Modelling of landslides propagation with SPH : effects of rheology and pore water pressure

El estudio desarrollado en este trabajo de tesis se centra en la modelización numérica de la fase de propagación de los deslizamientos rápidos de ladera a través del método sin malla Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). Este método tiene la gran ventaja de permitir el análisis de problemas de grandes deformaciones evitando operaciones costosas de remallado como en el caso de métodos numéricos con mallas tal como el método de los Elementos Finitos. En esta tesis, particular atención viene dada al rol que la reología y la presión de poros desempeñan durante estos eventos. El modelo matemático utilizado se basa en la formulación de Biot-Zienkiewicz v - pw, que representa el comportamiento, expresado en términos de velocidad del esqueleto sólido y presiones de poros, de la mezcla de partículas sólidas en un medio saturado. Las ecuaciones que gobiernan el problema son: • la ecuación de balance de masa de la fase del fluido intersticial, • la ecuación de balance de momento de la fase del fluido intersticial y de la mezcla, • la ecuación constitutiva y • una ecuación cinemática. Debido a sus propiedades geométricas, los deslizamientos de ladera se caracterizan por tener una profundidad muy pequeña frente a su longitud y a su anchura, y, consecuentemente, el modelo matemático mencionado anteriormente se puede simplificar integrando en profundidad las ecuaciones, pasando de un modelo 3D a 2D, el cual presenta una combinación excelente de precisión, sencillez y costes computacionales. El modelo propuesto en este trabajo se diferencia de los modelos integrados en profundidad existentes por incorporar un ulterior modelo capaz de proveer información sobre la presión del fluido intersticial a cada paso computacional de la propagación del deslizamiento. En una manera muy eficaz, la evolución de los perfiles de la presión de poros está numéricamente resuelta a través de un esquema explicito de Diferencias Finitas a cada nodo SPH. Este nuevo enfoque es capaz de tener en cuenta la variación de presión de poros debida a cambios de altura, de consolidación vertical o de cambios en las tensiones totales. Con respecto al comportamiento constitutivo, uno de los problemas principales al modelizar numéricamente deslizamientos rápidos de ladera está en la dificultad de simular con la misma ley constitutiva o reológica la transición de la fase de iniciación, donde el material se comporta como un sólido, a la fase de propagación donde el material se comporta como un fluido. En este trabajo de tesis, se propone un nuevo modelo reológico basado en el modelo viscoplástico de Perzyna, pensando a la viscoplasticidad como a la llave para poder simular tanto la fase de iniciación como la de propagación con el mismo modelo constitutivo. Con el fin de validar el modelo matemático y numérico se reproducen tanto ejemplos de referencia con solución analítica como experimentos de laboratorio. Finalmente, el modelo se aplica a casos reales, con especial atención al caso del deslizamiento de 1966 en Aberfan, mostrando como los resultados obtenidos simulan con éxito estos tipos de riesgos naturales. The study developed in this thesis focuses on the modelling of landslides propagation with the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) meshless method which has the great advantage of allowing to deal with large deformation problems by avoiding expensive remeshing operations as happens for mesh methods such as, for example, the Finite Element Method. In this thesis, special attention is given to the role played by rheology and pore water pressure during these natural hazards. The mathematical framework used is based on the v - pw Biot-Zienkiewicz formulation, which represents the behaviour, formulated in terms of soil skeleton velocity and pore water pressure, of the mixture of solid particles and pore water in a saturated media. The governing equations are: • the mass balance equation for the pore water phase, • the momentum balance equation for the pore water phase and the mixture, • the constitutive equation and • a kinematic equation. Landslides, due to their shape and geometrical properties, have small depths in comparison with their length or width, therefore, the mathematical model aforementioned can then be simplified by depth integrating the equations, switching from a 3D to a 2D model, which presents an excellent combination of accuracy, computational costs and simplicity. The proposed model differs from previous depth integrated models by including a sub-model able to provide information on pore water pressure profiles at each computational step of the landslide's propagation. In an effective way, the evolution of the pore water pressure profiles is numerically solved through a set of 1D Finite Differences explicit scheme at each SPH node. This new approach is able to take into account the variation of the pore water pressure due to changes of height, vertical consolidation or changes of total stress. Concerning the constitutive behaviour, one of the main issues when modelling fast landslides is the difficulty to simulate with the same constitutive or rheological model the transition from the triggering phase, where the landslide behaves like a solid, to the propagation phase, where the landslide behaves in a fluid-like manner. In this work thesis, a new rheological model is proposed, based on the Perzyna viscoplastic model, thinking of viscoplasticity as the key to close the gap between the triggering and the propagation phase. In order to validate the mathematical model and the numerical approach, benchmarks and laboratory experiments are reproduced and compared to analytical solutions when possible. Finally, applications to real cases are studied, with particular attention paid to the Aberfan flowslide of 1966, showing how the mathematical model accurately and successfully simulate these kind of natural hazards.

