Evaluación de la protección conseguida en la cuenca de un torrente de montaña ante los daños causados por eventos torrenciales mediante su restauración hidrológico-forestal. Cuenca del torrente de Arratiecho en el Pirineo Aragonés, España.

La demanda continua e insistente de innovación en el ámbito cotidiano, nos hace perder la perspectiva de análisis cuando los procesos requieren un periodo prolongado para resolverse. Esto ocurre con los bosques ubicados en cuencas vertientes a torrentes de montaña, que tienen su origen en la restauración hidrológico-forestal llevada a cabo en las mismas, como complemento de los trabajos de corrección hidráulica efectuados en los torrentes, para controlar los procesos de erosión, inundaciones y aterramientos, desencadenados en diferentes zonas de la cuenca, cuando se dinamizan en ella los ciclos del agua y de los sedimentos a causa de los aguaceros o de la repentina fusión del manto de nieve. La cuenca vertiente al torrente de Arratiecho, situada en el municipio de Biescas, Pirineo Aragonés, fue restaurada y el barranco corregido entre 1903-05; para evitar su desertificación ante la erosión generalizada que sufría la misma, frenar el deslizamiento de una ladera morrénica y reducir los efectos de las inundaciones y aterramientos en su cono de sedimentación, donde se ubican los terrenos más fértiles y le atraviesa la carretera nacional N-260. Se comentan los trabajos realizados y los resultados obtenidos un siglo después, atendiendo especialmente a la evolución de las reforestaciones, siguiendo los criterios utilizados en el análisis de los bosques protectores.

Projetos espaciais na América espanhola no último terço do século XVIII: economía, política e ordenaçao territorial

Economía, política y ordenación territorial en la América española del último tercio del siglo XVIII

Análisis comparativo de la generación de viajes en hospitales públicos.

La implantación de un nuevo hospital incrementa el tráfico de la zona y cambia el uso del suelo de las áreas cercanas a su localización. Para el planificador resulta de gran utilidad la aplicación de modelos matemáticos para estimar los viajes generados y poder prevenir los impactos negativos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal examinar la concentración de viajes generados en cuatro hospitales seleccionados de Madrid y cinco hospitales brasileños, utilizando los modelos del ?Institute of Transportation Engenieers? ITE, comparados con los modelos desarrollados y con los flujos reales. Una vez realizado el análisis y aplicada la metodología comparativa, se han obtenido unos resultados distantes para el caso de los flujos reales en Madrid. En cambio, para los hospitales brasileños los modelos planteados se pueden aprovechar, sobre todo para la estimación de los viajes en vehículo privado.

Modelos de viajes a hospitales públicos españoles comparados con los modelos americanos

La implantación de un nuevo Polo Generador de Viajes (PGV) incrementa el tráfico de la zona y cambia el uso del suelo en las áreas cercanas a las cuales está ubicado. Por este motivo resulta conveniente la elaboración de modelos matemáticos para estimar los viajes generados y poder prevenir los impactos negativos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal la elaboración y aplicación de modelos de viajes a través de datos de cuatro hospitales seleccionados de Madrid y compáralos a los resultados de los modelos del Institute of Transportation Engenieers (ITE) y con los flujos reales. Una vez realizados los análisis y la metodología comparativa, se han verificado que los resultados de los modelos ITE que han sido discordantes con los resultados de los flujos reales de Madrid.

Educación social e informática

La educación representa una de las más trascendentales necesidades de nuestro tiempo, con una faz diferente según los países; los países subdesarrollados no tienen más remedio que preparar a sus masas para enmarcarse en las vías del progreso, y los desarrollados o en desarrollo precisan reestructurar sus sectores productivos, con objeto de apoyar crecientemente su economía sobre una base de trabajos cualificados. En los países en desarrollo, esta necesidad aparece con un doble matiz: cualitativo, en cuanto a la forma y al contenido de la educación, que debe adaptarse a un país en evolución y cuantitativo, por el aumento de su importancia numérica. La envergadura del problema requiere soluciones de envergadura. ¿Tiene algún papel el ordenador en este planteamiento? El ordenador es una herramienta,la herramienta intelectual más poderosa que ha inventado el hombre. Cuando se padece una necesidad y se tiene una herramienta, es preciso estudiar si ésta puede ayudar de alguna manera a resolver aquélla. En esta ponencia me permito presentar algunas ideas y recomendaciones personales en torno a este problema.

The family of DOF transcription factors in Brachypodium distachyon: BdDof24 in germinating seeds

The DOF (DNA binding with One Finger) transcription factor (TF) family is characterized by a binding domain of 52 amino acid residues that is structured as a Cys2/Cys2 Zn2+ finger that recognizes the common core 5?-T/AAAAG-3? in the promoter regions of their target genes. DOF TFs have been associated with biological processes exclusive to higher plants and their close ancestors (algae, mosses and ferns).

