Spaces of the Past, Histories of the Present: An Interview with Stuart Elden and Derek Gregory

The ontologies of space and territory, our experience of them and the techniques we use to govern them, the very conception of the socio-spatial formations that we inhabit, are all historically specific: they depend on a genealogy of practices, knowledges, discourses, regulations, performances and representations articulated in a way that is extremely complex yet nevertheless legible over time. In this interview we look at the logic and the patterns that intertwine space and time — both as objects and tools of inquiry — though a cross-disciplinary dialogue. The discussion with Stuart Elden and Derek Gregory covers the place of history in socio-spatial theory and in their own work, old and new ways of thinking about the intersection between history and territory, space and time, the implications of geography and history for thinking about contemporary politics, and the challenges now faced by critical thought and academic work in the current neo-liberal attack on public universities and the welfare state

Metrizability of spaces of holomorphic functions

In this paper we prove that if U is an open subset of a metrizable locally convex space E of infinite dimension, the space H(U) of all holomorphic functions on U, endowed with the Nachbin–Coeuré topology τδ, is not metrizable. Our result can be applied to get that, for all usual topologies, H(U) is metrizable if and only if E has finite dimension. RESUMEN. En este artículo se demuestra que si U es un abierto en un espacio E localmente convexo metrizable de dimensión infinita y H(U) es el espacio de funciones holomorfas en U, entonces la topología de Nachbin-Coeuré en H(U) no es metrizable. Este resultado se utiliza para demostrar que las topologías habituales en H(U) son metrizables si y sólo si E tiene dimensión finita.

Vector spaces of entire functions of unbounded type

Let E be an infinite dimensional complex Banach space. We prove the existence of an infinitely generated algebra, an infinite dimensional closed subspace and a dense subspace of entire functions on E whose non-zero elements are functions of unbounded type. We also show that the τδ topology on the space of all holomorphic functions cannot be obtained as a countable inductive limit of Fr´echet spaces. RESUMEN. Sea E un espacio de Banach complejo de dimensión infinita y sea H(E) el espacio de funciones holomorfas definidas en E. En el artículo se demuestra la existencia de un álgebra infinitamente generada en H(E), un subespacio vectorial en H(E) cerrado de dimensión infinita y un subespacio denso en H(E) cuyos elementos no nulos son funciones de tipo no acotado. También se demuestra que el espacio de funciones holomorfas con la topología ? no es un límite inductivo numberable de espacios de Fréchet.

Urban voids, spaces of great expectations

Study and progress of urban voids. opportunities for new urban design.

Challenges for future of Natural Spaces of Canary Islands, Spain

The preservation of biodiversity is a fundamental objective of a ll policies related to a more sustainable development in any modern society. The rain forest and pine forests are two unique Canarian ecosystems with high importance to global biodiversity, holding a large number of endemic species and subspecies that is a priority to preserve. In this work the challenges that will face the natural areas of the Canary Islands are studied, as well as their fundamental value for economic and environmental development of the islands.

Latest developments in data analysis tools for disruption prediction and for the exploration of multimachine operational spaces.

In the last years significant efforts have been devoted to the development of advanced data analysis tools to both predict the occurrence of disruptions and to investigate the operational spaces of devices, with the long term goal of advancing the understanding of the physics of these events and to prepare for ITER. On JET the latest generation of the disruption predictor called APODIS has been deployed in the real time network during the last campaigns with the new metallic wall. Even if it was trained only with discharges with the carbon wall, it has reached very good performance, with both missed alarms and false alarms in the order of a few percent (and strategies to improve the performance have already been identified). Since for the optimisation of the mitigation measures, predicting also the type of disruption is considered to be also very important, a new clustering method, based on the geodesic distance on a probabilistic manifold, has been developed. This technique allows automatic classification of an incoming disruption with a success rate of better than 85%. Various other manifold learning tools, particularly Principal Component Analysis and Self Organised Maps, are also producing very interesting results in the comparative analysis of JET and ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) operational spaces, on the route to developing predictors capable of extrapolating from one device to another.