An investigation of the performance of a new Mechanical thrombectomy device using Bond Graph modelling: application to the extraction of blood clots in the middle cerebral artery

A number of thrombectomy devices using a variety of methods have now been developed to facilitate clot removal. We present research involving one such experimental device recently developed in the UK, called a ‘GP’ Thrombus Aspiration Device (GPTAD). This device has the potential to bring about the extraction of a thrombus. Although the device is at a relatively early stage of development, the results look encouraging. In this work, we present an analysis and modeling of the GPTAD by means of the bond graph technique; it seems to be a highly effective method of simulating the device under a variety of conditions. Such modeling is useful in optimizing the GPTAD and predicting the result of clot extraction. The aim of this simulation model is to obtain the minimum pressure necessary to extract the clot and to verify that both the pressure and the time required to complete the clot extraction are realistic for use in clinical situations, and are consistent with any experimentally obtained data. We therefore consider aspects of rheology and mechanics in our modeling.

Influence of cement properties in the reaction rate and mechanical behavior of concrete with high fl y ash content

The use of fly ash (FA) as an admixture to concrete is broadly extended for two main reasons: the reduction of costs that supposes the substitution of cement and the micro structural changes motivated by the mineral admixture. Regarding this second point, there is a consensus that considers that the ash generates a more compact concrete and a reduction in the size of the pore. However, the measure in which this contributes to the pozzolanic activity or as filler is not well defined. There is also no justification to the influence of the physical parameters, fineness of the grain and free water, in its behavior. This work studies the use of FA as a partial substitute of the cement in concretes of different workability (dry and wet) and the influence in the reactivity of the ash. The concrete of dry consistency which serves as reference uses a cement dose of 250 Kg/m 3 and the concrete of fluid consistency utilized a dose of cement of 350 Kg/m 3 . Two trademark of Portland Cement Type 1 were used. The first reached the resistant class for its fineness of grain and the second one for its composition. Moreover, three doses of FA have been used, and the water/binder ratio was constant in all the mixtures. We have studied the mechanical properties and the micro-structure of the concretes by means of compressive strength tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thermal analysis (TA). The results of compressive strength tests allow us to observe that concrete mixtures with cements of the same classification and similar dosage of binder do not present the same mechanical behavior. These results show that the effective water/binder ratio has a major role in the development of the mechanical properties of concrete. The study of different dosages using TA, thermo-gravimetry and differential thermal analysis, revealed that the portlandite content is not restrictive in any of the dosages studied. Again, this proves that the rheology of the material influences the reaction rate and content of hydrated cement products. We conclude that the available free water is determinant in the efficiency of pozzolanic reaction. It is so that in accordance to the availability of free water, the ashes can react as an active admixture or simply change the porous distribution. The MIP shows concretes that do not exhibit significant changes in their mechanical behavior, but have suffered significant variation in their porous structure

Influence of the rheological behaviour of the lubricant on the appearance of pitting in elastohydrodynamic eegime

This paper analyses the influence of lubricant behaviour on the appearance of pitting. It attempts to study the effect of viscosity?pressure relation, compressibility, film thickness?roughness relation and friction coefficient on pitting failure of the contacting elements.To explain these effects, we first deal with the influence of the oil on the lubrication of the contact using elastohydrodynamic theory and secondly two multiaxial fatigue criteria are used, Crossland criterion and Dang Van criterion, to evaluate the influence of the rheology on the appearance of pitting. Finally, different applications are presented together with a discussion on the results obtained.

Impact testing in melon (Cucumis melo L.)

