001) stripes

We present a combined magnetooptic and ferromagnetic resonance study of a series of arrays of single-crystalline Fe stripes fabricated by electron beam lithography on epitaxial Au(001)/Fe(001)/MgO(001) films grown by pulsed laser deposition. The analysis of the films revealed a clear fourfold magnetocrystalline anisotropy, with no significant presence of other anisotropy sources. The use of a large series of arrays, with stripe widths between 140 and 1000 nm and separation between them of either 200 nm or 500 nm, allowed studying their magnetization processes and resonance modes as well as the effects of the dipolar interactions on both. The magnetization processes of the stripes were interpreted in terms of a macrospin approximation, with a good agreement between experiments and calculations and negligible influence of the dipolar interactions. The ferromagnetic resonance spectra evidenced two types of resonances linked to bulk oscillation modes, essentially insensitive to the dipolar interactions, and a third one associated with edge-localized oscillations, whose resonance field is strongly dependent on the dipolar interactions. The ability to produce a high quality, controlled series of stripes provided a good opportunity to achieve an agreement between the experiments and calculations, carried out by taking into account just the Fe intrinsic properties and the morphology of the arrays, thus evidencing the relatively small role of other extrinsic factors.

Single - and double energy swift and slow heavy ion irradiated optical waveguides in Er: Tungstene-Tellurite glass and BGO for telecom applications

The fabrication of broadband amplifiers in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) around 1.55 m, as they exhibit large stimulated cross sections and broad emission bandwidth. Bi4Ge3O12 (eultine type BGO) - well known scintillator material, also a rare-earth host material, photorefractive waveguides produced in it only using light ions in the past. Recently: MeV N+ ions and swift O5+ and C5+ ions, too*. Bi12GeO20 (sillenite type BGO) - high photoconductivity and photorefractive sensitivity in the visible and NIR good candidate for real-time holography and optical phase conjugation, photorefractive waveguides produced in it only using light ions. No previous attempts of ion beam fabrication of waveguides in it.

Super-resolution properties of the Spherical Geodesic Waveguides using the perfect drain

Perfect drain for the Maxwell Fish Eye (MFE) is a nonmagnetic dissipative region placed in the focal point to absorb all the incident radiation without reflection or scattering. The perfect drain was recently designed as a material with complex permittivity ? that depends on frequency. However, this material is only a theoretical material, so it can not be used in practical devices. Recently, the perfect drain has been claimed as necessary to achieve super-resolution [Leonhard 2009, New J. Phys. 11 093040], which has increased the interest for practical perfect drains suitable for manufacturing. Here, we analyze the superresolution properties of a device equivalent to the MFE, known as Spherical Geodesic Waveguide (SGW), loaded with the perfect drain. In the SGW the source and drain are implemented with coaxial probes. The perfect drain is realized using a circuit (made of a resistance and a capacitor) connected to the drain coaxial probes. Superresolution analysis for this device is done in Comsol Multiphysics. The results of simulations predict the superresolution up to ? /3000 and optimum power transmission from the source to the drain.

Propagation losses by tunnelling in barrier optical waveguides

An analytical model is proposed in order to estimate the optical propagation losses due to tunnelling in barrier waveguides. The results are validated by means of a beam propagation method (BPM) simulations for different waveguides conditions.

Biosensing comparison between different geometries based on vertical submicron-structrures made of SU-8 resist

Previous work of the research group [1-4] demonstrated the viability of using periodic lattices of micro and nanopillars, called Bio-photonic sensing Cells (BICELLs), as an optical biosensor vertically characterized by visible spectrometry. Also we have studied theoretically [5] the performance of the BICELLs by 2D and 3D simulation in orde r to optimize the biosensing response. In this work we present the fabrication and biosensing comparison of different geometrical parameters on periodic lattices of pillars in order to discuss theoretical conclusions with these results. In this way, we have explored the biosensing response of other patter ns such as crosses, stars, cylinders, concentrical cylinders (Figure 1). Also we introduced a novel method to test the BICELLs in a cost-effective way by using an ultra-thin film of SU-8 spin-coated onto the patterns to reproduce the effect of a biofilm attached to the biosensor surface. Finally we have tested the biosensing response of the different geometries by the well-known Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) immunoassay and compared with the theoretical simulation.

