Symmetry Issues in Directly Irradiated Targets

In direct drive Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), the typical laser beam to laser beam angle is around 30o. This fact makes the study of the irradiation symmetry agenuine 3D problem. In this paper we use the three dimensional version of the MULTI hydrocode to assess the symmetry of such ICF implosions. More specifically, we study a shock-ignition proposal for the Laser-M´egajoule facility (LMJ) in which two of the equatorial beam cones are used to implode and pre compress a spherical capsule (the “reference” capsule of HiPER project) made of 0.59 mg of pure Deuterium-Tritium mixture. The symmetry of this scheme is analysed and optimized to get a design inside the operating limits of LMJ. The studied configuration has been found essentially axial-symmetric, so that the use of 2D hydrocodes would be appropriate for this specific situation.

Ignition conditions for inertial confinement fusion targets with a nuclear spin-polarized DT fuel

The nuclear fusion cross-section is modified when the spins of the interacting nuclei are polarized. In the case of deuterium?tritium it has been theoretically predicted that the nuclear fusion cross-section could be increased by a factor d = 1.5 if all the nuclei were polarized. In inertial confinement fusion this would result in a modification of the required ignition conditions. Using numerical simulations it is found that the required hot-spot temperature and areal density can both be reduced by about 15% for a fully polarized nuclear fuel. Moreover, numerical simulations of a directly driven capsule show that the required laser power and energy to achieve a high gain scale as d-0.6 and d-0.4 respectively, while the maximum achievable energy gain scales as d0.9.

Inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in spherical laser targets

Inverse bremsstrahlung has been incorporated into an analytical model of the expanding corona of a laser-irradiated spherical target. Absorption decreases slowly with increasing intensity, in agreement with some numerical simulations, and contrary to estimates from simple models in use up to now, which are optimistic at low values of intensity and very pessimistic at high values. Present results agree well with experimental data from many laboratories; substantial absorption is found up to moderate intensities,say below IOl5 W cm-2 for 1.06 pm light. Anomalous absorption, wher, included in the analysis, leaves practically unaffected the ablation pressure and mass ablation rate, for given absorbed intensity. Universal results are given in dimensionless fom.

Nonuniform irradiation of laser targets

Smoothing of plasma ablated from a laser target under weakly nonuniform irradiation is discussed. Conduction is assumed restricted to a quasisteady layer enclosing the critical surface (large pellet or focal spot, and long, low-intensity, short-wavelength pulse). Light refraction can make the ablated plasma unstable.

Symmetry issues in Directly Irradiated Targets

In direct drive Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), the typical laser beam to laser beam angle is around 30o. This fact makes the study of the irradiation symmetry agenuine 3D problem. In this paper we use the three dimensional version of the MULTI hydrocode to assess the symmetry of such ICF implosions. More specifically, we study a shock-ignition proposal for the Laser-M´egajoule facility (LMJ) in which two of the equatorial beam cones are used to implode and pre compress a spherical capsule (the “reference” capsule of HiPER project) made of 0.59 mg of pure Deuterium-Tritium mixture. The symmetry of this scheme is analysed and optimized to get a design inside the operating limits of LMJ. The studied configuration has been found essentially axial-symmetric, so that the use of 2D hydrocodes would be appropriate for this specific situation

Study of the effects of moving targets in SAR images for their detection.

Synthetic Aperture Radar’s (SAR) are systems designed in the early 50’s that are capable of obtaining images of the ground using electromagnetic signals. Thus, its activity is not interrupted by adverse meteorological conditions or during the night, as it occurs in optical systems. The name of the system comes from the creation of a synthetic aperture, larger than the real one, by moving the platform that carries the radar (typically a plane or a satellite). It provides the same resolution as a static radar equipped with a larger antenna. As it moves, the radar keeps emitting pulses every 1/PRF seconds —the PRF is the pulse repetition frequency—, whose echoes are stored and processed to obtain the image of the ground. To carry out this process, the algorithm needs to make the assumption that the targets in the illuminated scene are not moving. If that is the case, the algorithm is able to extract a focused image from the signal. However, if the targets are moving, they get unfocused and/or shifted from their position in the final image. There are applications in which it is especially useful to have information about moving targets (military, rescue tasks,studyoftheflowsofwater,surveillanceofmaritimeroutes...).Thisfeatureiscalled Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI). That is why the study and the development of techniques capable of detecting these targets and placing them correctly in the scene is convenient. In this document, some of the principal GMTI algorithms used in SAR systems are detailed. A simulator has been created to test the features of each implemented algorithm on a general situation with moving targets. Finally Monte Carlo tests have been performed, allowing us to extract conclusions and statistics of each algorithm.