The application of Rheology to study biological systems is a new and very extensive matter, in which melon is absolutely unknown. The goal of this work is to determine some physical characteristics of this fruit, immediately after harvest and during its conservation in cold storage. Portugal and Spain are the most interested countries in these studies, as they are important producers of melon. The varieties Branco da Leziria and Piel de sapo were chosen because they are the most popular in both countries. The fruit were studied on the day they were harvested, and then were conserved in cold storage in the "Instituto del Frio" in Madrid, and they were periodically tested again. Thus during seven days the same fruits, and new fruits, were picked up and tested. On the first day of testing we had 20 fruits to study and at the end of the testing period we had used 80 fruits. The results from the non-destructive impact test were very significant and they may contribute to standardise methods to measure fruit maturity. These results were confirmed by those obtained from compression tests. The results obtained during the Impact tests with melon were similar to those obtained previously with other fruits. There is a close relationship between the results of the Impact tests and Compression tests. Tests like Impact and Compression can be adapted to melon, varieties 'Piel de Sapo" and 'Branco de Leziria', allowing us to continue further work with this species. The great number of data obtained during performance of the tests allowed us to go on with this work and to contribute to standardise methods of measurement and expression of characteristics of a new biological product. During the "Impact damage in fruits and vegetables" workshop, held in Zaragoza in 1990, these matters were included in the priority list.

Protein isolate and inulin: chemical, rheological and structural basis

Soy protein isolate is typical vegetable protein with health-enhancing activities. Inulin, a prebiotic no digestible carbohydrate, has functional properties. A mashed potato serving of 200 g with added soy protein isolate and inulin concentrations of 15?60 g kg provides from 3 to 12 g of soy protein isolate and/or inulin, respectively. Currently, no information is available about the possible texture-modifying effect of this non-ionizable polar carbohydrate in different soy-based food systems. In this study, the effect of the addition of soy protein isolate and inulin blends at different soy protein isolate: inulin ratios on the degree of inulin polymerization and the rheological and structural properties of fresh mashed and frozen/thawed mashed potatoes were evaluated. The inulin chemical structure remained intact throughout the various treatments, and soy protein isolate did not affect inulin composition being a protein compatible with this fructan. Small-strain rheology showed that both ingredients behaved like soft fillers. In the frozen/thawed mashed potatoes samples,0 addition of 30 : 30 and 15 : 60 blend ratios significantly increased elasticity (G value) compared with 0 : 0 control, consequently reducing the freeze/thaw stability conferred by the cryoprotectants. Inulin crystallites caused a significant strengthening effect on soy protein isolate gel. Micrographs revealed that soy protein isolate supports the inulin structure by building up a second fine-stranded network. Thereby, possibility of using soy protein isolate and inulin in combination with mashed potatoes to provide a highly nutritious and healthy product is promising.

Análisis de la influencia de los diferentes parámetros de diseño en la aparición de fatiga superficial en contactos mecánicos