Analytic Kramer kernels, Lagrange-type interpolation series and de Branges spaces

The classical Kramer sampling theorem provides a method for obtaining orthogonal sampling formulas. In particular, when the involved kernel is analytic in the sampling parameter it can be stated in an abstract setting of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces of entire functions which includes as a particular case the classical Shannon sampling theory. This abstract setting allows us to obtain a sort of converse result and to characterize when the sampling formula associated with an analytic Kramer kernel can be expressed as a Lagrange-type interpolation series. On the other hand, the de Branges spaces of entire functions satisfy orthogonal sampling formulas which can be written as Lagrange-type interpolation series. In this work some links between all these ideas are established.

Great marquee for high-speed trains in the new railway station of Malaga

The commercial centre VIALIA and the new railway station of the AVE (high speed train) in Malaga was inaugurated in November 2006, just on the place of the former railway station. The new railway station with an investment of 134,7 million Euros occupies a surface of 51.377 m2, five times the surface of the former station. The enclosure is the biggest intermodal and commercial centre of Spain which comprises a parking of 21.000 m2 for 1300 parking places, one commercial area and a hotel with a total extension constructed of approximately 100.000 m2. The spaces of leisure contain cinemas, shops, restaurants, bowling, gymnasium, swimming pool and zones of passenger's traffic.

On some sampling-related frames in U-invariant spaces

This paper concerns the characterization as frames of some sequences in U-invariant spaces of a separable Hilbert space H where U denotes an unitary operator defined on H ; besides, the dual frames having the same form are also found. This general setting includes, in particular, shift-invariant or modulation-invariant subspaces in L2 (R), where these frames are intimately related to the generalized sampling problem. We also deal with some related perturbation problems. In so doing, we need that the unitary operator U belongs to a continuous group of unitary operators.

The construction of sexpartite vaults in Europe

Sexpartite vaults constitute one of the most interesting chapters in European Gothic architecture. Originally, the use of the square cross-ribbed vault was limited to relatively small spaces, but when the need arose to cover spaces of considerable size, a new vault with very peculiar characteristics appeared. This new vault was a cross-ribbed vault that was reinforced in the centre by a rib that was parallel to the transverse ribs which effectively divided the vault in half. This configuration breaks the side arch into two fragments, creating a pair of windows on each side. The volumetrics of these vaults is extremely complex and the difficulties involved in their construction perhaps explain why they were abandoned in favour of the simple cross ribbed vault, now with rectangular sections. The existence of the sexpartite vault barely lasted more than fifty years, from the end of the XII century and the beginning of the XIII. Towards the end of the 19th century Viollet-le-Duc gave a succinct explanation of this type of vault. A. Choisy also, later, devotes some pages to the French sexpartite vault; since then, the subject has only been broached in a few references in later studies on Gothic architecture. However, despite its short period of existence, the sexpartite vault spread throughout Europe and was used to build important vaulting. Viollet-le-Duc's sexpartite vault could be considered to be the prototype of them all, while it is true that the studies that we have conducted so far lead us to affirm that there is a wide variety of vaults, with different volumetric spaces and different construction strategies. Therefore, we believe that this chapter of international Gothic deserves further study applying the knowledge and resources that are available today. This paper has been written to explore the most significant European sexpartite vaults. New measurement technology has led to a revolution in research into the history of construction, allowing studies to be conducted that were hitherto impossible. Thorough data collection using total station and photogrammetry has enabled us to identify the stereotomy of the voussoirs, tas-de-charges and keystones, as well as the bonding of the surfaces of the severies. A comparison of the construction techniques employed in the different vaults studied reveals common construction features and aspects that are specific to each country. Thus we are able to establish the relationship between sexpartite vaults in different European countries and their influence on each other.