Metodología para la optimización y análisis de la respuesta de medios e infraestructuras en el sistema aeroportuario en operaciones invernales mediante modelos basados en algorítmos genéticos

En este estudio, englobado dentro del campo de la investigación operacional en aeropuertos, se considera el problema de la optimización de la secuencia de descontaminación de nieve de los tramos que componen el área de maniobras de un aeropuerto, denominado RM-AM. Este problema se enfrenta a la optimización de recursos limitados para retirar la nieve de las calles de rodadura y pistas, dejándolas en un estado aceptable para la operación de aeronaves. El campo de vuelos se divide en subconjuntos de tramos significativos para la operación y se establecen tiempos objetivo de apertura al tráfico de aeronaves. Se desarrollan varios algoritmos matemáticos en los que se proponen distintas funciones objetivo, como son la hora de finalización del proceso, la suma de las horas de finalización de cada tramo, o el retraso entre la hora estimada y la hora de finalización. Durante este proceso, se van introduciendo restricciones operativas relativas al cumplimiento de objetivos operativos parciales aplicados a las zonas de especial interés, o relativas a la operación de los equipos de descontaminación. El problema se resuelve mediante optimización basada en programación lineal. Los resultados de las pruebas computacionales se hacen sobre cinco modelos de área de maniobras en los que va creciendo la complejidad y el tamaño. Se comparan las prestaciones de los distintos algoritmos. Una vez definido el modelo matemático para la optiamización, se propone una metodología estructurada para abordar dicho problema para cualquier área de manobras. Se define una estrategia en la operación. Se acomete el área de maniobras por zonas, con la condición de que los subconjuntos de tramos significativos queden englobados dentro de una sola de estas zonas. El problema se resuelve mediante un proceso iterativo de optimización aplicado sucesivamente a las zonas que componen el área de maniobras durante cada iteración. Se analiza la repercusión de los resultados en los procesos DMAN, AMAN y TP, para la integración de los resultados en el cálculo de TSAT y EBIT. El método se particulariza para el caso del área de maniobras del Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez Madrid Barajas. ABSTRACT This study, which lies within the field of operations research in airports, considers the optimisation of the sequence for clearing snow from stretches of the manoeuvring area of an airport, known as RM-AM. This issue involves the optimisation of limited resources to remove snow from taxiways and runways thereby leaving them in an acceptable condition for operating aircraft. The airfield is divided into subsets of significant stretches for the purpose of operations and target times are established during which these are open to aircraft traffic. The study contains several mathematical models each with different functions, such as the end time of the process, the sum of the end times of each stretch, and gap between the estimated and the real end times. During this process, we introduce different operating restrictions on partial fulfilment of the operational targets as applied to zones of special interest, or relating to the operation of the snow-clearing machines. The problem is solved by optimisation based on linear programming. Computational tests are carried out on five distinct models of the manoeuvring area, which cover increasingly complex situations and larger areas. The different algorithms are then compared to one other. Having defined the mathematical model for the optimisation, we then set out a structured methodology to deal with any type of manoeuvring area. In other words, we define an operational strategy. The airfield is divided into subsets of significant stretches for the purpose of operations and target times are set at which these are to be open to aircraft traffic. The manoeuvring area is also divided into zones, with the condition that the subsets of significant stretches lie within just one of these zones. The problem is solved by an iterative optimisation process based on linear programming applied successively to the zones that make up the manoeuvring area during each iteration. The impact of the results on DMAN, AMAN and TP processes is analysed for their integration into the calculation of TSAT and EBIT. The method is particularized for the case of the manoeuvring area of Adolfo Suarez Madrid - Barajas Airport.