La fatiga superficial es uno de los principales problemas en las transmisiones mecánicas y es uno de los focos de atención de las investigaciones de los últimos anos en Tribología. La disminución de viscosidad de los lubricantes para la mejora de la eficiencia, el aumento de las potencias a transmitir, el aumento de la vida de los componentes o la mejora de su fiabilidad han supuesto que los fenómenos de fatiga superficial hayan cobrado especial relevancia, especialmente los fenómenos de pitting y micropitting en cajas multiplicadoras/reductoras de grandes potencias de aplicación, por ejemplo, en el sector eólico. Como todo fenómeno de fatiga, el pitting y micropitting son debidos a la aplicación de cargas ciclicas. Su aparición depende de las presiones y tensiones cortantes en el contacto entre dos superficies que al encontrarse en rodadura y deslizamiento varian con el tiempo. La principal consecuencia de la fatiga superficial es la aparición de hoyuelos de diferente magnitud segun la escala del fenómeno (pitting o micropitting) en la superficie del material. La aparición de estos hoyuelos provoca la perdida de material, induce vibraciones y sobrecargas en el elemento que finalmente acaba fallando. Debido a la influencia de la presión y tensión cortante en el contacto, la aparición de fatiga depende fuertemente del lubricante que se encuentre entre las dos superficies y de las condiciones de funcionamiento en las cuales este trabajando. Cuando el contacto trabaja en condiciones de lubricacion mixta-elastohidrodinamica tiende a aparecer micropitting debido a las altas tensiones localizadas en las proximidades de las asperezas, mientras que si el régimen es de lubricación completa el tipo de fatiga superficial suele ser pitting debido a las tensiones mas suavizadas y menos concentradas. En esta Tesis Doctoral se han analizado todos estos factores de influencia que controlan el pitting y el micropitting prestando especial atención al efecto del lubricante. Para ello, se ha dado un enfoque conjunto a ambos fenómenos resolviendo las ecuaciones involucradas en el contacto elastohidrodinamico no-Newtoniano (la ecuación de Reynolds, la deformación elástica de los sólidos y la reologia del lubricante) para conocer la presión y la tensión cortante en el contacto. Conocidas estas, se resuelve el campo de tensiones en el interior del material y, finalmente, se aplican criterios de fatiga multiaxial (Crossland, Dang Van y Liu-Mahadevan) para conocer si el material falla o no falla. Con la metodología desarrollada se ha analizado el efecto sobre las tensiones y la aparición de la fatiga superficial del coeficiente viscosidad-presion, de la compresibilidad, del espesor especifico de película y de la fricción así como de la influencia de las propiedades a fatiga del material y de las condiciones de funcionamiento (radios de contacto, velocidad, deslizamiento, carga y temperatura). Para la validación de los resultados se han utilizado resultados teóricos y experimentales de otros autores junto con normas internacionales de amplia utilización en el mundo industrial, entre otras, para el diseño y calculo de engranajes. A parte del trabajo realizado por simulación y cálculo de los diferentes modelos desarrollados, se ha realizado un importante trabajo experimental que ha servido no solo para validar la herramienta desarrollada sino que además ha permitido incorporar al estudio factores no considerados en los modelos, como los aditivos del lubricante. Se han realizado ensayos de medida del coeficiente de fricción en una maquina de ensayo puntual con la que se ha validado el cálculo del coeficiente de fricción y se ha desarrollado un proceso de mejora del coeficiente de fricción mediante texturizado superficial en contactos puntuales elastohidrodinamicos mediante fotolitografia y ataque quimico. Junto con los ensayos de medida de fricción en contacto puntual se han realizado ensayos de fricción y fatiga superficial en contacto lineal mediante una maquina de discos que ha permitido evaluar la influencia de diferentes aditivos (modificadores de fricción, antidesgaste y extrema-presion) en la aparición de fatiga superficial (pitting y micropitting) y la fricción en el contacto. Abstract Surface fatigue is one of the most important problems of mechanical transmissions and therefore has been one of the main research topics on Tribology during the last years. On the one hand, industrial demand on fuel economy has led to reduce lubricant viscosity in order to improve efficiency. On the other hand, the requirements of power and life of machine elements are continuously increasing, together with the improvements in reliability. As a consequence, surface fatigue phenomena have become critical in machinery, in particular pitting and micropitting in high power gearboxes of every kind of machines, e.g., wind turbines or cranes. In line with every fatigue phenomena, pitting and micropitting are caused by cyclic loads. Their appearance depends on the evolution of pressures and shear stresses with time, throughout the contact between surfaces under rolling and sliding conditions. The main consequence of surface fatigue is the appearance of pits on the surface. The size of the pits is related to the scale of the fatigue: pitting or micropitting. These pits cause material loss, vibrations and overloads until the final failure is reached. Due to the great influence of the pressures and shear stresses in surface fatigue, the appearance of pits depends directly on the lubricant and the operating conditions. When the contact works under mixed regime (or under elastohydrodynamic but close to mixed regime) the main fatigue failure is micropitting because of the high pressures located near the asperities. In contrast, when the contact works under elastohydrodynamic fully flooded conditions the typical fatigue failure is pitting. In this Ph.D. Thesis, the main factors with influence on pitting and micropitting phenomena are analyzed, with special attention to the effect of the lubricant. For this purpose, pitting and micropitting are studied together by solving the equations involved in the non-Newtonian elastohydrodynamic contact. Thus, pressure and shear stress distributions are found by taking into account Reynolds equation, elastic deflection of the solids and lubricant rheology. Subsequently, the stress field inside the material can be calculated and different multiaxial fatigue criteria (Crossland, Dang Van and Liu- Mahadevan) can be applied to predict whether fatigue failure is reached. The influences of the main parameters on pressure and surface fatigue have been studied, taking into account the lubricant compressibility and its viscosity-pressure coefficient, the specific film thickness, the friction coefficient and the fatigue properties of the contacting materials, together with the operating conditions (contact radius, mean velocity, sliding velocity, load and temperature). Several theoretical and experimental studies of different authors have been used to validate all the results obtained, together with international standards used worldwide in gear design industry. Moreover, an experimental stage has been carried out in order to validate the calculation methods and introduce additional influences not included previously, e.g., lubricant additives. The experimentation includes different friction tests in point contacts performed with a tribological equipment in order to validate the results given by the calculations. Furthermore, the reduction and optimization of the friction coefficient is analyzed by means of textured surfaces, obtained combining photolithography and chemical etching techniques. Besides the friction tests with point contact, friction and surface fatigue tests have also been performed with line contact in a tribological test rig. This equipment is also used to study the influence of different types of additives (friction modifiers, anti-wear and extreme-pressure additives) on surface fatigue (pitting and micropitting).