Toward a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission & deposition.

Existing descriptions of bi-directional ammonia (NH3) land–atmosphere exchange incorporate temperature and moisture controls, and are beginning to be used in regional chemical transport models. However, such models have typically applied simpler emission factors to upscale the main NH3 emission terms. While this approach has successfully simulated the main spatial patterns on local to global scales, it fails to address the environment- and climate-dependence of emissions. To handle these issues, we outline the basis for a new modelling paradigm where both NH3 emissions and deposition are calculated online according to diurnal, seasonal and spatial differences in meteorology. We show how measurements reveal a strong, but complex pattern of climatic dependence, which is increasingly being characterized using ground-based NH3 monitoring and satellite observations, while advances in process-based modelling are illustrated for agricultural and natural sources, including a global application for seabird colonies. A future architecture for NH3 emission–deposition modelling is proposed that integrates the spatio-temporal interactions, and provides the necessary foundation to assess the consequences of climate change. Based on available measurements, a first empirical estimate suggests that 5°C warming would increase emissions by 42 per cent (28–67%). Together with increased anthropogenic activity, global NH3 emissions may increase from 65 (45–85) Tg N in 2008 to reach 132 (89–179) Tg by 2100.

The nitrate-afterripening crosstalk is involved in the testa rupture of sisymbryum offinales seed

The loss of seed dormancy can occur by exposing the seed at low moisture storage conditions (afterripening; AR). Since a positive GA:ABA ratio play a key role in the reactivation of germination of non-dormant seeds, it seems obvious that a remarkable effect of AR is the decreasing of both ABA levels and sensitivity, as well as the increment of GA synthesis and sensitivity. ABA levels are regulated by control both of its biosynthesis thorough the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) encoding genes and its catabolism mediated mainly by ABA-8¿-hydroxylases (CYP707A). On the other hand, the last steps of the GA biosynthesis pathway should be involved to control its levels. Namely, GA20ox and GA3ox catalyzing the biosynthesis of active GA and GA2ox which catalyzes the GA inactivation. The presence of nitrate accelerates the sensu stricto germination of non-AR S. officinale seeds. Here, we demonstrate that in AR seeds nitrate also alters the expression pattern of key genes involved in ABA and GA metabolism and signalling (i.e. SoNCED6, SoNCED9, SoCYP707A2, SoABI5, SoGA3ox2, SoGA20ox6, SoGA2ox6 and SoRGL2). These results suggest that the nitrate signalling is also operative during imbibition of AR S. officinale seeds.

Transcription factors of the bzip factors of the BZIP family affecting arabidopsis thaliana germination sensu stricto

During seed germination, the endosperm cell walls (CWs) suffer an important weakening process mainly driven by hydrolytic enzymes, such are endo-?- mannanases (MAN; EC. 3.2.1.78) that catalyze the cleavage of ?1?4 bonds in the mannan-polymers. In Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, endo-?-mannanase activity increases during seed imbibition, decreasing after radicle emergence1. AtMAN7 is the most highly expressed MAN gene in seeds upon germination and their transcripts are restricted to the micropylar endosperm and to the radicle tip just before radicle emergence. Mutants with a T-DNA insertion in this gene (K.O. MAN7) have a slower germination rate than the wild type (t50=34 h versus t50=25 h). To gain insight into the transcriptional regulation of the AtMAN7 gene, a bioinformatic search for conserved non-coding cis-elements (phylogenetic shadowing) within the Brassicaceae orthologous MAN7 gene promoters has been done and these conserved motives have been used as baits to look for their interacting transcription factors (TFs), using as a prey an arrayed yeast library of circa 1,200 TFs from A. thaliana. The basic leucine zipper AtbZIP44, but not its closely related ortholog AtbZIP11, has been thus identified and its regulatory function upon AtMAN7 during seed germination validated by different molecular and physiological techniques, such are RT-qPCR analyses, mRNA Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) experiments, and by the establishment of the germination kinetics of both over-expression (oex) lines and TDNA insertion mutants in AtbZIP44. The transcriptional combinatorial network through which AtbZIP44 regulates AtMAN7 gene expression during seed germination has been further explored through protein-protein interactions between AtbZIP44 and other bZIP members. In such a way, AtbZIP9 has been identified by yeast two-hybrid experiments and its physiological implication in the control of AtMAN7 expression similarly established.