Contribution to the Analysis of Waveguides and Design of Passive Components at Millimeter and Submillimeter-Waves

Esta tesis está dedicada al análisis de las guías de onda y el diseño de los componentes pasivos con énfasis en aplicaciones de alta frecuencia. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo el análisis de las guías de onda con conductores metálicos no ideales, con el objetivo de establecer el límite superior en frecuencia de las aproximaciones habitualmente utilizadas en microondas para el cálculo de las pérdidas óhmicas. Posteriormente, se presenta el diseño de diferentes componentes pasivos de guía de ondas: filtros, transductores de modos ortogonales (OMT), polarizadores, duplexores y alimentadores de antena, funcionando en frecuencias desde 10 a 750 GHz. Para el correcto diseño de componentes a altas frecuencias se requiere, en primer lugar, comprender los nuevos procesos de fabricación y después adecuar los diversos componentes para cumplir especificaciones eléctricas y geométricas simultáneamente. Para esto, se presentan modificaciones y nuevas geometrías de guiado de ondas para diferentes aplicaciones y procesos tecnológicos. Además se discuten sus ventajas sobre las soluciones ya existentes. Además, el trabajo presentado en esta tesis se ocupa del desarrollo completo de dispositivos: diseño, fabricación y caracterización de los componentes ya mencionados. Por último, algunos de los dispositivos desarrollados han sido diseñados para ser integrados en diferentes sistemas. De esta forma, se mejoran las prestaciones y capacidades de dichos sistemas.

Particle Patterning on Lithium Niobate waveguides via photovoltaic tweezers

Successful micro and nano-particle patterning on iron doped lithium niobate waveguides using photovoltaic fields is reported. This technique previously used in bulk crystals is here applied to waveguide configuration. Well defined particle patterns are obtained using two types of planar waveguides (by proton exchanged and swift heavy ion irradiation) and metallic and dielectric neutral particles. The use of waveguide configuration has allowed a reduction of the light exposure time until 3 s, two orders of magnitude smaller than typical values used in bulk.

Manufacturing arbitrarily-shaped active waveguides with liquid crystal cladding

Many photonic devices are based on waveguides (WG) whose optical properties can be externally modified. These active WGs are usually obtained with electrooptic materials in either the propagating film (core) or the substrate (cladding). In the second case, the WG tunability is based on the interaction of the active material with the evanescent field of the propagating beam.Liquid crystals (LCs) are an excellent choice as electrooptic active materials since they feature high birefringence, low switching voltage, and relatively simple manufacturing. In this work, we have explored alternative ways to prepare WGs of arbitrary shapes avoiding photolithographic steps. To do this, we have employed a UV laser unit (Spectra Physics)attached to an xyzCNC system mounted on an optical bench. The laser power is 300mW, the spot size can be reduced slightly below 1 µm, and the electromechanicalpositioning is well below that number.Different photoresinshave been evaluated for curing time and uniformity; the results have been compared to equivalent WGs realized by standard photolithographic procedures. Best results have been obtained with several kinds of NOA adhesives (Norland Products Inc.) and SU8 (Microchem). NOA81 optical adhesive has been employed by several groups for the preparation ofmicrochannels [1] and microfluidic systems[2]. In our case, several NOAs having different refractive indices have been tested in order to optimize light coupling and guiding. The adhesive is spinnedonto a substrate, and a number of segmented WGs are written with the laser system. The laser power is attenuated 20 dB. Then the laser spot is swept a number of times (from 1 to 900) on every segment. It has been found that, for example, the optimum number of sweeps for NOA81 is 30-70 times (center of the figure) under these conditions. The WG dimensions obtained with this procedure are about 7 µm high and 12 µm wide.

