Performance of Scheduling Policies in Adversarial Networks with Non-synchronized Clocks

In this paper we generalize the Continuous Adversarial Queuing Theory (CAQT) model (Blesa et al. in MFCS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3618, pp. 144–155, 2005) by considering the possibility that the router clocks in the network are not synchronized. We name the new model Non Synchronized CAQT (NSCAQT). Clearly, this new extension to the model only affects those scheduling policies that use some form of timing. In a first approach we consider the case in which although not synchronized, all clocks run at the same speed, maintaining constant differences. In this case we show that all universally stable policies in CAQT that use the injection time and the remaining path to schedule packets remain universally stable. These policies include, for instance, Shortest in System (SIS) and Longest in System (LIS). Then, we study the case in which clock differences can vary over time, but the maximum difference is bounded. In this model we show the universal stability of two families of policies related to SIS and LIS respectively (the priority of a packet in these policies depends on the arrival time and a function of the path traversed). The bounds we obtain in this case depend on the maximum difference between clocks. This is a necessary requirement, since we also show that LIS is not universally stable in systems without bounded clock difference. We then present a new policy that we call Longest in Queues (LIQ), which gives priority to the packet that has been waiting the longest in edge queues. This policy is universally stable and, if clocks maintain constant differences, the bounds we prove do not depend on them. To finish, we provide with simulation results that compare the behavior of some of these policies in a network with stochastic injection of packets.

Recubrimientos recomendables por razones de durabilidad, a disponer en estructuras de hormigón sometidas a la clase específica de exposición Qb (ataque químico de intensidad media)

Es una realidad cada vez más aceptada que la durabilidad del hormigón es una propiedad igual de importante que la resistencia mecánica o la estabilidad de volumen. No es el objeto del presente trabajo ahondar en las causas de esta evidencia sino en contribuir a hacer del diseño de la durabilidad una materia incorporada al quehacer diario de los técnicos y especialistas. Solo si la durabilidad de una estructura se puede proyectar y verificar, será posible conseguir vidas útiles con una cierta garantía o seguridad en que se alcanzarán los periodos de servicio que se especifiquen. En el diseño de la durabilidad se ha dedicado mucho tiempo en el pasado a aclarar los mecanismos de ataque (por ejemplo: por sulfatos o por reacción árido-álcali) o como realizar ensayos acelerados en estos casos y también en el caso concreto de la corrosión de la armadura. En el caso de la corrosión, la envergadura de los costes de reparaciones ha estimulado la publicación de modelos y ensayos que, si bien necesitan todavía calibración, al menos suponen una cierta ayuda para el proyectista.

Performance of Scheduling Policies in Adversarial Networks with Non-synchronized Clocks

In this paper we generalize the Continuous Adversarial Queuing Theory (CAQT) model (Blesa et al. in MFCS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3618, pp. 144–155, 2005) by considering the possibility that the router clocks in the network are not synchronized. We name the new model Non Synchronized CAQT (NSCAQT). Clearly, this new extension to the model only affects those scheduling policies that use some form of timing. In a first approach we consider the case in which although not synchronized, all clocks run at the same speed, maintaining constant differences. In this case we show that all universally stable policies in CAQT that use the injection time and the remaining path to schedule packets remain universally stable. These policies include, for instance, Shortest in System (SIS) and Longest in System (LIS). Then, we study the case in which clock differences can vary over time, but the maximum difference is bounded. In this model we show the universal stability of two families of policies related to SIS and LIS respectively (the priority of a packet in these policies depends on the arrival time and a function of the path traversed). The bounds we obtain in this case depend on the maximum difference between clocks. This is a necessary requirement, since we also show that LIS is not universally stable in systems without bounded clock difference. We then present a new policy that we call Longest in Queues (LIQ), which gives priority to the packet that has been waiting the longest in edge queues. This policy is universally stable and, if clocks maintain constant differences, the bounds we prove do not depend on them. To finish, we provide with simulation results that compare the behavior of some of these policies in a network with stochastic injection of packets.

Photonic Logic Based on Molecular Reorientation of Nematic Liquid Crystals

A new type of photonic logic, based on the use of nematic liquid crystals is proposed. The system takes advantage of the refractive-index changes induced by laser beams. Examples of AND, OR and NOR functions are presented.

