13 resultados para Sub soling

em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid


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This work describes the electron-beam (e-beam) lithography process developed to manufacture nano interdigital transducers (IDTs) to be used in high frequency (GHz) surface acoustic wave (SAW) applications. The combination of electron-beam (e-beam) lithography and lift-off process is shown to be effective in fabricating well-defined IDT finger patterns with a line width below 100 nm with a good yield. Working with insulating piezoelectric substrates brings about e-beam deflection. It is also shown how a very thin organic anti-static layer works well in avoiding this charge accumulation during e-beam lithography on the resist layer. However, the use of this anti-static layer is not required with the insulating piezoelectric layer laying on a semiconducting substrate such as highly doped silicon. The effect of the e-beam dose on a number of different layers (of insulating, insulating on semiconducting, semiconducting, and conductive natures) is provided. Among other advantages, the use of reduced e-beam doses increases the manufacturing time. The principal aim of this work is to explain the interrelation among e-beam dose, substrate nature and IDT structure. An extensive study of the e-beam lithography of long IDT-fingers is provided, in a wide variety of electrode widths, electrode numbers and electrode pitches. It is worthy to highlight that this work shows the influence of the e-beam dose on five substrates of different conductive nature

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The aim of this study was to investigate the injury incidence and injury characteristics of a Spanish sub-elite professional football team during four consecutive seasons. A team was followed prospectively from the season 2003-2004 to 2006-2007 and individual player exposure and time loss injuries were recorded during all club training sessions and matches. A total of 313 time-loss injuries were recorded. The mean injury incidence was 10.9 injuries/1000 hours (5.2 injuries/1000 training hours and 44.1 injuries/1000 match hours). The injury incidence during competitive matches was higher (p < 0.001) than in friendly matches (55.8 vs. 22.6 injuries/1000 hours). The incidence of major injuries (>28 days absence) was 0.4 injuries/1000 hours. The thigh was the most commonly (35%) injured region and caused 29% of all competitive match absence. Muscle injuries in the four main groups of the lower limbs (hamstrings, adductors, quadriceps and calf muscles) caused 43% of competitive match unavailability. The results of this study show that the risk to sustain a major injury in the course of the season was low for sub-elite footballers in comparison to elite players. Thigh strains were the first cause of absence in competition due to injury.

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GEODA project started in 2006 as a complex and ambitious project in the smart antenna field. GEODA is a multiple planar array smart antenna working at 1.7 GHz designed to receive and automatically track several LEO satellite signals simultaneously [1-4]. GEODA evolved to GEODA-GRUA since transmission capabilities were given to the original idea [5-6], so that radiofrequency sub-systems had to be re-designed and digital management subsystem modified accordingly. In this paper, improvements in the reception/transmission (T/R) modules as well as in the Control Subsystem are presented, keeping the original radiating element.

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El presente estudio ha analizado las diferencias entre puestos específicos ofensivos en la distancia lanzamiento con balón medicinal pesado y liviano y en la velocidad de lanzamiento con y sin oposición en jugadores en formación. Para ello, cincuenta y ocho jugadores realizaron pruebas de progresiva especificidad: lanzamiento con balón medicinal pesado (LBMP) y ligero (LBML), velocidad de lanzamiento sin (VL) y con oposición (VLO). VLO fue menor a VL en todos los puestos específicos, con diferencias significativas en los jugadores laterales (p<0,01) y pivotes (p<0,05), constatándose una influencia negativa de la oposición en la velocidad de lanzamiento. Igualmente, se constataron diferencias significativas (p<0,001) entre puestos específicos en LBMP (F4, 53=17,012), LBML (F4, 53=37,433), VL (F4, 53=25,183) y VLO (F4, 53=17,091), lo cual ratifica que el puesto específico podría ser determinante en la distancia de lanzamiento con balón medicinal y en la velocidad de lanzamiento en jugadores de balonmano en etapas formativas.

