Bovedas Encamonadas: Origen, Evolucion, Geometria y Construccion entre los Siglos XVII y XVIII en el Virreinato de Perú

Desde la creación del Virreinato del Perú, en el siglo XVI, los arcos, bóvedas y cúpulas se acostumbraban a levantar con piedra y fábrica. Sin embargo estas tierras eran sacudidas periodicamente por terremotos, produciendo el colapso de la mayoría de estas edificaciones. Para el siglo XVII los alarifes ya habían experimentado diversas maneras de levantar bóvedas, sin haberse encontrado una respuesta razonable en términos de tiempo, economía y estabilidad frente a los sismos. En medio de este panorama se produjo la introducción de las bóvedas encamonadas a mediados del siglo XVII, consolidandose en el resto de la centuria hasta el punto de terminar convirtiéndose en un recurso tradicional y de estimada elaboración dentro de la arquitectura virreinal peruana. Las bóvedas encamonadas se realizaban con tablas de madera (camones) que se solapaban entre sí para formar arcos (cerchas), los cuales definían la forma que tendrían las bóvedas, y eran estabilizados lateralmente mediante correas. Sobre los arcos y correas se colocaba un cerramiento que podía ser un entablado, unos listones de madera o simplemente un tendido a base de cañas. En la mayoría de casos se finalizaba con un recubrimiento aislante de barro por el extradós y otro decorativo de yeso por el intradós. Precisamente estas bóvedas constituyen el objeto de la presente tesis, específicamente en su devenir histórico entre los siglos XVII y XVIII en el ámbito territorial del Virreinato del Perú, partiendo del examen de los tratados de arquitectura coetáneos y del estudio de las bóvedas de madera en España, para finalizar con el análisis de las características geométricas y constructivas que lograron definir en ellas los alarifes peruanos. Since the creation of the Viceroyalty of Peru, in the sixteenth century, arches, vaults and domes were accustomed to build with stone and masonry. However, these lands were periodically shaken by earthquakes, causing the collapse of most of these buildings. For the seventeenth century the master masons had already experienced several ways to build vaults, without having found a reasonable response in terms of time, economy and stability against earthquakes. Into this context the master carpenters introduced the wooden vaults since seventeenth century, and this constructive system was consolidated around the rest of the century to the end point of becoming a traditional and estimated resource of the Peruvian colonial architecture. The wooden vaults were made with timber planks (camones) that overlapped each other to form arches (cerchas), which defined the shape of the vaults, and were stabilized laterally by purlins. Above the arches and purlins placed planks, wooden strips or just cane. In most cases ended with a mud plaster insulating the extrados and a decorative gypsum plaster on the intrados. Precisely these vaults are the subject of this thesis, specifically in its historical way between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the territory of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Since an examination of the architectural treatises and the Spanish wooden vaults, and concluding with the analysis of the geometric and constructive system that Peruvian builders were able to define on them.

The Innovation Sources in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review

During the last century many researches on the business, marketing and technology fields have developed the innovation research line and large amount of knowledge can be found in the literature. Currently, the importance of systematic and openness approaches to manage the available innovation sources is well established in many knowledge fields. Also in the software engineering sector, where the organizations need to absorb and to exploit as much innovative ideas as possible to get success in the current competitive environment. This Master Thesis presents an study related with the innovation sources in the software engineering eld. The main research goals of this work are the identication and the relevance assessment of the available innovation sources and the understanding of the trends on the innovation sources usage. Firstly, a general review of the literature have been conducted in order to define the research area and to identify research gaps. Secondly, the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) has been proposed as the research method in this work to report reliable conclusions collecting systematically quality evidences about the innovation sources in software engineering field. This contribution provides resources, built-on empirical studies included in the SLR, to support a systematic identication and an adequate exploitation of the innovation sources most suitable in the software engineering field. Several artefacts such as lists, taxonomies and relevance assessments of the innovation sources most suitable for software engineering have been built, and their usage trends in the last decades and their particularities on some countries and knowledge fields, especially on the software engineering, have been researched. This work can facilitate to researchers, managers and practitioners of innovative software organizations the systematization of critical activities on innovation processes like the identication and exploitation of the most suitable opportunities. Innovation researchers can use the results of this work to conduct research studies involving the innovation sources research area. Whereas, organization managers and software practitioners can use the provided outcomes in a systematic way to improve their innovation capability, increasing consequently the value creation in the processes that they run to provide products and services useful to their environment. In summary, this Master Thesis research the innovation sources in the software engineering field, providing useful resources to support an effective innovation sources management. Moreover, several aspects should be deeply study to increase the accuracy of the presented results and to obtain more resources built-on empirical knowledge. It can be supported by the INno- vation SOurces MAnagement (InSoMa) framework, which is introduced in this work in order to encourage openness and systematic approaches to identify and to exploit the innovation sources in the software engineering field.

Technical evolution of 3d modular construction from the nineteenth century to world war II

3D Modular construction is poorly known and scarcely published in technical literature. In spite of that there are an increasing number of manufacturers offering their products in different countries. This method has largely evolved from early examples such as the American Gold Rush prefabrication in the nineteenth century, the Sears precut homes or Voisin´s prototypes for modular homes, to the end of the first half of the twentieth century. In this period a non negligible number of attempts in 3D modular construction have been carried out, ranging from theoretical proposals to several hundred or thousand units produced. Selected examples of modular architecture will be analyses in order to illustrate its technical evolution, concerning materials, structure, transportation and on site assembly. Success and failure factors of the different systems will be discussed. Conclusions about building criteria shown in them and their applicability in current architecture will be drawn.