Modelo de integración del conocimiento-acción a través del Proyecto de Comunicación para el Desarrollo: 25 años de experiencia en comunidades indígenas andinas en Ecuador

El desarrollo como política de las naciones marca el período de la postguerra, que en América Latina se concreta en múltiples programas de Desarrollo Rural. El modelo inicial de crecimiento económico se va enriqueciendo con visiones centradas en el ser humano y sus múltiples concepciones de desarrollo. En este entender el desarrollo desde la diversidad cultural y antropológica de los pueblos de América Latina, surge la comunicación radiofónica como camino común para la persuasión, socialización y apropiación colectiva de conocimientos y ámbito participativo para consensuar objetivos y acordar actividades. El activismo de los años setenta y ochenta produjo un número considerable de experiencias. La mayoría de ellas han llegado hasta nuestros días, pero el giro tomado por las sociedades digitalizadas y las prioridades medioambientales han dado un nuevo rostro a aquellas primeras experiencias centradas en el desarrollo rural endógeno. Este estudio investiga el complejo práctico-teórico que integra comunicación y desarrollo en contextos territoriales interculturales con población marginal y aplicación de políticas de desarrollo rural. En el capítulo I se recogen las modalidades de cómo se ha aplicado la comunicación en programas de desarrollo, para profundizar en el concepto de comunicación para el desarrollo, conocer sus actores y resultados, y concluir que el desarrollo “con rostro humano” se hace con personas no con políticas oficiales. El capítulo II presenta a los Pueblos Indígenas de la Sierra Ecuatoriana como actores de su proceso de desarrollo hacia el Sumak Kawsay. Los temas tratados en este capítulo muestran los valores y capacidades de las comunidades indígenas de la Sierra Ecuatoriana para la autogestión de su desarrollo, y deja constancia y denuncia de la lectura negativa que se ha venido haciendo de su cosmovisión. Se encuentra respuesta conceptual y metodológica en el Workng With People para optimizar aportes culturales de los Pueblos Indígenas al proceso comunicacional y participativo para mejorar las condiciones de vida y lograr mayores espacios de autonomía y libertad El conocimiento que explica la realidad sin cambiarla no tiene sentido para los pobres. La realidad requiere ser comprendida para construir el conocimiento que la explique y la cambie: ese es el aporte del modelo conocimiento/acción que se presenta en el capítulo III. En este capítulo se exponen metodologías abiertas a la creatividad y flexibles que responden a los principios del modelo conocimiento/acción. La comunicación para el desarrollo se abre a todas ellas como ágora pluricultural que requiere un lenguaje común que se construye desde el aprendizaje social. Los conceptos expuestos en el capítulo III se vinculan en una propuesta metodológica que integra el conocimiento y la acción con los principios del Working With People, propuesta que se expone en el capítulo IV. El modelo del Proyecto de Comunicación para el Desarrollo junta en un modelo de comunicación popular y prácticas liberadoras con métodos cognitivos de la realidad para planificar el cambio desde la población y con la población. Finalmente, el capítulo V recoge la experiencia de la Casa Campesina Cayambe ejecutora del Proyecto de Comunicación para el Desarrollo en la adaptación ejecutada con Radio Mensaje. La riqueza de la experiencia tiende a escaparse de los límites conceptuales y los esquemas dejan espacios de vida ignotos; pero los conceptos y esquemas constituyen el camino para que la experiencia pase a ser objeto conocido y conocimiento socializado. El Proyecto de Comunicación para el Desarrollo es resultado de un proceso de desarrollo construido desde la acción de la Casa Campesina Cayambe durante 25 años en Cayambe. En el capítulo V se describe el contexto del territorio de Cayambe, la identidad de la Casa Campesina Cayambe y de Radio Mensaje, y termina describiendo los logros de 25 años trabajando con la gente. El estudio concluye que la comunicación participativa, como ámbito de aprendizaje social aplicado en procesos de desarrollo rural, integra el conocimiento/acción e incorpora nuevos conocimientos en la población con los que se desarrollan competencias locales para planificar el desarrollo endógeno con flexibilidad y de abajo-arriba. La Figura 0-1 grafica los elementos bases sobre los que se construye el proceso de desarrollo. ABSTRACT Development as a policy of nations marks the postwar period which created several Rural Development Programs in Latin America. The initial model of economic growth was enriched with approaches focused on human beings and their multiple conceptions of development. In this regard, the development from cultural and anthropological diversity in Latin America, radio communication emerges as a common means for persuasion, socialization and collective appropriation of knowledge and scope for participation in order to agree on objectives and activities. Activism of the seventies and eighties generated a considerable number of experiences, most of which are present today. However, a turn taken by digitalized societies and environmental priorities has given those first experiences which focused on endogenous rural development a new face. This study researches the theoretical-practical status that integrates communication and development in intercultural contexts with marginal population and the use of rural development policies. Chapter one shows the modalities of how communication in development programs have been applied to deepen the concept of communication for development, to know those who are involved and its findings, and conclude that development “with a human face” is done with people not with official policies. Chapter two presents Indigenous communities in the Ecuadorian highlands, as people involved in their development process towards Sumak Kawsay. The topics in this chapter show the values and capacities indigenous communities in the Ecuadorian highlands have to self-manage their development, and proves, as well as denounces, that their cosmovision has been negatively perceived. A conceptual and methodological response is found in Working With People in order to optimize cultural contributions of Indigenous People to the communicational and participative process to improve life conditions and have greater spaces of autonomy and freedom. Knowledge which explains reality without changing it does not make any sense for the poor. Reality need to be understood in order to build the knowledge that will explain it and change it: that is the contribution of the knowledge/action model presented in chapter three. This chapter presents open methodologies to creativity which are flexible to respond to the principles of the knowledge/action model. Communication for development is open to all of them as pluricultural agora which requires a common language that is built from social learning. The concepts presented in chapter three are linked in a methodological proposal which integrates knowledge and action with principles of Working With People, proposal which is presented chapter four. The model of the Communication for Development Project includes popular communication elements and liberating practices with cognitive methods of reality to plan change from the population and with the population. Finally, chapter five presents the experiences from the Cayambe Country House, which conducted the Communication for Development Project in the adaptation implemented with Radio Mensaje. The wealth of experience tends to scape from the conceptual limits and the schemes leave gaps of unexplored life; but the concepts and schemes constitute the way so that experience becomes a known object and socialized knowledge. The Communication for Development Project is the result of a development process built from the actions of the Cayambe Country House during 25 years in Cayambe. Chapter five describes the context of Cayambe, the identity of the Cayambe Country House and Radio Mensaje, and the achievements after 25 years of working with its people. The study concludes that participatory communication, as an area of social learning applied to rural development processes, integrates knowledge/action and incorporates new knowledge in communities to develop local competencies to plan endogenous development with flexibility and from the bottom – up.