Opto-optical modulation in N-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-p-butylaniline

A method of opto-optical modulation in liquid crystals is reported. An Ar+-laser beam is employed to modulate a second He–Ne laser. The highest frequency achieved was 1.5 × 103 pulses per second with input modulating powers smaller than 10 mW. A homeotropic N-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-p-butylaniline liquid-crystal cell was employed as the nonlinear medium.

Optically Induced Modulation of a Laser Beam in Nematic Liquid Crystals Structures

In this paper we report the experimental results obtained when an He-Ne laser beam crosses an MBBA homeotropic sandwich structure and is modulated by the influence of another laser beam, in our case an Ar+ laser, crossing through the same region. We extend some results previously reported by us1 2 concerning the influence of the ratio of the diameters of the laser beams on the modulation characteristics. A theoretical model, based on the one reported in Ref6 , shows good agreement with the experimental results. If the Ar+ laser is intensity chopped, the resulting He-Ne diffracted image is also intensity modulated. The highest frequency observed has been 500 p. p. s.

Automatic 3DTV Quality Assessment Based On Depth Perception Analysis

Quality assessment is a key factor for stereoscopic 3D video content as some observers are affected by visual discomfort in the eye when viewing 3D video, especially when combining positive and negative parallax with fast motion. In this paper, we propose techniques to assess objective quality related to motion and depth maps, which facilitate depth perception analysis. Subjective tests were carried out in order to understand the source of the problem. Motion is an important feature affecting 3D experience but also often the cause of visual discomfort. The automatic algorithm developed tries to quantify the impact on viewer experience when common cases of discomfort occur, such as high-motion sequences, scene changes with abrupt parallax changes, or complete absence of stereoscopy, with a goal of preventing the viewer from having a bad stereoscopic experience.

Reorientación inducida ópticamente en una estructura cilíndrica hemeotrópica de cristal líquido

En este artículo se presentan los primeros resultados obtenidos cuando una radiación láser de intensidad adecuada actúa sobre una estructura cilíndrica con cristal líquido nemático orientado homeotrópicamente. Según ha sido observado, se produce una reorientación inducida por el campo electromegnético del haz en las moléculas del nemático, con el consiguiente efecto sobre la radiación dispersada.

Biestabilidad óptica híbrida en estructuras homeotrópicas de cristal líquido

En el presente artículo se presentan algunos de los resultados que pueden obtenerse en el campo de la biestabilidad óptica híbrida, mediante el empleo de cristales líquidos del tipo nemático cuando adoptan una estructura homeotrópica planar. Los resultados obtenidos son análogos a los conseguidos con otros materiales ofreciendo la innegable ventaja de su menor costo y su mayor rendimiento energético.

Validation of a Dumbbell Body Sway Test in Olympic Air Pistol Shooting

We present and validate a test able to provide reliable body sway measurements in air pistol shooting, without the use of a gun. 46 senior male pistol shooters who participated in Spanish air pistol championships participated in the study. Body sway data of two static bipodal balance tests have been compared: during the first test, shooting was simulated by use of a dumbbell, while during the second test the shooters own pistol was used. Both tests were performed the day previous to the competition, during the official training time and at the training stands to simulate competition conditions. The participants performance was determined as the total score of 60 shots at competition. Apart from the commonly used variables that refer to movements of the shooters centre of pressure (COP), such as COP displacements on the X and Y axes, maximum and average COP velocities and total COP area, the present analysis also included variables that provide information regarding the axes of the COP ellipse (length and angle in respect to X). A strong statistically significant correlation between the two tests was found (with an interclass correlation varying between 0.59 and 0.92). A statistically significant inverse linear correlation was also found between performance and COP movements. The study concludes that dumbbell tests are perfectly valid for measuring body sway by simulating pistol shooting.

Aplicación de las nuevas tecnologías en el control de la rutina de ordeño

La tendencia desde hace varios años en las explotaciones lecheras es la de ordeñar más vacas, con altas producciones por animal y en salas de ordeño cada vez más grandes, lo que representa una exigencia cada vez mayor para el ganadero. En los rebaños grandes se reduce la posibilidad de una observación e identificación individualizada de los animales, por lo que el ganadero debe apoyarse en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías (TIC), que no sólo le pueden ayudar a evitar trabajos pesados y repetitivos, sino que debe considerar también la utilización de aquellas que le ayuden a gestionar el rebaño, a detectar precozmente cualquier anomalía o que favorezcan un ordeño rápido y seguro para el animal.

