Habitabilidad básica latinoamericana: estándares de urbanización y edificación popular, de bajo coste y bioclimática. El caso de los asentamientos humanos populares de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Habitabilidad básica latinoamericana: estándares de urbanización y edificación popular, de bajo coste y bioclimática. El caso de los asentamientos humanos populares de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Evaluación de los efectos derivados de usos recreativos sobre las comunidades vegetales próximas a cursos de agua en el P.N. de Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil)

La particular ubicación del Parque Nacional da Tijuca en el entorno urbano de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro justifica la estrecha relación que sus habitantes han tenido históricamente con las montañas, sobre las que se asienta el P.N. Su población de más de 6 millones de habitantes, las altas temperaturas de su clima tropical húmedo, y el creciente interés por el turismo ecológico, hacen del baño en las cascadas de la Floresta da Tijuca una actividad habitual entre los cariocas. El posible impacto de los usos recreativos sobre las comunidades biológicas del entorno de las cascadas, en ocasiones localizadas en zonas de alto valor ecológico, aún no es suficientemente conocido, no ha sido evaluado, ni está contemplado en los planes oficiales del P.N. La decisión de permitir oficialmente el baño en una sucesión de cascadas concretas, situadas en un sector del Parque donde el baño no está permitido por el Plan de Gestión, pero donde se ha comprobado que este uso se produce con regularidad, y el potencial incremento en el número de visitantes que puede derivar de la divulgación al público de este permiso justifican el presente estudio. El trabajo, realizado bajo la co-dirección del profesor responsable del Laboratório de Ecologia de Florestal de la Universidad Federal del Estado de Rio de Janeiro, responde a la solicitud del P.N. de un estudio que evalúe el estado de conservación de la vegetación en el entorno de dichas cascadas, en el momento previo a la divulgación del permiso. Se pretende comprobar si existe degradación en el estrato arbóreo-arbustivo que pueda estar asociada a los usos recreativos que se dan en estas cascadas, bajo los niveles de visitación actuales. Se ha realizado una comparación del estado de conservación de dicho estrato, entre el entorno de las cascadas -representado por el muestreo de 10 parcelas que componen el conjunto CP-, y una zona alejada que se considera “libre” de presión antrópica debido a su menor accesibilidad -representada por el muestreo de 10 parcelas que componen el conjunto CL-. Dichos conjuntos se han comparado en lo referente a su composición florística (diversidad, en términos de riqueza observada, riqueza esperada, y equidad; especies predominantes y especies exóticas y amenazadas), atributos de desarrollo morfo-estructural (altura media, área basimétrica, proporción de individuos multicaules, densidad de individuos y proporción de individuos pertenecientes a especies exóticas y amenazadas) y atributos del medio físico que diferencian, fundamentalmente, las dos zonas comparadas (pendiente y exposición del suelo). Se han realizado comparaciones directas, en el caso de la composición florística, y comparaciones estadísticas básicas, de análisis de varianzas (ANOVA) y de análisis multivariante gráficos (de agrupamiento y NMDS) y numéricos (ANOSIM, NPMANOVA) para identificar diferencias significativas entre el entorno de las cascadas y la zona considerada “libre de impacto”. Los resultados muestran que en el momento inicial no es posible afirmar que exista degradación patente asociada a los usos recreativos en las cascadas, al no haber sido encontradas diferencias significativas en la mayor parte de las comparaciones, ni en la evaluación conjunta de todos los indicadores. Sin embargo, se han detectado importantes indicios de simplificación de la vegetación en el entorno del río, tanto en los indicadores de desarrollo estructural, como en la composición florística; y se han detectado diferencias relevantes en determinados indicadores que señalan la existencia de perturbación derivada del tránsito de visitantes, en especial sobre la exposición del suelo. Estos resultados podrían deberse a un estado incipiente de degradación, aún no claramente perceptible, y recalcan la importancia de estudiar, en los años sucesivos, la evolución del estado de conservación de la vegetación de esta zona, correlativamente a la evolución del volumen de visitantes, para comprobar y cuantificar el posible impacto antrópico derivado de los usos recreativos en estas cascadas.

Isotopic prediction calculation methodologies: application to Vandellos-II Reactor cycles 7-11