Desarrollo y caracterización de un material celular de alta porosidad con base cementicia activada mediante agentes inorgánicos

Esta tesis ha estudiado los morteros celulares, centrándose en la experimentación con pastas de cemento aireadas (PCA) con polvo de aluminio como agente expansor. El objetivo es el desarrollo de un material cementicio con una baja conductividad térmica que sirva como aislamiento térmico. La naturaleza inorgánica del material lo hace incombustible, en contraste con las espumas poliméricas existentes en el mercado, cuya aplicación en cámaras ventiladas ha sido prohibida por normativas de construcción tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Las posibles aplicaciones son con proyección neumática o en paneles prefabricados. Se han ensayado dos series de pastas de cemento con polvo de aluminio: - Serie WPC/CAC/CH. Mezcla de referencia con cemento blanco (WPC), cemento de aluminato cálcico (CAC) y cal aérea (CH) en proporción 5:1:4. - Serie OPC/CH. Mezcla de referencia con cemento portland con cenizas volantes (OPC) y cal aérea (CH) en proporción OPC/CH de 4:1 A las mezclas de referencia se le han añadido adiciones de metacaolín (MK) (10 y 20%) o sepiolita (SP) (1 y 2%) para observar el efecto que producen tanto en el mortero fresco como en el mortero endurecido. Se ha estudiado la reología de las pastas en estado fresco, analizando el proceso de expansión de las pastas, registrando los valores de tensión de fluencia, aire ocluido y temperatura durante la expansión. Con los valores obtenidos se ha discutido la influencia de las adiciones utilizadas en la cinética de corrosión del polvo de aluminio que genera la expansión, concluyendo que las adiciones puzolánicas (CV y MK) y la SP reducen mucho el periodo de inducción, lo que provoca poros más grandes y mayor cantidad de aire ocluido. Asimismo se ha analizado la relación entre la tensión de fluencia y el contenido de aire ocluido, deduciendo que a mayor tensión de fluencia en el momento de iniciarse la expansión, menor tamaño de poros y contenido de aire ocluido. Finalmente, se han obtenido las densidades y capacidades de retención de agua de los morteros frescos. Para caracterizar la red porosa de las pastas aireadas endurecidas, se obtuvieron tanto las densidades reales, netas, aparentes y relativas como las porosidades abiertas, cerradas y totales con ensayos hídricos. Finalmente se obtuvieron imágenes de los poros con tomografía axial computerizada para obtener las porosimetrías de las muestras. La caracterización de la red porosa ha servido para terminar de analizar lo observado en la evolución de la expansión del mortero fresco. Se ha analizado la influencia de la red porosa en la conductividad térmica, obtenida con caja caliente, comparándola con la existente en la literatura existente tanto de morteros celulares como de espumas poliméricas. Se concluye que los valores de conductividad térmica conseguida están en el mínimo posible para un material celular de base cementicia. La microestructura se ha estudiado con microscopía electrónica de barrido, difracción de rayos X y ensayos térmicos TG/ATD, observando que los productos de hidratación encontrados coinciden con los que se producen en morteros sin airear. Las imágenes SEM y los resultados de ultrasonidos han servido para analizar la presencia de microfisuras de retracción en las pastas aireadas, observando que en las muestras con adiciones de MK y SP, se reduce la presencia de microfisuras. ABSTRACT This thesis has studied cellular mortars, focusing in testing aerated cement pastes with aluminum powder as expansive agent. The purpose is the development of a cementitious material with low thermal conductivity that can be used as thermal isolation. Inorganic nature of this material makes it non-combustible, in contrast with polymeric foams in market, whose application in ventilated double skin façade systems has been banned by building standards, both domestically and internationally. Possible uses for this material are pneumatically sprayed applications and precast panels. Two series of batches with aluminum powder have been tested: - WPC/CAC/CH series. Reference paste with white portland cement (WPC), calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and lime (CH) with 5:1:4 ratio. - OPC/CH series. Reference paste with portland cement with fly ash (OPC) and lime (CH) with 4:1 ratio. Metakaolin (MK) (10 and 20%) or sepiolite (SP) (1 and 2%) additions were used in reference pastes to characterize the effect in fresh and hardened mortar. Rheology in fresh pastes was studied, expansion process of pastes was analyzed, recording yield stress, entrained air and temperature values during expansion. Recorded values were used to discuss influence of additions on reaction kinetics of aluminum powder corrosion, that produces expansion.. Conclusion is that pozzolanic additions (FA and MK) and SP greatly reduce induction period, producing bigger pores and more entrained air. Relation between yield stress and entrained air has been also analyzed, observing that the bigger yield stress at beginning of expansion, the smaller pores size and the lower entrained air values. Finally density and water retention of fresh mortars were obtained. Pore network in hardened aerated cement pastes was characterized by imbibition methods providing true, bulk and relative density, and providing also open, closed and total porosity. Finally, pore system imaging were obtained with computerized axial tomography to study porosimetry of specimens. Pore network characterization was useful to complete facts analysis observed in expansion of fresh mortars. Influence of pore network in thermal conductivity, checked in hot box, was analyzed comparing with those existing values in cellular mortar and polymeric foams researches. It was concluded that thermal conductivity values achieved are close to minimum possible in a cementitious cellular material. Microstructure was studied with Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffractometry and TG-DTA analysis, observing that hydration phases found, are those produced in non aerated mortar. SEM imaging and ultrasound results were useful to analyze shrinkage microcracks in aerated cement pastes, concluding that microcrack presence in specimens with MK and SP additions were reduced.