Entrevista con José María Martín Pereda: "La microelectrónica en España casi no existe"

Desde el pasado mes de diciembre, un catedrático de la Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación tiene la responsabilidad de confeccionar, desde la Caicyt, el Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológico que prevé la Ley de la Ciencia, recientemente aprobada por el Congreso de los Diputados. Se trata de José Antonio Martín Pereda, que también es, junto a Fernando López, Subdirector General de Industrias Informáticas, representante español en el Programa Esprit. En la siguiente entrevista, Actualidad Electrónica ha hablado con Martín Pereda sobre la viabilidad del Plan, el futuro tecnológico de nuestro país y las oportunidades que se le presentan a España en la segunda fase del Esprit.

Feasibility assessment of the interactive use of a Monte Carlo algorithm in treatment planning for intraoperative electron radiation therapy

This work analysed the feasibility of using a fast, customized Monte Carlo (MC) method to perform accurate computation of dose distributions during pre- and intraplanning of intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT) procedures. The MC method that was implemented, which has been integrated into a specific innovative simulation and planning tool, is able to simulate the fate of thousands of particles per second, and it was the aim of this work to determine the level of interactivity that could be achieved. The planning workflow enabled calibration of the imaging and treatment equipment, as well as manipulation of the surgical frame and insertion of the protection shields around the organs at risk and other beam modifiers. In this way, the multidisciplinary team involved in IOERT has all the tools necessary to perform complex MC dosage simulations adapted to their equipment in an efficient and transparent way. To assess the accuracy and reliability of this MC technique, dose distributions for a monoenergetic source were compared with those obtained using a general-purpose software package used widely in medical physics applications. Once accuracy of the underlying simulator was confirmed, a clinical accelerator was modelled and experimental measurements in water were conducted. A comparison was made with the output from the simulator to identify the conditions under which accurate dose estimations could be obtained in less than 3 min, which is the threshold imposed to allow for interactive use of the tool in treatment planning. Finally, a clinically relevant scenario, namely early-stage breast cancer treatment, was simulated with pre- and intraoperative volumes to verify that it was feasible to use the MC tool intraoperatively and to adjust dose delivery based on the simulation output, without compromising accuracy. The workflow provided a satisfactory model of the treatment head and the imaging system, enabling proper configuration of the treatment planning system and providing good accuracy in the dosage simulation.

Cuantificación de incertidumbres en el trasvase de tráfico de mercancías en ejes de transporte

El objetivo del trabajo es el desarrollo de un simulador del proceso de trasvase de mercancías de la carretera al ferrocarril en ejes de transporte seleccionados, con la estimación de la incertidumbre en cada una de las etapas en las que se descompone el proceso con el horizonte del año 2020. Las etapas son: estimación del tráfico terrestre -carretera y ferrocarril- de mercancías (total y por tipos) y en los ejes de transporte seleccionados, estimación de los factores de ocupación en ambos modos, estimación de las proporciones de trasvase modal (total y por tipos) en cada eje y finalmente la estimación del impacto medioambiental de las toneladas trasvasadas, en términos de emisiones contaminantes en toneladas de CO, CO2, NOx, CH4, NH3, etc. Cada una de estas estimaciones presenta incertidumbre, que debe ser cuantificada a través de un enfoque estadístico, de forma que la incertidumbre de la variable final o respuesta del proceso (emisiones) recoja la propagación de las incertidumbres a través de las etapas, para las que se proporcionan horquillas. El cálculo de la propagación de las incertidumbres no es factible analíticamente y por ello se recurre a la simulación estocástica de Monte Carlo. En este trabajo se presenta la metodología para la cuantificación de incertidumbre de los factores que intervienen en el proceso de trasvase de mercancías de la carretera a otro modo (ferrocarril).

Gender differences of the spanish adult population in barriers to active living

Proyecto I+D+i DEP19801: Gender differences of the spanish adult population in barriers to active living