Determining as accurate as possible spent nuclear fuel isotopic content is gaining importance due to its safety and economic implications. Since nowadays higher burn ups are achievable through increasing initial enrichments, more efficient burn up strategies within the reactor cores and the extension of the irradiation periods, establishing and improving computation methodologies is mandatory in order to carry out reliable criticality and isotopic prediction calculations. Several codes (WIMSD5, SERPENT 1.1.7, SCALE 6.0, MONTEBURNS 2.0 and MCNP-ACAB) and methodologies are tested here and compared to consolidated benchmarks (OECD/NEA pin cell moderated with light water) with the purpose of validating them and reviewing the state of the isotopic prediction capabilities. These preliminary comparisons will suggest what can be generally expected of these codes when applied to real problems. In the present paper, SCALE 6.0 and MONTEBURNS 2.0 are used to model the same reported geometries, material compositions and burn up history of the Spanish Van de llós II reactor cycles 7-11 and to reproduce measured isotopies after irradiation and decay times. We analyze comparisons between measurements and each code results for several grades of geometrical modelization detail, using different libraries and cross-section treatment methodologies. The power and flux normalization method implemented in MONTEBURNS 2.0 is discussed and a new normalization strategy is developed to deal with the selected and similar problems, further options are included to reproduce temperature distributions of the materials within the fuel assemblies and it is introduced a new code to automate series of simulations and manage material information between them. In order to have a realistic confidence level in the prediction of spent fuel isotopic content, we have estimated uncertainties using our MCNP-ACAB system. This depletion code, which combines the neutron transport code MCNP and the inventory code ACAB, propagates the uncertainties in the nuclide inventory assessing the potential impact of uncertainties in the basic nuclear data: cross-section, decay data and fission yields

Propagation of nuclear data uncertainties in fuel cycle calculations using MONTE-CARLO Technique

The uncertainty propagation in fuel cycle calculations due to Nuclear Data (ND) is a important important issue for : issue for : • Present fuel cycles (e.g. high burnup fuel programme) • New fuel cycles designs (e.g. fast breeder reactors and ADS) Different error propagation techniques can be used: • Sensitivity analysis • Response Response Surface Method Surface Method • Monte Carlo technique Then, p p , , in this paper, it is assessed the imp y pact of ND uncertainties on the decay heat and radiotoxicity in two applications: • Fission Pulse Decay ( y Heat calculation (FPDH) • Conceptual design of European Facility for Industrial Transmutation (EFIT)

Towards concept identification using a knowledge-intensive approach

This paper presents a method for identifying concepts in microposts and classifying them into a predefined set of categories. The method relies on the DBpedia knowledge base to identify the types of the concepts detected in the messages. For those concepts that are not classified in the ontology we infer their types via the ontology properties which characterise the type.

EU support mechanisms to promote public private partnerships for financing Trans-European transport infrastructure

Since the mid 80ies the Trans ‐European Transport Network (TEN‐T) policy has been setting the framework for the development of infrastructure for the smooth functioning of the internal market within the European Union (EU). Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) have always been regarded by the EU as a key instrument to promote the TEN‐T.

Application of the agency theory for the analysis of performance-based mechanisms in road management

El WCTR es un congreso de reconocido prestigio internacional en el ámbito de la investigación del transporte, y aunque las actas publicadas están en formato digital y sin ISSN ni ISBN, lo consideramos lo suficientemente importante como para que se considere en los indicadores. This paper develops a model based on agency theory to analyze road management systems (under the different contract forms available today) that employ a mechanism of performance indicators to establish the payment of the agent. The base assumption is that of asymmetric information between the principal (Public Authorities) and the agent (contractor) and the risk aversion of this latter. It is assumed that the principal may only measure the agent?s performance indirectly and by means of certain performance indicators that may be verified by the authorities. In this model there is presumed to be a relation between the efforts made by the agent and the performance level measured by the corresponding indicators, though it is also considered that there may be dispersion between both variables that gives rise to a certain degree of randomness in the contract. An analysis of the optimal contract has been made on the basis of this model and in accordance with a series of parameters that characterize the economic environment and the particular conditions of road infrastructure. As a result of the analysis made, it is considered that an optimal contract should generally combine a fixed component and a payment in accordance with the performance level obtained. The higher the risk aversion of the agent and the greater the marginal cost of public funds, the lower the impact of this performance-based payment. By way of conclusion, the system of performance indicators should be as broad as possible but should not overweight those indicators that encompass greater randomness in their results.

Analysis of alternative tendering mechanisms for transportation Public-Private Partnerships

This paper describes a theoretical model based primarily on transaction costs, for comparing the various tendering mechanisms used for transportation Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. In particular, the model contrasts negotiated procedures with the open procedure, as defined by the current European Union legislation on public tendering. The model includes both ex ante transaction costs (borne during the tendering stage) and ex post transaction costs (such as enforcement costs, re-negotiation costs, and costs arising from litigation between partners), explaining the trade-off between them. Generally speaking, it is assumed that the open procedure implies lower transaction costs ex ante, while the negotiated procedure reduces the probability of the appearance of new contingencies not foreseen in the contract, hence diminishing the expected value of transaction costs ex post. Therefore, the balance between ex ante and ex post transaction costs is the main criterion for deciding whether the open or negotiated procedure would be optimal. Notwithstanding, empirical evidence currently exists only on ex ante transaction costs in transportation infrastructure projects. This evidence has shown a relevant difference between the two procedures as far as ex ante costs are concerned, favouring the open procedure. The model developed in this paper also demonstrates that a larger degree of complexity in a contract does not unequivocally favour the use of a negotiated procedure. Only in those cases dealing with very innovative projects, where important dimensions of the quality of the asset or service are not verifiable, may we observe an advantage in favour of the negotiated procedure. The bottom line is that we find it difficult to justify the employment of negotiated procedures in most transportation PPP contracts, especially in the field of roads. Nevertheless, the field remains open for future empirical work and research on the levels of transaction costs borne ex post in PPP contracts, as well as on the probabilities of such costs appearing under any of the procurement procedures.

