4 resultados para SIMO

em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid


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Achieving reliable communication over HF channels is known to be challenging due to the particularly hostile propagation medium. To address this problem, diversity techniques were shown to be promising. In this paper, we demonstrate through experimental results the benefits of different diversity strategies when applied to multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) multicarrier systems. The performance gains of polarisation, space and frequency diversities are quantified using different measurement campaigns.

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We envision that dynamic multiband transmissions taking advantage of the receiver diversity (even for collocated antennas with different polarization or radiation pattern) will create a new paradigm for these links guaranteeing high quality and reliability. However, there are many challenges to face regarding the use of broadband reception where several out of band (with respect to multiband transmission) strong interferers, but still within the acquisition band, may limit dramatically the expected performance. In this paper we address this problem introducing a specific capability of the communication system that is able to mitigate these interferences using analog beamforming principles. Indeed, Higher Order Crossing (HOCs) joint statistics of the Single Input ? Multiple Output (SIMO) system are shown to effectively determine the angle on arrival of the wavefront even operating over highly distorted signals.

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El comportamiento mecánico de muchos materiales biológicos y poliméricos en grandes deformaciones se puede describir adecuadamente mediante formulaciones isocóricas hiperelásticas y viscoelásticas. Las ecuaciones de comportamiento elástico y viscoelástico y las formulaciones computacionales para materiales incompresibles isótropos en deformaciones finitas están ampliamente desarrolladas en la actualidad. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de modelos anisótropos no lineales y de sus correspondientes formulaciones computacionales sigue siendo un tema de investigación de gran interés. Cuando se consideran grandes deformaciones, existen muchas medidas de deformación disponibles con las que poder formular las ecuaciones de comportamiento. Los modelos en deformaciones cuadráticas facilitan la implementación en códigos de elementos finitos, ya que estas medidas surgen de forma natural en la formulación. No obstante, pueden dificultar la interpretación de los modelos y llevar a resultados pocos realistas. El uso de deformaciones logarítmicas permite el desarrollo de modelos más simples e intuitivos, aunque su formulación computacional debe ser adaptada a las exigencias del programa. Como punto de partida, en esta tesis se demuestra que las deformaciones logarítmicas representan la extensión natural de las deformaciones infinitesimales, tanto axiales como angulares, al campo de las grandes deformaciones. Este hecho permite explicar la simplicidad de las ecuaciones resultantes. Los modelos hiperelásticos predominantes en la actualidad están formulados en invariantes de deformaciones cuadráticas. Estos modelos, ya sean continuos o microestructurales, se caracterizan por tener una forma analítica predefinida. Su expresión definitiva se calcula mediante un ajuste de curvas a datos experimentales. Un modelo que no sigue esta metodología fue desarrollado por Sussman y Bathe. El modelo es sólo válido para isotropía y queda definido por una función de energía interpolada con splines, la cual reproduce los datos experimentales de forma exacta. En esta tesis se presenta su extensión a materiales transversalmente isótropos y ortótropos utilizando deformaciones logarítmicas. Asimismo, se define una nueva propiedad que las funciones de energía anisótropas deben satisfacer para que su convergencia al caso isótropo sea correcta. En visco-hiperelasticidad, aparte de las distintas funciones de energía disponibles, hay dos aproximaciones computational típicas basadas en variables internas. El modelo original de Simó está formulado en tensiones y es válido para materiales anisótropos, aunque sólo es adecuado para pequeñas desviaciones con respecto al equilibrio termodinámico. En cambio, el modelo basado en deformaciones de Reese y Govindjee permite grandes deformaciones no equilibradas pero es, en esencia, isótropo. Las formulaciones anisótropas en este último contexto son microestructurales y emplean el modelo isótropo para cada uno de los constituyentes. En esta tesis se presentan dos formulaciones fenomenológicas viscoelásticas definidas mediante funciones hiperelásticas anisótropas y válidas para grandes desviaciones con respecto al equilibrio termodinámico. El primero de los modelos está basado en la descomposición multiplicativa de Sidoroff y requiere un comportamiento viscoso isótropo. La formulación converge al modelo de Reese y Govindjee en el caso especial de isotropía elástica. El segundo modelo se define a partir de una descomposición multiplicativa inversa. Esta formulación está basada en una descripción co-rotacional del problema, es sustancialmente más compleja y puede dar lugar a tensores constitutivos ligeramente no simétricos. Sin embargo, su rango de aplicación es mucho mayor ya que permite un comportamiento anisótropo tanto elástico como viscoso. Varias simulaciones de elementos finitos muestran la gran versatilidad de estos modelos cuando se combinan con funciones hiperelásticas formadas por splines. ABSTRACT The mechanical behavior of many polymeric and biological materials may be properly modelled be means of isochoric hyperelastic and viscoelastic formulations. These materials may sustain large strains. The viscoelastic computational formulations for isotropic incompressible materials at large strains may be considered well established; for example Ogden’s hyperelastic function and the visco-hyperelastic model of Reese and Govindjee are well known models for isotropy. However, anisotropic models and computational procedures both for hyperelasticity and viscohyperelasticity are still under substantial research. Anisotropic hyperelastic models are typically based on structural invariants obtained from quadratic strain measures. These models may be microstructurallybased or phenomenological continuum formulations, and are characterized by a predefined analytical shape of the stored energy. The actual final expression of the stored energy depends on some material parameters which are obtained from an optimization algorithm, typically the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. We present in this work anisotropic spline-based hyperelastic stored energies in which the shape of the stored energy is obtained as part of the procedure and which (exactly in practice) replicates the experimental data. These stored energies are based on invariants obtained from logarithmic strain measures. These strain measures preserve the metric and the physical meaning of the trace and deviator operators and, hence, are interesting and meaningful for anisotropic formulations. Furthermore, the proposed stored energies may be formulated in order to have material-symmetries congruency both from a theoretical and from a numerical point of view, which are new properties that we define in this work. On the other hand, visco-hyperelastic formulations for anisotropic materials are typically based on internal stress-like variables following a procedure used by Sim´o. However, it can be shown that this procedure is not adequate for large deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium. In contrast, a formulation given by Reese and Govindjee is valid for arbitrarily large deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium but not for anisotropic stored energy functions. In this work we present two formulations for visco-hyperelasticity valid for anisotropic stored energies and large deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium. One of the formulations is based on the Sidoroff multiplicative decomposition and converges to the Reese and Govindjee formulation for the case of isotropy. However, the formulation is restricted to isotropy for the viscous component. The second formulation is based on a reversed multiplicative decomposition. This last formulation is substantially more complex and based on a corotational description of the problem. It can also result in a slightly nonsymmetric tangent. However, the formulation allows for anisotropy not only in the equilibrated and non-equilibrated stored energies, but also in the viscous behavior. Some examples show finite element implementation, versatility and interesting characteristics of the models.