Preliminary results of the relation between ice viscosity and water content using an inverse method

One of the outstanding problems of the modelling of temperate ice dynamics is the limited knowledge on the rheology of temperate ice and, in particular, on how the rate factor depends on the liquid water content. Though it is well known that the rate factor depends strongly on the water content, in practice the only available experimentally-based relationship is that by Duval (1977), which is only valid for water contents up to 1%. However, actual water contents found in temperate and polythermal glaciers are sometimes substantially larger.

Mechanical behaviour of laminated functionally graded fibre-reinforced self-compacting cementitious composites

El hormigón autocompactante (HAC) es una nueva tipología de hormigón o material compuesto base cemento que se caracteriza por ser capaz de fluir en el interior del encofrado o molde, llenándolo de forma natural, pasando entre las barras de armadura y consolidándose únicamente bajo la acción de su peso propio, sin ayuda de medios de compactación externos, y sin que se produzca segregación de sus componentes. Debido a sus propiedades frescas (capacidad de relleno, capacidad de paso, y resistencia a la segregación), el HAC contribuye de forma significativa a mejorar la calidad de las estructuras así como a abrir nuevos campos de aplicación del hormigón. Por otra parte, la utilidad del hormigón reforzado con fibras de acero (HRFA) es hoy en día incuestionable debido a la mejora significativa de sus propiedades mecánicas tales como resistencia a tracción, tenacidad, resistencia al impacto o su capacidad para absorber energía. Comparado con el HRFA, el hormigón autocompactante reforzado con fibras de acero (HACRFA) presenta como ventaja una mayor fluidez y cohesión ofreciendo, además de unas buenas propiedades mecánicas, importantes ventajas en relación con su puesta en obra. El objetivo global de esta tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de nuevas soluciones estructurales utilizando materiales compuestos base cemento autocompactantes reforzados con fibras de acero. La tesis presenta una nueva forma de resolver el problema basándose en el concepto de los materiales gradiente funcionales (MGF) o materiales con función gradiente (MFG) con el fin de distribuir de forma eficiente las fibras en la sección estructural. Para ello, parte del HAC se sustituye por HACRFA formando capas que presentan una transición gradual entre las mismas con el fin de obtener secciones robustas y exentas de tensiones entre capas con el fin de aplicar el concepto “MGF-laminados” a elementos estructurales tales como vigas, columnas, losas, etc. El proceso incluye asimismo el propio método de fabricación que, basado en la tecnología HAC, permite el desarrollo de interfases delgadas y robustas entre capas (1-3 mm) gracias a las propiedades reológicas del material. Para alcanzar dichos objetivos se ha llevado a cabo un amplio programa experimental cuyas etapas principales son las siguientes: • Definir y desarrollar un método de diseño que permita caracterizar de forma adecuada las propiedades mecánicas de la “interfase”. Esta primera fase experimental incluye: o las consideraciones generales del propio método de fabricación basado en el concepto de fabricación de materiales gradiente funcionales denominado “reología y gravedad”, o las consideraciones específicas del método de caracterización, o la caracterización de la “interfase”. • Estudiar el comportamiento mecánico sobre elementos estructurales, utilizando distintas configuraciones de MGF-laminado frente a acciones tanto estáticas como dinámicas con el fin de comprobar la viabilidad del material para ser usado en elementos estructurales tales como vigas, placas, pilares, etc. Los resultados indican la viabilidad de la metodología de fabricación adoptada, así como, las ventajas tanto estructurales como en reducción de costes de las soluciones laminadas propuestas. Es importante destacar la mejora en términos de resistencia a flexión, compresión o impacto del hormigón autocompactante gradiente funcional en comparación con soluciones de HACRFA monolíticos inclusos con un volumen neto de fibras (Vf) doble o superior. