Hegemonía, gubernamentalidad, territorio. Apuntes metodológicos para una historia social de la planificación

La historia social de la planificación espacial es un elemento clave en el proyecto de replanteamiento crítico de las políticas urbanas y territoriales. Un urbanismo comprometido con la recuperación de lo común bajo coordenadas radicalmente democráticas requiere una lectura del pasado capaz de desvelar cómo llegaron a producirse las estructuras socioespaciales contemporáneas y el papel que la planificación jugó en dicho proceso. La historia social de la planificación permite comprender la génesis sociopolítica de los discursos, técnicas y prácticas urbanísticas que empleamos en la actualidad y cuál ha sido su efecto sobre la vida cotidiana de los planificados. Este artículo analiza varios momentos conceptuales y metodológicos de ese proyecto historiográ!co. Se exploran en primer lugar el concepto gramsciano de «hegemonía» y el foucaultiano de «gubernamentalidad » como herramientas que permiten comprender la articulación entre política y vida cotidiana en el marco de una historia social general. Esta matriz de trabajo se traslada a la dimensión espacial a través de los conceptos de «territorio» y «territorialidad». Por último se estudia el modo en que la planificación ha sido movilizada históricamente como técnica de regulación espacial de los procesos de reproducción social por determinados proyectos hegemónicos/gubernamentales en un contexto de lucha de territorialidades. ........................................... The social history of spatial planning is a key element in the critical reevaluation of urban and territorial policies. In order to engage planning in the recovery of the commons and the formation of more democratic environments we need to understand its role in the historical production of our present sociospatial structures. This historiographical approach provides an alternative account of the sociopolitical genesis of contemporary planning discourses, techniques and practices, describing their effects and impact on the everyday lives of planned populations. This article analyzes several conceptual and methodological moments of this research project. Firstly I suggest that we use Gramsci’s conceptualization of «hegemony» and Foucault’s «governmentality» in order to understand the articulation between politics and everyday life in the context of a general social history. This theoretical framework is then translated into spatial terms through the concepts of «territory» and «territoriality». Finally, I study how planning has been mobilized throughout history by particular hegemonic/governmental projects in order to spatially regulate the processes of social reproduction, in a context shaped by struggles of territoriality.

La vivienda social como patrimonio urbano: análisis de la patrimonialización de tres Barrios de Promoción Oficial madrileños

Aunque los conjuntos de vivienda social carecen en Europa de un nivel de protección patrimonial comparable a otras áreas urbanas, las negociaciones que surgen a raíz del anuncio de su remodelación o rehabilitación resultan inexplicables si no se supone su aceptación como patrimonio por parte de algunos de los actores implicados. Nos encontraríamos entonces no con un repertorio patrimonial consolidado, sino ante un proceso de patrimonialización, entendido no sólo como el paso de la categoría de no-patrimonio a la de patrimonio mediante la protección jurídica o urbanística, sino también como la construcción del consenso social suficiente en torno la posesión de ciertos valores preexistentes, así como la producción y reproducción social e histórica de estos valores. Ante el incipiente proceso de patrimonialización de determinados Barrios de Promoción Oficial madrileños, la tesis aborda dos cuestiones fundamentales, los mecanismos que conducen a su construcción social e histórica como nuevos elementos patrimoniales, y la evolución y estado actual del conjunto de elementos eventualmente patrimonializables, los Barrios de Promoción Oficial madrileños. De esta forma, propone un modelo teórico del proceso de patrimonialización de los conjuntos de vivienda social, basado en la identificación de discursos, valores, sujetos y etapas, así como de su relación con las características físicas y sociales originales de los barrios y su evolución hasta la actualidad. Para ello, se reconstruye la evolución física, social y de la protección patrimonial de los Barrios de Promoción Oficial madrileños, y se analizan tres procesos concretos de patrimonialización, la participación de la Colonia del Tercio y Terol en la defensa ciudadana de las Colonias Históricas madrileñas (1973-1979), la incorporación de criterios patrimoniales en la rehabilitación integral del Poblado Dirigido de Caño Roto (1991-2004), y la protección patrimonial como obstáculo para la remodelación de la U.V.A. de Hortaleza (2004-2015). ABSTRACT Comparatively speaking, few social housing estates are legally protected as cultural heritage in Europe. However, when a physical intervention is announced, the ensuing negotiation often defies explanation unless one assumes that the estate is regarded as cultural heritage by some of the players involved. Therefore, one should not so much talk of social housing as heritage, but of the process of patrimonialisation, which refers not only to the change of these estates from the status of non-heritage to that of cultural heritage through their legal recognition, but also to the process that leads to the acknowledgment of certain values in these estates, and even the social and cultural shaping of these values. This thesis tackles two main issues: the mechanisms that lead to the social and historical construction of new heritage elements or repertoires, and the evolution and current status of the Barrios de Promoción Oficial in Madrid. It proposes a theoretical model of the process of patrimonialisation of social housing estates, based on the identification of discourses, values, subjects and phases, as well as its relationship with the original physical and social features of these estates and their further evolution up to the present. In order to do so, the changes in the physical and social features of the Barrios de Promoción Oficial and in their heritage protection are reconstructed, and three particular processes are analysed. These are the role of Colonia del Tercio y Terol in the citizens’ movement for the preservation of the Colonias Históricas in Madrid (1973-1979), the incorporation of conservation criteria in the refurbishment of Poblado Dirigido de Caño Roto (1991-2004), and heritage as an obstacle to urban renewal in U.V.A. de Hortaleza (2004-2015).

