‘This square is our home!’: the organisation of urban space in the spanish 15M movement

Why should a progressive planner/urbanist pay attention to the Spanish 15M movement? From a disciplinary standpoint, its most complex and interesting aspect, which could hypothetically be transferred to other contexts (as in fact happened in the Occupy Wall Street and Occupy London movements), is its 'spatiality'. This article analyses the spatial practices of the so called #spanishrevolution, one of the 2011 social movements that showed the possibility for a new collective appropriation and self-management (autogestion) of urban public space. Although the political goals of the movement were vague at the time of its inception, the practices and spatial imaginaries deployed by it have become consolidated and proven to be yet another of its more successful facets in promoting the spreading and organisation of the protest, making it a phenomenon that calls for reflection on the part of urban thinkers and planners.

Habitar lo irreal. aproximaciones a una arquitectónica de los mundos virtuales

Lo virtual es el lugar donde todo empieza, el germen de la imaginación productiva, un ámbito de pulsiones inaugurales y preexistencias sin forma donde todo convive, a la espera de ser diferenciado. Lo virtual es el sitio donde nacen las primeras exploraciones de cualquier acto de concepción, incluida la creación artística o el proyectar arquitectónico. Sin embargo, en las últimas tres décadas de revolución digital, el término ha sido utilizado de forma abusiva para referirse a todo tipo de entornos simulados informáticamente, es decir, a ficciones cerradas, programadas, controladas por el software y sus rutinas, radicalmente actualizadas, acabadas, completas, formalizadas. Paradójicamente, lo virtual ha servido para nombrar construcciones profundamente anti-virtuales. La telemática está propiciando el acceso del ser humano a un nuevo tipo de irrealidad cotidiana sustentada en prácticas espaciales cada vez menos vinculadas con la física y la biología. Esta condición fantasmagórica del habitar digital exige nuevos espacios de diálogo entre arquitectura y tecnología que se centren en el hecho imaginario. Para ello esta tesis propone —a partir de la recuperación del término griego arquitectónica— llevar el alcance de la disciplina hasta el hecho global del habitar. Y, al mismo tiempo, devolver al adjetivo virtual su auténtico significado preliminar, entendiendo que los verdaderos mundos virtuales no pueden simular nada, representar nada, formalizar nada, porque ellos son el origen infinito y amorfo de todo mundo. ABSTRACT The virtual is where it all starts, the seed of productive imagination, an area of inaugural impulses and formless preexistences that beat together, waiting to be differentiated. The virtual is the birthplace of any creative exploration, including those of the architectural project. However, in the last three decades of digital revolution, the term has been mostly misused to refer to all types of computer simulated environments; shut, finished, complete, formalized, radically actualized fictions controlled by software routines. Paradoxically, the virtual has been giving name to profoundly anti-virtual constructions. Telematics is allowing humans to access to a new kind of unreality, based on everyday spatial practices that are increasingly detached from physics and biology. This spectral condition of the digital living demands new dialectics between architecture and technology, focused on the imaginary. This thesis proposes — beginning by recovering the Greek word architectonics— to extend the scope of the discipline beyond edification to the overall fact of inhabiting. And, at the same time, to return to the adjective virtual its authentic preliminary meaning, realizing that the true virtual worlds cannot simulate, represent or formalize anything because they are the amorphous and endless source of every world.

Effects of different soil management practices on soil mechanic resistance and seed depth placement in a maize crop in Alentejo, Portugal Mediterranean region.

No tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage practices are commonly used in maize crops in Alentejo, affecting soil physic conditions and determining seeders performance. Seeders distribution can be evaluated in the longitudinal and vertical planes. Vertical plane is specified by seeding depth (Karayel et al., 2008). If, in one hand seeding depth uniformity is a goal for all crop establishment , in the other hand, seeders furrow openers depth control is never constant depending on soil conditions. Seed depth uniformity affects crop emergence, Liu et al. (2004) showed an higher correlation between crop productivity and emergence uniformity than with longitudinal plants distribution. Neto et al. (2007) evaluating seed depth placement by measuring maize mesocotyl length under no tillage conditions in 38 farms concluded that 20% of coefficient of variation suggests the need of improvement seeders depth control mechanisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate casual relationships and create spatial variability maps between soil mechanic resistance and vertical distribution under three different soil practices to improve seed depth uniformity.

Fractal parameters of pore space from CT images of soils under contrasting management practices

Soil structure plays an important role in flow and transport phenomena, and a quantitative characterization of the spatial heterogeneity of the pore space geometry is beneficial for prediction of soil physical properties. Morphological features such as pore-size distribution, pore space volume or pore?solid surface can be altered by different soil management practices. Irregularity of these features and their changes can be described using fractal geometry. In this study, we focus primarily on the characterization of soil pore space as a 3D geometrical shape by fractal analysis and on the ability of fractal dimensions to differentiate between two a priori different soil structures. We analyze X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of soils samples from two nearby areas with contrasting management practices. Within these two different soil systems, samples were collected from three depths. Fractal dimensions of the pore-size distributions were different depending on soil use and averaged values also differed at each depth. Fractal dimensions of the volume and surface of the pore space were lower in the tilled soil than in the natural soil but their standard deviations were higher in the former as compared to the latter. Also, it was observed that soil use was a factor that had a statistically significant effect on fractal parameters. Fractal parameters provide useful complementary information about changes in soil structure due to changes in soil management. Read More: http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218348X14400118?queryID=%24%7BresultBean.queryID%7D&