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an important advance in the concrete technology in the last decades. It is a new type of high performance concrete with the ability of flowing under its own weight and without the need of vibrations. Due to its specific fresh or rheological properties, such as filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance, SCC may contribute to a significant improvement of the quality of concrete structures and open up new field for the application of concrete. On the other hand, the usefulness of steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) in civil engineering applications is unquestionable. SFRC can improve significantly the hardened mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact resistance, toughness and energy absorption capacity. Compared to SFRC, self-compacting steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SCSFRC) is a relatively new type of concrete with high flowability and good cohesiveness. SCSFRC offers very attractive economical and technical benefits thanks to SCC rheological properties, which can be further extended, when combined with SFRC for improving their mechanical characteristics. However, for the different concrete structural elements, a single concrete mix is selected without an attempt to adapt the diverse fibre-reinforced concretes to the stress-strain sectional properly. This thesis focused on the development of high performance cement-based structural composites made of SCC with and without steel fibres, and their applications for enhanced mechanical properties in front of different types of load and pattern configurations. It presents a new direction for tackling the mechanical problem. The approach adopted is based on the concept of functionally graded cementitious composite (FGCC) where part of the plain SCC is strategically replaced by SCSFRC in order to obtain laminated functionally graded self-compacting cementitious composites, laminated-FGSCC, in single structural elements as beams, columns, slabs, etc. The approach also involves a most suitable casting method, which uses SCC technology to eliminate the potential sharp interlayer while easily forming a robust and regular reproducible graded interlayer of 1-3 mm by controlling the rheology of the mixes and using gravity at the same time to encourage the use of the powerful concept for designing more performance suitable and cost-efficient structural systems. To reach the challenging aim, a wide experimental programme has been carried out involving two main steps: • The definition and development of a novel methodology designed for the characterization of the main parameter associated to the interface- or laminated-FGSCC solutions: the graded interlayer. Work of this first part includes: o the design considerations of the innovative (in the field of concrete) production method based on “rheology and gravity” for producing FG-SCSFRC or as named in the thesis FGSCC, casting process and elements, o the design of a specific testing methodology, o the characterization of the interface-FGSCC by using the so designed testing methodology. • The characterization of the different medium size FGSCC samples under different static and dynamic loads patterns for exploring their possibilities to be used for structural elements as beams, columns, slabs, etc. The results revealed the efficiency of the manufacturing methodology, which allow creating robust structural sections, as well as the feasibility and cost effectiveness of the proposed FGSCC solutions for different structural uses. It is noticeable to say the improvement in terms of flexural, compressive or impact loads’ responses of the different FGSCC in front of equal strength class SCSFRC bulk elements with at least the double of overall net fibre volume fraction (Vf).

Values of the deformation modulus of soil at different ways of determining this amount

In accordance with Russian, Kazakh and European building regulations, the deformation modulus of soil should be determined in the laboratory and also apply in situ soil tests on the stages of engineering geology prospecting. In this paper we present data on the determination and adjustment of the deformation characteristics at different stages of construction

Evaluación de la calidad funcional y sensorial en cultivares de Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare y ssp. spelta en cultivo ecológico