Aluminum nanoholes for optical biosensing

Sub-wavelength diameter holes in thin metal layers can exhibit remarkable optical features that make them highly suitable for (bio)sensing applications. Either as efficient light scattering centers for surface plasmon excitation or metal-clad optical waveguides, they are able to form strongly localized optical fields that can effectively interact with biomolecules and/or nanoparticles on the nanoscale. As the metal of choice, aluminum exhibits good optical and electrical properties, is easy to manufacture and process and, unlike gold and silver, its low cost makes it very promising for commercial applications. However, aluminum has been scarcely used for biosensing purposes due to corrosion and pitting issues. In this short review, we show our recent achievements on aluminum nanohole platforms for (bio)sensing. These include a method to circumvent aluminum degradation—which has been successfully applied to the demonstration of aluminum nanohole array (NHA) immunosensors based on both, glass and polycarbonate compact discs supports—the use of aluminum nanoholes operating as optical waveguides for synthesizing submicron-sized molecularly imprinted polymers by local photopolymerization, and a technique for fabricating transferable aluminum NHAs onto flexible pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes, which could facilitate the development of a wearable technology based on aluminum NHAs.

Design of Mm-Wave RLSA with lossy waveguides by slot coupling control techniques

This paper discusses how to design a Radial Line Slot Antenna (RLSA) whose waveguide is filled with high loss dielectric materials. We introduce a new design for the aperture slot coupling synthesis to restrain the dielectric losses and improve the antenna gain. Based on a newly defined slot coupling, a number of RLSAs with different sizes and loss factors are analyzed and their performances are predicted. Theoretical calculations suggest that the gain is sensitive to the material losses in the radial lines. The gain enhancement by using the new coupling formula is notable for larger antenna size and higher loss factor of the dielectric material. Three prototype RLSAs are designed and fabricated at 60GHz following different slot coupling syntheses, and their measured performances consolidate our theory.

Functionalism and Caprice in Stonecutting. The Case of the Nativity Chapel in Burgos Cathedral

Starting from the inaugural text of Philibert de L'Orme, stereotomic treatises and manuscripts are subject to the opposing forces of reason and fancy. The Nativity Chapel in Burgos Cathedral provides an outstanding case study on this subject. It was built in 1571-1582 by Martín de Bérriz and Martín de la Haya, using an oval vault resting on trumpet squinches to span a rectangular bay. Bed joints and rib axes are not planar curves, as usual in oval vaults. This warping is not capricious; we shall argue that it is the outcome of a systematic tracing method. As a result of this process, the slope of the bed joints increases slightly in the first courses, but stays fairly constant after the third course; this solution prevents the upper courses from slipping. Thus, in the Nativity Chapel of Burgos Cathedral, the constraints of masonry construction fostered a singular solution verging on capriccio. It is also worthwhile to remark that the warping of the joints is not easily appreciable to the eye and that the tracing process does not seem to start from a previous conception of the resulting form. All this suggests that we should be quite careful when talking about the whimsical character of Late Gothic and Early Renaissance; in some occasions, apparent caprice is the offspring of practical thinking.

UV laser-induced high resolution cleaving of Si wafers for micro-nano devices and polymeric waveguide characterization

In this work we propose a method for cleaving silicon-based photonic chips by using a laser based micromachining system, consisting of a ND:YVO4laser emitting at 355 nm in nanosecond pulse regime and a micropositioning system. The laser makes grooved marks placed at the desired locations and directions where cleaves have to be initiated, and after several processing steps, a crack appears and propagate along the crystallographic planes of the silicon wafer. This allows cleavage of the chips automatically and with high positioning accuracy, and provides polished vertical facets with better quality than the obtained with other cleaving process, which eases the optical characterization of photonic devices. This method has been found to be particularly useful when cleaving small-sized chips, where manual cleaving is hard to perform; and also for polymeric waveguides, whose facets get damaged or even destroyed with polishing or manual cleaving processing. Influence of length of the grooved line and speed of processing is studied for a variety of silicon chips. An application for cleaving and characterizing sol–gel waveguides is presented. The total amount of light coupled is higher than when using any other procedure.