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La precisión así como la velocidad del balón determinan el éxito del lanzamiento en balonmano. Así, varios estudios han analizado la relación entre ambos factores, aunque ninguno incluyó la oposición del portero, desconociéndose su influencia en la precisión. El presente estudio analizó la precisión del lanzamiento en función de la oposición. Noventa y cuatro jugadores senior y sub-18 fueron evaluados en dos situaciones de precisión de lanzamiento, sin (T1) y con oposición del portero (T2), donde se solicitó lanzar a la máxima velocidad posible. El análisis de diferencias mostró que la precisión era significativamente menor en las situaciones con oposición que sin ella (T1-T2=0,989±1,46; p<0,01; t=6,558; gl=93). En los jugadores sub-18 la precisión disminuyó en mayor medida (T1-T2=1,174±1,52, p<0,01, t=5,222, gl=45) que en los jugadores senior (T1-T2=0,813±1,394, p<0,01, t=4,039, gl=47). Igualmente, la precisión de los lanzamientos fue significativamente mayor en los jugadores senior que los sub-18 en ambos test (T1: p<0,05; t=2,105; gl=92. T2: p<0,01; t=2,993; gl=92). Se concluye que la oposición del portero afecta significativa y negativamente en la precisión del lanzamiento, influyendo en mayor medida en los jugadores menores de edad. Por otro lado se ha constatado que la categoría de edad determina la precisión del lanzamiento sin y con oposición.

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The aim of this work is to develop a software that allows the inspection of spur gear manufactured in the sub-millimeter range. The measurements are made using a digital optical machine and using an analysis proprietary software implemented in Matlab®, which is able to handle images, captured using the digital optical machine. The software allows to evaluate the profile and pitch deviations as establish in the ISO/TR 10064-1:1992 standard

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The image by Computed Tomography is a non-invasive alternative for observing soil structures, mainly pore space. The pore space correspond in soil data to empty or free space in the sense that no material is present there but only fluids, the fluid transport depend of pore spaces in soil, for this reason is important identify the regions that correspond to pore zones. In this paper we present a methodology in order to detect pore space and solid soil based on the synergy of the image processing, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. The mathematical morphology is an image processing technique used for the purpose of image enhancement. In order to find pixels groups with a similar gray level intensity, or more or less homogeneous groups, a novel image sub-segmentation based on a Possibilistic Fuzzy c-Means (PFCM) clustering algorithm was used. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are very efficient for demanding large scale and generic pattern recognition applications for this reason finally a classifier based on artificial neural network is applied in order to classify soil images in two classes, pore space and solid soil respectively.

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Enriquecer el conocimiento sobre la Radiación Solar (RS) a nivel del suelo es de gran interés para diferentes aplicaciones meteorológicas entre ellas el área de las energías renovables como la energía solar. La interpolación de observaciones de RS por estaciones en tierra, los sensores remotos y la ejecución de distintos modelos son algunas de las formas que existen para obtener valores de RS con continuidad espacial en el terreno. Aunque se sabe que los mejores valores de RS en la superficie son los observados por estaciones terrestres, este tipo de observaciones presentan como desventaja una baja distribución geográfica. En este trabajo se propone el uso de estaciones meteorológicas de voluntarios no oficiales (Meteoclimatic, Weather, Underground, Weather, Link, CWOP) las cuales son fuentes de Información Geográfica por Voluntarios (Volunteered Geographic Information - VGI) que proporcionan sus observaciones RS en tiempo real a través de Internet como una alternativa para densificar la disponibilidad y distribución espacial de las observaciones por RS a nivel superficial. En este trabajo se desarrolla una metodología que contempla tanto la recolección de las observaciones, como su alineación temporal para finalizar con el análisis de los datos indicando sus valores de incertidumbre a medida que se integra en una Base de Datos que integra las distintas fuentes de datos utilizadas. Los resultados indican que el error RS relativo entre las estimaciones por satélite y las observaciones en superficie no es constante a lo largo del día y por tanto debe analizarse mediante agrupaciones. También se ha observado que dicho error puede verse afectado por la localización de la estación meteorológica, en concreto se ha apreciado una relación directa entre el error relativo y la diferencia entre las longitudes de la ubicación de las estaciones superficiales en tierra y el satélite. Ésta misma comparación siguiere que es correcto considerar el uso de Meteoclimatic (la red Voluntaria tomada como piloto) como una fuente de observaciones de la RS importante al presentar un error esperado y aportar aproximadamente 10 veces más estaciones meteorológicas RS que la red oficial en España aportando un buen precedente para la integración de más redes voluntarias en la densificación de observaciones de la RS con estaciones en tierra.