Outraged spatialities: the production of public scale in the #spanishrevolution

The spatial processes deployed by the 15-M movement in Spain include elements of social change that exceed the limits of conventional politics. Located at a liminal level, these processes operate in the often unnoticed realm of the micro-politics of urban everyday life and the regimes of place that regulate it, providing new criteria for understanding sociospatial and urban phenomena. This article shows how public space, its representations and the spatialities associated with them have served as a support for, have determined and, ultimately, have been reshaped and transformed by the Spanish “indignados” (outraged), in particular in the city and the metropolitan area of Madrid. Drawing on a series of theoretical approaches to the articulation of recent revolts, the deployment of a prefigurative politics and the occupation of public space, I will give an experience-based account of the spatial constitution and effects of these connections in and around Madrid’s Puerta del Sol. As a whole, the indignados’ occupations and actions provide urban theory with conceptual and practical tools to imagine alternative forms of collective commitment in the production of spaces of hope for social progress and generalized self-management.

Gestión intelectual de las prácticas comunicativas en arquitectura : S, M, L, XL, el gran evento = The intellectual management of communication practices in architecture : S, M, L, XL, the big event

La tesis doctoral se centra en la posibilidad de entender que la práctica de arquitectura puede encontrar en las prácticas comunicativas un apoyo instrumental, que sobrepasa cualquier simplificación clásica del uso de los medios como una mera aplicación superficial, post-producida o sencillamente promocional. A partir de esta premisa se exponen casos del último cuarto del siglo XX y se detecta que amenazas como el riesgo de la banalización, la posible saturación de la imagen pública o la previsible asociación incorrecta con otros individuos en presentaciones grupales o por temáticas, han podido influir en un crecimiento notable de la adquisición de control, por parte de los arquitectos, en sus oportunidades mediáticas. Esto es, como si la arquitectura hubiera empezado a superar y optimizar algo inevitable, que las fórmulas expositivas y las publicaciones, o más bien del exponer(se) y publicar(se), son herramientas disponibles para activar algún tipo de gestión intelectual de la comunicación e información circulante sobre si misma. Esta práctica de “autoedición” se analiza en un periodo concreto de la trayectoria de OMA -Office for Metropolitan Architecture-, estudio considerado pionero en el uso eficiente, oportunista y personalizado de los medios. Así, la segunda parte de la tesis se ocupa del análisis de su conocida monografía S,M,L,XL (1995), un volumen que contó con gran participación por parte de sus protagonistas durante la edición, y de cuyo proceso de producción apenas se había investigado. Esta publicación señaló un punto de inflexión en su género alterando todo formato y restricciones anteriores, y se ha convertido en un volumen emblemático para la disciplina que ninguna réplica posterior ha podido superar. Aquí se presenta a su vez como el desencadenante de la construcción de un “gran evento” que concluye en la transformación de la identidad de OMA en 10 años, paradójicamente entre el nacimiento de la Fundación Groszstadt y el arranque de la actividad de AMO, dos entidades paralelas clave anexas a OMA. Este planteamiento deviene de cómo la investigación desvela que S,M,L,XL es una pieza más, central pero no independiente, dentro de una suma de acciones e individuos, así como otras publicaciones, exposiciones, eventos y también artículos ensayados y proyectos, en particular Bigness, Generic City, Euralille y los concursos de 1989. Son significativos aspectos como la apertura a una autoría múltiple, encabezada por Rem Koolhaas y el diseñador gráfico Bruce Mau, acompañados en los agradecimientos de la editora Jennifer Sigler y cerca de una centena de nombres, cuyas aportaciones no necesariamente se basan en la construcción de fragmentos del libro. La supresión de ciertos límites permite superar también las tareas inicialmente relevantes en la edición de una publicación. Un objetivo general de la tesis es también la reflexión sobre relaciones anteriormente cuestionadas, como la establecida entre la arquitectura y los mercados o la economía. Tomando como punto de partida la idea de “design intelligence” sugerida por Michael Speaks (2001), se extrae de sus argumentos que lo esencial es el hallazgo de la singularidad o inteligencia propia de cada estudio de