A gaze to rural education according to scientific discourses during the last decade

He largest proportion of illiteracy and lack of access to education in the world is concentrated in rural areas; therefore it is important to ensure there is access to quality education in these spots. This challenge is assumed by different branches of social research and it is reflected within the publication of articles in scientific journals. In the present document the scientific discourse surrounding the theme of rural education during the last decade was analyzed. To do this, the paper focuses on three aspects: the countries that set the agenda, the geographical areas that represent most of the attention and the prevalent themes within continents. It was observed that USA was the most productive country in terms of scientific writings with 30%; that Asia is really interested in health issues associated to rural education; that in Europe gender issues are on the table and that the African and Asian continents, as well as Latin America, are interested only on their own issues, as 100% of the times they only wrote about themselves.

Discourses and values underpin public debate on fracking in Spain: a case study at the crossroad

In the EU context extraction of shale and oil gas by hydraulic fracturing (fracking) differs from country to country in terms of legislation and implementation. While fossil fuel extraction using this technology is currently taking place in the UK, Germany and France have adopted respective moratoria. In between is the Spanish case, where hydrocarbon extraction projects through fracking have to undergo mandatory and routine environmental assessment in accordance with the last changes to environmental regulations. Nowadays Spain is at the crossroad with respect to the future of this technology. We presume a social conflictt in our country since the position and strategy of the involved and confronted social actors -national, regional and local authorities, energy companies, scientists, NGO and other social organization- are going to play key and likely divergent roles in its industrial implementation and public acceptance. In order to improve knowledge on how to address these controverted situations from the own engineering context, the affiliated units from the Higher Technical School of Mines and Energy Engineering at UPM have been working on a transversal program to teach values and ethics. Over the past seven years, this pioneering experience has shown the usefulness of applying a consequentialist ethics, based on a case-by-case approach and costs-benefits analysis both for action and inaction. As a result of this initiative a theoretical concept has arisen and crystallized in this field: it is named Inter-ethics. This theoretical perspective can be very helpful in complex situations, with multi-stakeholders and plurality of interests, when ethical management requires the interaction between the respective ethics of each group; professional ethics of a single group is not enough. Under this inter-ethics theoretical framework and applying content analysis techniques, this paper explores the articulation of the discourse in favour and against fracking technology and its underlying values as manifested in the Spanish traditional mass media and emerging social media such as Youtube. Results show that Spanish public discourse on fracking technology includes the costs-benefits analysis to communicate how natural resources from local communities may be affected by these facilities due to environmental, health and economic consequences. Furthermore, this technology is represented as a solution to the "demand of energy" according to the optimistic discourse while, from a pessimistic view, fracking is often framed as a source "environmental problems" and even natural disasters as possible earthquakes. In this latter case, this negative representation could have been influenced by the closure of a macro project to store injected natural gas in the Mediterranean Sea using the old facilities of an oil exploitation in Amposta (Proyecto Cástor). The closure of this project was due to the occurrence of earthquakes whose intensity was higher than the originally expected by the experts in the assessment stage of the project.