Productive performance, carcass and meat quality of intact and castrated gilts slaughtered at 106 or 122 kg BW

A total of 200 (Landrace3Large White dam3Pietrain3Large White sire) gilts of 5063 days of age (23.361.47 kg BW) were used to investigate the effects of castration (intact gilt, IG v. castrated gilt, CG) and slaughter weight (SW; 106 v. 122 kg BW) on productive performance, carcass and meat quality. Four treatments were arranged factorially and five replicates of 10 pigs each per treatment. Half of the gilts were ovariectomized at 58 days of age (8 days after the beginning of the trial at 29.861.64 kg BW), whereas the other half remained intact. The pigs were slaughtered at 106 or 122 kg BW. Meat samples were taken at Musculus longissimus thoracis at the level of the last rib and subcutaneous fat samples were taken at the tail insertion. For the entire experimental period, CG had higher ( P,0.05) BW gain and higher ( P,0.001) backfat and Musculus gluteus medius fat thickness than IG. However, IG had higher ( P,0.05) loin and trimmed primal cut yields than CG. Meat quality was similar for IG and CG but the proportion of linoleic acid in subcutaneous fat was higher ( P,0.001) for IG. Pigs slaughtered at 122 kg BW had higher ( P,0.001) feed intake and poorer feed efficiency than pigs slaughtered at 106 kg BW. An increase in SW improved ( P,0.001) carcass yield but decreased ( P,0.05) trimmed primal cut yield. Meat from pigs slaughtered at the heavier BW was redder (a*; P,0.001) and had more ( P,0.01) intramuscular fat and less thawing ( P,0.05) and cooking ( P,0.10) loss than meat from pigs slaughtered at the lighter BW. In addition, pigs slaughtered at 122 kg BW had less ( P,0.01) linoleic acid content in subcutaneous fat than pigs slaughtered at 106 kg BW. Castration of gilts and slaughtering at heavier BW are useful practices for the production of heavy pigs destined to the dry-cured industry in which a certain amount of fat in the carcass is required. In contrast, when the carcasses are destined to fresh meat production, IG slaughtered at 106 kg BW is a more efficient alternative.