arquitectura o diseño. Asimismo se explora si en la construcción de ese tipo de fórmulas magistrales se alojaban también combinaciones de interés y productivas entre asuntos como la eficiencia y la creatividad, o la organización y las ideas. En esta dinámica de relaciones bidireccionales, y en ese presente de exceso de información, se fundamenta la propuesta de una equivalencia más evidenciada entre la “socialización” del trabajo del arquitecto, al compartirlo públicamente e introducir nuevas conversaciones, y la relación inversa a partir del trabajo sobre la “socialización” misma. Como si la consciencia sobre el uso de los medios pudiera ser efectivamente instrumental, y contribuir al desarrollo de la práctica de arquitectura, desde una perspectiva idealmente comprometida e intelectual. ABSTRACT The dissertation argues the possibility to understand that the practice of architecture can find an instrumental support in the practices of communication, overcoming any classical simplification of the use of media, generally reduced to superficial treatments or promotional efforts. Thus some cases of the last decades of the 20th century are presented. Some threats detected, such as the risk of triviality, the saturation of the public image or the foreseeable wrong association among individuals when they are introduced as part of thematic groups, might have encouraged a noticeable increase of command taken by architects when there is chance to intervene in a media environment. In other words, it can be argued that architecture has started to overcome and optimize the inevitable, the fact that exhibition formulas and publications, or simply the practice of (self)exhibition or (self)publication, are tools at our disposal for the activation of any kind of intellectual management of communication and circulating information about itself. This practice of “self-edition” is analyzed in a specific timeframe of OMA’s trajectory, an office that is considered as a ground-breaking actor in the efficient and opportunistic use of media. Then the second part of the thesis dissects their monograph S,M,L,XL (1995), a volume in which its main characters were deeply involved in terms of edition and design, a process barely analyzed up to now. This publication marked a turning point in its own genre, disrupting old formats and traditional restrictions. It became such an emblematic volume for the discipline that none of the following attempts of replica has ever been able to improve this precedent. Here, the book is also presented as the element that triggers the construction of a “big event” that concludes in the transformation of OMA identity in 10 years. Paradoxically, between the birth of the Groszstadt Foundation and the early steps of AMO, both two entities parallel and connected to OMA. This positions emerge from how the research unveils that S,M,L,XL is one more piece, a key one but not an unrelated element, within a sum of actions and individuals, as well as other publications, exhibitions, articles and projects, in particular Bigness, Generic City, Euralille and the competitions of 1989. Among the remarkable innovations of the monograph, there is an outstanding openness to a regime of multiple authorship, headed by Rem Koolhaas and the graphic designer Bruce Mau, who share the acknowledgements page with the editor, Jennifer Sigler, and almost 100 people, not necessarily responsible for specific fragments of the book. In this respect, the dissolution of certain limits made possible that the expected tasks in the edition of a publication could be trespassed. A general goal of the thesis is also to open a debate on typically questioned relations, particularly between architecture and markets or economy. Using the idea of “design intelligence”, outlined by Michael Speaks in 2001, the thesis pulls out its essence, basically the interest in detecting the singularity, or particular intelligence of every office of architecture and design. Then it explores if in the construction of this kind of ingenious formulas one could find interesting and useful combinations among issues like efficiency and creativity, or organization and ideas. This dynamic of bidirectional relations, rescued urgently at this present moment of excess of information, is based on the proposal for a more evident equivalence between the “socialization” of the work in architecture, anytime it is shared in public, and the opposite concept, the work on the proper act of “socialization” itself. As if a new awareness of the capacities of the use of media could turn it into an instrumental force, capable of contributing to the development of the practice of architecture, from an ideally committed and intelectual perspective.

