Power system stability of a small sized isolated network supplied by a combined wind-pumped storage generation system: a case study in the Canary Islands

Massive integration of renewable energy sources in electrical power systems of remote islands is a subject of current interest. The increasing cost of fossil fuels, transport costs to isolated sites and environmental concerns constitute a serious drawback to the use of conventional fossil fuel plants. In a weak electrical grid, as it is typical on an island, if a large amount of conventional generation is substituted by renewable energy sources, power system safety and stability can be compromised, in the case of large grid disturbances. In this work, a model for transient stability analysis of an isolated electrical grid exclusively fed from a combination of renewable energy sources has been studied. This new generation model will be installed in El Hierro Island, in Spain. Additionally, an operation strategy to coordinate the generation units (wind, hydro) is also established. Attention is given to the assessment of inertial energy and reactive current to guarantee power system stability against large disturbances. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is shown by means of simulation results.

UV laser-induced high resolution cleaving of Si wafers for micro-nano devices and polymeric waveguide characterization

In this work we propose a method for cleaving silicon-based photonic chips by using a laser based micromachining system, consisting of a ND:YVO4laser emitting at 355 nm in nanosecond pulse regime and a micropositioning system. The laser makes grooved marks placed at the desired locations and directions where cleaves have to be initiated, and after several processing steps, a crack appears and propagate along the crystallographic planes of the silicon wafer. This allows cleavage of the chips automatically and with high positioning accuracy, and provides polished vertical facets with better quality than the obtained with other cleaving process, which eases the optical characterization of photonic devices. This method has been found to be particularly useful when cleaving small-sized chips, where manual cleaving is hard to perform; and also for polymeric waveguides, whose facets get damaged or even destroyed with polishing or manual cleaving processing. Influence of length of the grooved line and speed of processing is studied for a variety of silicon chips. An application for cleaving and characterizing sol–gel waveguides is presented. The total amount of light coupled is higher than when using any other procedure.

Caracterización y aprovechamiento de los varillales amazónicos : contribución a la economía de las comunidades locales

La Gestión Forestal Sustentable es la principal herramienta para garantizar la compatibilidad entre producción y conservación en todos los bosques, y mas especialmente en los que exhiben niveles máximos de diversidad, como los tropicales humedos. En ellos existe un gran desconocimiento sobre la gestión de los recursos maderables de pequeña dimensión y los no maderables (PFNM) con mercado local. La madera redonda de pequeño diámetro es un recurso forestal de bajo valor económico extraído tradicionalmente por los pobladores locales de las zonas tropicales húmedas para construir sus viviendas. Los fustes de mejor calidad se obtienen del bosque de varillal, o bosques sobre arena blanca, altamente oligotroficos, sin potencial agrícola, escasos, dispersos, de pequeña superficie, gran fragilidad y alto porcentaje de endemismos. En el entorno de los centros urbanos de la Amazonia peruana, esta madera supone uno de los principales ingresos económicos para la población local, al ser extraida para su comercialización en dichos centros urbanos. Esto supone un riesgo de sobre-explotacion cuyos efectos se desconocen hasta el momento. Para acercarnos la situacion ambiental, social y económica asociada al varillal, se han realizado inventarios botanicos y de estructura forestal, se ha descrito el sistema de aprovechamiento tradicional y cuantificado sus efectos y, finalmente, se han realizado encuestas orientadas a analizar la situación social y economica de las comunidades locales que extraen y comercializan sus productos. El aprovechamiento tradicional del varillal es una actividad de bajo impacto que no emplea maquinaria y se centra en la extracción de fustes con diámetro normal entre 5 y 15 cm y características especificas de longitud, forma de fuste y calidad de la especie. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la relevancia de la distancia existente entre el punto de extracción y el punto de venta, asi como la gran influencia que tiene la situación social y económica en la gestión sustentable del varillal. Todo ello pone en evidencia que si existe un cierto efecto negativo de la extracción intensa y continuada que han sufrido los varíllales mas próximos al centro urbano. Para favorecer una Gestión Forestal Sustentable que reduzca este efecto negativo es esencial llevar a cabo una adecuada planificación comunal que permita establecer una secuencia ordenada de zonas de corta y un cronograma para su gestión y aprovechamiento que evite la extracción repetida en un mismo varillal. ABSTRACT Sustainable forest management is the main tool to ensure compatibility between production and conservation in all forests, and especially in those exhibiting the maximum levels of diversity, such as tropical rain. Within them there is a great ignorance about the management of small sized timber and non-timber resources (PFMN) in the local market. The small-diameter round timber is a forest resource of low economic value extracted traditionally by local people of the humid tropics to build their homes. The better quality shafts are obtained from varillal forest or forests on white sand, highly oligotrophic, no agricultural potential, few, scattered, small size, fragility and high percentage of endemic species. In the environment of the urban centres of the Peruvian Amazon, this wood is one of the main incomes for the local population, since it is extracted for marketing in these urban centres. This poses a risk of overexploitation whose effects are unknown so far. To approach the environmental, social and economic situation associated to the varillal, botanical and forest structure inventories have been conducted, traditional harvesting systems described and their effects quantified and targeted surveys have eventually been conducted to analyse the social and local economic situation of the communities that extract and sell the products. The traditional use of varillal is a low-impact activity that does not use machinery and focuses on the extraction of shafts with a normal diameter of between 5 and 15 cm and specific characteristics in length, stem form and quality of the species. The results highlight the importance of the distance from the extraction point and the sale point, and the great influence of the social and economic situation in the sustainable management of varillal. This demonstrates that there is indeed a negative effect caused by the intense and continuous extraction that varillales closest to the city centre have suffered. To encourage a Sustainable Forest Management to reduce this negative effect is essential to conduct proper community planning in order to establish an ordered sequence of areas and a chronogram for their management and use, to avoid a repeat extraction in the same varillal.

Study for the rehabilitation of vernacular architecture with sustainable criteria

This paper assesses rural vernacular heritage established in a warm temperate climate, with dry, hot summer, in São Vicente e Ventosa (SVV), Alentejo, Portugal, and takes part in a larger investigation intending to create rehabilitation guidelines, with sustainable criteria and integration of recent technologies, to improving indoor comfort, and revert the state of deterioration. To further reach this aim, this paper proposes a four phases methodology: data collection, evaluation, simulation and development; a first survey data analysis, including climate data and the adapted comfort climograph and isopleth diagram, allows an understanding of thermal comfort and main constraints in site, as well as suitable bioclimatic strategies for SVV: high thermal inertia for tempering extreme summer conditions and the considerable temperature amplitudes throughout the year, complementarily night ventilation for passive cooling, small-sized window openings and movable shading systems for solar radiation protection. An efficient behaviour in stabilizing indoor temperature swings is revealed.

ITIL in Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises: toward a proposal based on an ITIL processes implementation sequence and a pofile scheme strategy for implementing the first process in the sequence

The backdrop of actual problematic about the implementation of Information Technology (IT) services management in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) will be described. It will be exposed the reasons why reaching a maturity/capability level through well-known standards or the implementation of good software engineering practices by means of IT infrastructure Library are really difficult to achieve by SMEs. Also, the solutions to the exposed problems will be explained. Also master thesis goals are presented in terms of: purpose, research questions, research goals, objectives and scope. Finally, thesis structure is described.