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We have analyzed the increase of the sheet conductance (ΔG□) under spectral illumination in high dose Ti implanted Si samples subsequently processed by pulsed-laser melting. Samples with Ti concentration clearly above the insulator-metal transition limit show a remarkably high ΔG□, even higher than that measured in a silicon reference sample. This increase in the ΔG□ magnitude is contrary to the classic understanding of recombination centers action and supports the lifetime recovery predicted for concentrations of deep levels above the insulator-metal transition.

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The effect of quantum dot (QD) size on the performance of quantum dot intermediate band solar cells is investigated. A numerical model is used to calculate the bound state energy levels and the absorption coefficient of transitions from the ground state to all other states in the conduction band. Comparing with the current state of the art, strong absorption enhancements are found for smaller quantum dots, as well as a better positioning of the energy levels, which is expected to reduce thermal carrier escape. It is concluded that reducing the quantum dot size can increase sub-bandgap photocurrent and improve voltage preservation.

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This paper proposes a quiet zone probing approach which deals with low dynamic range quiet zone acquisitions. Lack of dynamic range is a feature of millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelength technologies. It is consequence of the gradually smaller power generated by the instrumentation, that follows a f^α law with frequency, being α≥1 variable depending on the signal source’s technology. The proposed approach is based on an optimal data reduction scenario which redounds in a maximum signal to noise ratio increase for the signal pattern, with minimum information losses. After theoretical formulation, practical applications of the technique are proposed.

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La producción del espacio sub-urbano chileno ha generado formas difíciles de evaluar con los métodos tradicionales. La vivienda social fue el objetivo principal durante décadas, dejando los espacios públicos a la deriva y abiertos al conflicto. Nuestro trabajo cuestiona la política actual de equipamiento público a escala municipal, enfocada en la producción de espacios extremadamente formalizados y de alto costo de mantenimiento. Mediante la exploración del sistema de vacíos urbanos, proponemos nuevas formas de concebir la estructuración de la ciudad mediante el Plan, donde el valor de uso del espacio se combina con el valor de representación dentro del imaginario sub-urbano.

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In the last decade several prototypes of intermediate band solar cells (IBSCs) have been manufactured. So far, most of these prototypes have been based on InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) in order to implement the IB material. The key operation principles of the IB theory are two photon sub-bandgap (SBG) photocurrent, and output voltage preservation, and both have been experimentally demonstrated at low temperature. At room temperature (RT), however, thermal escape/relaxation between the conduction band (CB) and the IB prevents voltage preservation. To improve this situation, we have produced and characterized the first reported InAs/AlGaAs QD-based IBSCs. For an Al content of 25% in the host material, we have measured an activation energy of 361 meV for the thermal carrier escape. This energy is about 250 meV higher than the energies found in the literature for InAs/GaAs QD, and almost 140 meV higher than the activation energy obtained in our previous InAs/GaAs QD-IBSC prototypes including a specifically designed QD capping layer. This high value is responsible for the suppression of the SBG quantum efficiency under monochromatic illumination at around 220 K. We suggest that, if the energy split between the CB and the IB is large enough, activation energies as high as to suppress thermal carrier escape at room temperature (RT) can be achieved. In this respect, the InAs/AlGaAs system offers new possibilities to overcome some of the problems encountered in InAs/GaAs and opens the path for QD-IBSC devices capable of achieving high efficiency at RT.