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The design of shell and spatial structures represents an important challenge even with the use of the modern computer technology.If we concentrate in the concrete shell structures many problems must be faced,such as the conceptual and structural disposition, optimal shape design, analysis, construction methods, details etc. and all these problems are interconnected among them. As an example the shape optimization requires the use of several disciplines like structural analysis, sensitivity analysis, optimization strategies and geometrical design concepts. Similar comments can be applied to other space structures such as steel trusses with single or double shape and tension structures. In relation to the analysis the Finite Element Method appears to be the most extended and versatile technique used in the practice. In the application of this method several issues arise. First the derivation of the pertinent shell theory or alternatively the degenerated 3-D solid approach should be chosen. According to the previous election the suitable FE model has to be adopted i.e. the displacement,stress or mixed formulated element. The good behavior of the shell structures under dead loads that are carried out towards the supports by mainly compressive stresses is impaired by the high imperfection sensitivity usually exhibited by these structures. This last effect is important particularly if large deformation and material nonlinearities of the shell may interact unfavorably, as can be the case for thin reinforced shells. In this respect the study of the stability of the shell represents a compulsory step in the analysis. Therefore there are currently very active fields of research such as the different descriptions of consistent nonlinear shell models given by Simo, Fox and Rifai, Mantzenmiller and Buchter and Ramm among others, the consistent formulation of efficient tangent stiffness as the one presented by Ortiz and Schweizerhof and Wringgers, with application to concrete shells exhibiting creep behavior given by Scordelis and coworkers; and finally the development of numerical techniques needed to trace the nonlinear response of the structure. The objective of this paper is concentrated in the last research aspect i.e. in the presentation of a state-of-the-art on the existing solution techniques for nonlinear analysis of structures. In this presentation the following excellent reviews on this subject will be mainly used.