Uncovering cold disruption of the circadian clock in poplar

Dormancy is an adaptive mechanism that allows woody plants to survive at low temperatures during the winter. Disruption of circadian clock genes in winter or under low temperatures, both in long days as in short days, were described in our group few years ago (Ramos et al., 2005). Basic mechanisms of the circadian clock function are similar in herbaceous as well as in woody plants although there are differences in their response to low temperatures (Bieniawska et al., 2008). Woody plants growing in daylight conditions should have a specific transcriptional control above the circadian clock genes, which is responsible of their constitutive transcriptional activation observed under low temperatures conditions. In order to understand this regulatory process, we are analyzing the behavior of a circadian clock gene in poplar. To this aim, we have isolated its promoter region and fused to the luciferase reporter gene. This construct has been transformed into Populus tremula x P. alba 717-1B4 INRA clone. Here we present the characterization of these transgenic lines under different conditions of light and temperature.

CsRAV1: a candidate gene for improving lignocellulosic biomass yield

Fast-growing tree species of Populus spp.,Salix spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are cultivated to produce wood in a short time. Poplars are cultivated with cycles of 15-18 years to obtain saw timber and peeler logs, but when grown as short -rotation coppice(SRC) to produce biomass, planting density increases and rotation is considerably reduced (3-5 years). In this regard, research efforts are focused in the identification of traits and loci that allow the generation of improved SRC biomass-yielding genotypes. Biomass yield is a highly complex trait as it is the combined outcome of many other complex traits, each under separate polygenic control. Among profitable biomass yield-related traits are the amount of sylleptic branching and the length of winter dormancy. In poplar and in a few other Salicaceae species some lateral buds grow out sylleptically, the same season in which they form without the need of an intervening rest period. Sylleptic branching in poplar increases branch number, leaf area and general growth of the tree in its early years, and is a reasonable predictor of coppice yield. On the other hand, the length of winter dormancy determines the extent of the growth period. Our group has characterized the RAV1 gene of Castanea sativa (CsRAV1), encoding a transcription factor of the subfamily RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1). CsRAV1 expression shows a marked seasonal pattern, being higher in autumn and winter both in stems and buds. We generated transgenic lines of the hybrid clone Populus tremulax P. alba INRA 717 1B4 constitutively expressing CsRAV 1. These CsRAV1-expressing poplars develop sylleptic branches only a few weeks after potting. In addition to the sylleptic branching phenotype, these trees show phenological features that could give rise to an extended growth period. We are currently assessing the phenotype and behavior of these transgenic trees in a field trial, and ultimately, we will evaluate the impact on lignocellulosic biomass quality and production.

Characterization of a glycosylase family gene specifically expressed during winter dormancy in woody plants

Winter dormancy is the strategy used by perennial plants to survive the harsh conditions of winter in temperate and cold regions. This complex mechanism is characterized by cessation of the meristems activity, which is accompanied by the budset, the acquisition of a high tolerance to the cold temperatures and, in the case of deciduous trees, by the senescence and leaf abscission. In long-lived forest species, the length of the dormancy period limits the growing season, affecting wood production and quality. A Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) enriched in genes overexpressed during the process of winter dormancy in chesnut stems identified a DNA glycosylase gene. In order to study its role in the establishment and maintenance of the winter dormancy, a molecular characterization and seasonal expression were performed. Furthermore, we have obtained poplar transgenic plantlets overexpressing the chesnut gene.

Las ordenanzas ambientales como instrumento para la eficiencia energertica de los barrios residenciales

(re) inventar a cidade em tempos de midança. 6º Congreso Luso-Brasileiro para o Planeamiento Urbano, Tegional. Integrado e Sustentável

Bases para la estimación indirecta del coeficiente de difusión del radón en el hormigón

La exposición a altas concentraciones de radón supone un riesgo de desarrollar cáncer de pulmón. El radón de los edificios proviene principalmente del terreno. Por ello, es de gran importancia conocer las soluciones constructivas que supongan una barrera a la entrada de radón del terreno. Una envolvente de hormigón puede funcionar como barrera frente al radón, siempre y cuando reúna una serie de características de entre la que destaca su bajo coeficiente de difusión de radón, que se determina utilizando fuentes radiactivas, con lo que implica en cuanto a seguridad radiológica. En este artículo se presentan las bases para estimar el coeficiente de difusión del radón en el hormigón utilizando resultados empíricos de los coeficientes de difusión y de permeabilidad de gases no radioactivos como el oxígeno. También se presentan resultados de la correlación entre el coeficiente de permeabilidad y difusión del oxígeno.

El ordenador en la enseñanza y la enseñanza del ordenador

Trabajo presentado al I Congreso Hispano-Luso de Informática, celebrado en noviembre de 1971, en el que se aborda cómo debería ser la enseñanza de la informática a nivel universitario.