Biosensors based on vertically interrogated optofluidic sensing cells

El objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de un nuevo concepto de biosensor óptico sin marcado, basado en una combinación de técnicas de caracterización óptica de interrogación vertical y estructuras sub-micrométricas fabricadas sobre chips de silicio. Las características más importantes de dicho dispositivo son su simplicidad, tanto desde el punto de vista de medida óptica como de introducción de las muestras a medir en el área sensible, aspectos que suelen ser críticos en la mayoría de sensores encontrados en la literatura. Cada uno de los aspectos relacionados con el diseño de un biosensor, que son fundamentalmente cuatro (diseño fotónico, caracterización óptica, fabricación y fluídica/inmovilización química) son desarrollados en detalle en los capítulos correspondientes. En la primera parte de la tesis se hace una introducción al concepto de biosensor, en qué consiste, qué tipos hay y cuáles son los parámetros más comunes usados para cuantificar su comportamiento. Posteriormente se realiza un análisis del estado del arte en la materia, enfocado en particular en el área de biosensores ópticos sin marcado. Se introducen también cuáles son las reacciones bioquímicas a estudiar (inmunoensayos). En la segunda parte se describe en primer lugar cuáles son las técnicas ópticas empleadas en la caracterización: Reflectometría, Elipsometría y Espectrometría; además de los motivos que han llevado a su empleo. Posteriormente se introducen diversos diseños de las denominadas "celdas optofluídicas", que son los dispositivos en los que se va a producir la interacción bioquímica. Se presentan cuatro dispositivos diferentes, y junto con ellos, se proponen diversos métodos de cálculo teórico de la respuesta óptica esperada. Posteriormente se procede al cálculo de la sensibilidad esperada para cada una de las celdas, así como al análisis de los procesos de fabricación de cada una de ellas y su comportamiento fluídico. Una vez analizados todos los aspectos críticos del comportamiento del biosensor, se puede realizar un proceso de optimización de su diseño. Esto se realiza usando un modelo de cálculo simplificado (modelo 1.5-D) que permite la obtención de parámetros como la sensibilidad y el límite de detección de un gran número de dispositivos en un tiempo relativamente reducido. Para este proceso se escogen dos de las celdas optofluídicas propuestas. En la parte final de la tesis se muestran los resultados experimentales obtenidos. En primer lugar, se caracteriza una celda basada en agujeros sub-micrométricos como sensor de índice de refracción, usando para ello diferentes líquidos orgánicos; dichos resultados experimentales presentan una buena correlación con los cálculos teóricos previos, lo que permite validar el modelo conceptual presentado. Finalmente, se realiza un inmunoensayo químico sobre otra de las celdas propuestas (pilares nanométricos de polímero SU-8). Para ello se utiliza el inmunoensayo de albumina de suero bovino (BSA) y su anticuerpo (antiBSA). Se detalla el proceso de obtención de la celda, la funcionalización de la superficie con los bioreceptores (en este caso, BSA) y el proceso de biorreconocimiento. Este proceso permite dar una primera estimación de cuál es el límite de detección esperable para este tipo de sensores en un inmunoensayo estándar. En este caso, se alcanza un valor de 2.3 ng/mL, que es competitivo comparado con otros ensayos similares encontrados en la literatura. La principal conclusión de la tesis es que esta tipología de dispositivos puede ser usada como inmunosensor, y presenta ciertas ventajas respecto a los actualmente existentes. Estas ventajas vienen asociadas, de nuevo, a su simplicidad, tanto a la hora de medir ópticamente, como dentro del proceso de introducción de los bioanalitos en el área sensora (depositando simplemente una gota sobre la micro-nano-estructura). Los cálculos teorícos realizados en los procesos de optimización sugieren a su vez que el comportamiento del sensor, medido en magnitudes como límite de detección biológico puede ser ampliamente mejorado con una mayor compactación de pilares, alcanzandose un valor mínimo de 0.59 ng/mL). The objective of this thesis is to develop a new concept of optical label-free biosensor, based on a combination of vertical interrogation optical techniques and submicron structures fabricated over silicon chips. The most important features of this device are its simplicity, both from the point of view of optical measurement and regarding to the introduction of samples to be measured in the sensing area, which are often critical aspects in the majority of sensors found in the literature. Each of the aspects related to the design of biosensors, which are basically four (photonic design, optical characterization, fabrication and fluid / chemical immobilization) are developed in detail in the relevant chapters. The first part of the thesis consists of an introduction to the concept of biosensor: which elements consists of, existing types and the most common parameters used to quantify its behavior. Subsequently, an analysis of the state of the art in this area is presented, focusing in particular in the area of label free optical biosensors. What are also introduced to study biochemical reactions (immunoassays). The second part describes firstly the optical techniques used in the characterization: reflectometry, ellipsometry and spectrometry; in addition to the reasons that have led to their use. Subsequently several examples of the so-called "optofluidic cells" are introduced, which are the devices where the biochemical interactions take place. Four different devices are presented, and their optical response is calculated by using various methods. Then is exposed the calculation of the expected sensitivity for each of the cells, and the analysis of their fabrication processes and fluidic behavior at the sub-micrometric range. After analyzing all the critical aspects of the biosensor, it can be performed a process of optimization of a particular design. This is done using a simplified calculation model (1.5-D model calculation) that allows obtaining parameters such as sensitivity and the detection limit of a large number of devices in a relatively reduced time. For this process are chosen two different optofluidic cells, from the four previously proposed. The final part of the thesis is the exposition of the obtained experimental results. Firstly, a cell based sub-micrometric holes is characterized as refractive index sensor using different organic fluids, and such experimental results show a good correlation with previous theoretical calculations, allowing to validate the conceptual model presented. Finally, an immunoassay is performed on another typology of cell (SU-8 polymer pillars). This immunoassay uses bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its antibody (antiBSA). The processes for obtaining the cell surface functionalization with the bioreceptors (in this case, BSA) and the biorecognition (antiBSA) are detailed. This immunoassay can give a first estimation of which are the expected limit of detection values for this typology of sensors in a standard immunoassay. In this case, it reaches a value of 2.3 ng/mL, which is competitive with other similar assays found in the literature. The main conclusion of the thesis is that this type of device can be used as immunosensor, and has certain advantages over the existing ones. These advantages are associated again with its simplicity, by the simpler coupling of light and in the process of introduction of bioanalytes into the sensing areas (by depositing a droplet over the micro-nano-structure). Theoretical calculations made in optimizing processes suggest that the sensor Limit of detection can be greatly improved with higher compacting of the lattice of pillars, reaching a minimum value of 0.59 ng/mL).