Great marquee in the new railway station on Málaga

The commercial centre VIALIA and the new railway station of the AVE (high speed train) in Malaga was inaugurated in November 2006, just on the place of the former railway station. The new railway station with an investment of 134,7 million Euros occupies a surface of 51.377 m2, five times the surface of the former station. The enclosure is the biggest intermodal and commercial centre of Spain which comprises a parking of 21.000 m2 for 1300 parking places, one commercial area and a hotel with a total extension constructed of approximately 100.000 m2. The spaces of leisure contain cinemas, shops, restaurants, bowling, gymnasium, swimming pool and zones of passenger's traffic.

Einstein-like geometric structures on surfaces

An AH (affine hypersurface) structure is a pair comprising a projective equivalence class of torsion-free connections and a conformal structure satisfying a compatibility condition which is automatic in two dimensions. They generalize Weyl structures, and a pair of AH structures is induced on a co-oriented non-degenerate immersed hypersurface in flat affine space. The author has defined for AH structures Einstein equations, which specialize on the one hand to the usual Einstein Weyl equations and, on the other hand, to the equations for affine hyperspheres. Here these equations are solved for Riemannian signature AH structures on compact orientable surfaces, the deformation spaces of solutions are described, and some aspects of the geometry of these structures are related. Every such structure is either Einstein Weyl (in the sense defined for surfaces by Calderbank) or is determined by a pair comprising a conformal structure and a cubic holomorphic differential, and so by a convex flat real projective structure. In the latter case it can be identified with a solution of the Abelian vortex equations on an appropriate power of the canonical bundle. On the cone over a surface of genus at least two carrying an Einstein AH structure there are Monge-Amp`ere metrics of Lorentzian and Riemannian signature and a Riemannian Einstein K"ahler affine metric. A mean curvature zero spacelike immersed Lagrangian submanifold of a para-K"ahler four-manifold with constant para-holomorphic sectional curvature inherits an Einstein AH structure, and this is used to deduce some restrictions on such immersions.