En esta Tesis Doctoral se ha estudiado la influencia del cultivar sobre el comportamiento reológico y panadero de cinco cultivares de trigo sembrados en el mismo año y en el mismo ambiente, en condiciones de cultivo ecológico. Tres de ellos eran de trigo panadero (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare), ‘Bonpain’, ‘Craklin’ y ‘Sensas’ y los otros dos de trigo espelta (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta), ‘Espelta Álava’ y ‘Espelta Navarra’. Actualmente, el alohexaploide trigo panadero (2n=6x=42 genomio AABBDD) supone en torno al 90% del trigo cultivado en el mundo. En cambio, el cultivo del trigo alohexaploide espelta (2n=6x=42 genomio AABBDD) se limita a pequeñas regiones de Europa y de América del Norte. En España, el cultivo de trigo espelta se ha mantenido durante años ligado a la región de Asturias, aunque en la actualidad su cultivo está empezando a diversificarse hacia otras regiones. Esto se debe, fundamentalmente, a su potencial nutricional y a su adaptabilidad a condiciones de agricultura sostenible. El reciente resurgimiento de la espelta en productos de panificación, se debe, en gran parte, a la percepción del consumidor de que se trata de un producto ”más saludable” y “más natural” y con menor requerimiento de insumos que los trigos modernos. A medida que el consumo de alimentos a base de harina de espelta aumenta, se plantea la necesidad de evaluar su calidad harino-panadera, nutricional y sensorial en comparación con los productos elaborados con variedades de trigo común. Se caracterizaron las gluteninas de alto peso molecular (HMW) y las puroindolinas de los cinco cultivares. Se evaluó la calidad del grano, la reología de sus masas y se analizó la calidad instrumental y sensorial de sus panes. Para tal fin se ha puesto a punto un protocolo de panificación adecuado a las características particulares de los trigos espelta y se ha propuesto para el análisis sensorial de los panes un protocolo de selección, entrenamiento y validación de jueces. Teniendo en cuenta la composición en gluteninas HMW de los cultivares, se comprobó su influencia en el volumen de sedimentación y en la fuerza panadera. La composición en puroindolinas se vió reflejada en el parámetro dureza del endospermo. Los resultados indicaron que hay diferencias entre trigo panadero y trigo espelta en parámetros como, la tenacidad y el equilibrio de sus masas, la capacidad de absorción de agua de la harina y el comportamiento de la masa durante el amasado. Los trigos espeltas mostraron menor valor en el tiempo en alcanzar la presión máxima y la tolerancia al amasado, mientras que presentaron valores superiores en el decaimiento a los 250 y 450 segundos respectivamente. Respecto a la calidad de los panes elaborados, los trigos espeltas tenían mayor elasticidad en la miga y mayores valores en el área y en el diámetro de sus alveolos. Estas diferencias en la estructura y textura de la miga fueron también detectadas a nivel sensorial por el panel de jueces. Mediante el perfil sensorial descriptivo, se determinó que uno de los dos panes elaborado con trigo espelta (‘Espelta Navarra’) fue el pan más complejo considerando conjuntamente los atributos de aroma y flavor. En este trabajo no se apreciaron diferencias entre ambos tipos de trigo ni en el contenido en proteína, ni en minerales, ni en la viscosidad de su almidón. ABSTRACT In this Doctoral Thesis, the influence of various cultivars on rheological and baking behavior was studied. Five wheat cultivars were used, all planted in the same year and same organic farming environment. Three were bread wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare), 'Bonpain', 'Craklin' and 'Sensas' and the other two were spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) , 'Espelta Álava' and 'Espelta Navarra' . Currently, the allohexaploid bread wheat (2n=6x=42 genome AABBDD) represents about 90% of global wheat production. On the other hand, allohexaploid spelt wheat (2n=6x=42 genome AABBDD) is merely produced in small areas of Europe and North America. For many years, the cultivation of spelt wheat in Spain was limited to the region of Asturias, although nowadays its production has begun to spread into other regions. This is owing to its nutritional potential and adaptability to conditions of sustainable agriculture. The recent resurgence of spelt in baking products is mainly due to consumers perception of it, as "healthier" and "more natural", and to the fewer agricultural input requirements compared to modern wheat products. As the consumption of foods made from spelt flour increases, there is a need to assess its baking, nutritional and sensory quality, compared to products made with common varieties of wheat. High molecular weight glutenins and puroindolines from the five cultivars were characterized. The quality of the grain and the rheology of the dough were evaluated and the instrumental and sensory quality of its breads were analyzed. To this end it a baking protocol was appropriately developed to the particular characteristics of spelt wheat and a selection protocol was proposed for the sensory analysis of breads, after proper training and validation of judges. Considering the HMW glutenin composition of the cultivars, the influence on the sedimentation volume and the baking strength was proven. The composition of puroindolines was reflected in the endosperm hardness parameter. The results show that there are differences between bread wheat and spelt wheat on parameters such as the tenacity and tenacity/elasticity ratio of their masses, the water absorption capacity of the flour and the behavior of the dough during kneading. The values for total time to reach maximum pressure and tolerance to mixing were lower for spelt wheat, and higher values were found for the drop at 250 s and 450 s. Regarding the quality of manufactured bread, spelt wheat had the greatest elasticity of the crumb and higher values in the area and diameter of the cells. These differences in the structure and texture of the crumb were also noticed at a sensory level by the panel of judges. It was determined by a descriptive sensory profile that one of the two loaves of bread made with spelt ('Espelta Navarra') was the most complex in the sense of its attributes of scents and flavors altogether. In this study, no differences were appreciated between the two types of wheat or the protein composition, or minerals or viscosity of the starch.