A plastic analysis of nonprismatic folded plate structures

A computer method for the plastic analysis of folded plate structures is presented. The method considers the specific characteristics of the folded plate structural model using a simplified one-dimensional theory. and it can be applied to the analysis of any type of folded pIates, either prismatic or nonprismatic, with arbitrary cross-section. A simple example is analyzed in order to show the possibilities of the procedure and some results of interest are presented

The Olympic Games and the production of the public realm. México City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016

Para Brasil, actualmente una de las 10 economías más grandes del mundo, los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de 2016 representan una oportunidad única. El artículo contrasta Río de Janeiro 2016 con México 1968, los primeros juegos en América Latina, y provee una mirada de cómo los juegos deberían proveer regeneración urbana así como un mejoramiento de la imagen de la ciudad, una imagen constantemente dañada, para una audiencia internacional.

Estudio experimental de la efectividad de la entrevista abierta frente a la entrevista independiente de contexto

OBJETIVO: Estudiar la efectividad relativa de las técnicas de entrevista abierta y entrevista independiente de contexto en la identificación de requisitos para sistemas software. MÉTODO: Experimento controlado ensayando dos factores: "tipo de entrevista" (abierta e independiente de contexto) y "tipo de problema" (identificación de requisitos para dos sistemas software distintos). Debido al reducido número de sujetos experimentales, se ha utilizado un diseño de medidas repetidas dentro de los sujetos. RESULTADOS: El poder estadístico del estudio es en general insuficiente, pero hemos podido constatar que el tipo de problema posee efectos significativos en la efectividad del proceso de relevamiento de requisitos. La experiencia del analista juega también un papel importante. El tipo de entrevista utilizada afecta en mucha menor medida. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario comprender mejor qué es un problema de relevamiento de requisitos. Esto nos permitirá diseñar estrategias más eficaces para una identificación certera de los requisitos del software.

A proposed parameterization of interface discontinuity factors depending on neighborhood for pin-by-pin diffusion computations for LWR

There exists an interest in performing full core pin-by-pin computations for present nuclear reactors. In such type of problems the use of a transport approximation like the diffusion equation requires the introduction of correction parameters. Interface discontinuity factors can improve the diffusion solution to nearly reproduce a transport solution. Nevertheless, calculating accurate pin-by-pin IDF requires the knowledge of the heterogeneous neutron flux distribution, which depends on the boundary conditions of the pin-cell as well as the local variables along the nuclear reactor operation. As a consequence, it is impractical to compute them for each possible configuration. An alternative to generate accurate pin-by-pin interface discontinuity factors is to calculate reference values using zero-net-current boundary conditions and to synthesize afterwards their dependencies on the main neighborhood variables. In such way the factors can be accurately computed during fine-mesh diffusion calculations by correcting the reference values as a function of the actual environment of the pin-cell in the core. In this paper we propose a parameterization of the pin-by-pin interface discontinuity factors allowing the implementation of a cross sections library able to treat the neighborhood effect. First results are presented for typical PWR configurations.

Interface discontinuity factors in the modal eigenspace of the multigroup diffusion matrix

Interface discontinuity factors based on the Generalized Equivalence Theory are commonly used in nodal homogenized diffusion calculations so that diffusion average values approximate heterogeneous higher order solutions. In this paper, an additional form of interface correction factors is presented in the frame of the Analytic Coarse Mesh Finite Difference Method (ACMFD), based on a correction of the modal fluxes instead of the physical fluxes. In the ACMFD formulation, implemented in COBAYA3 code, the coupled multigroup diffusion equations inside a homogenized region are reduced to a set of uncoupled modal equations through diagonalization of the multigroup diffusion matrix. Then, physical fluxes are transformed into modal fluxes in the eigenspace of the diffusion matrix. It is possible to introduce interface flux discontinuity jumps as the difference of heterogeneous and homogeneous modal fluxes instead of introducing interface discontinuity factors as the ratio of heterogeneous and homogeneous physical fluxes. The formulation in the modal space has been implemented in COBAYA3 code and assessed by comparison with solutions using classical interface discontinuity factors in the physical space

On the Extension of the Analytic Nodal Diffusion Solver ANDES to Sodium Fast Reactors

Within the framework of the Collaborative Project for a European Sodium Fast Reactor, the reactor physics group at UPM is working on the extension of its in-house multi-scale advanced deterministic code COBAYA3 to Sodium Fast Reactors (SFR). COBAYA3 is a 3D multigroup neutron kinetics diffusion code that can be used either as a pin-by-pin code or as a stand-alone nodal code by using the analytic nodal diffusion solver ANDES. It is coupled with thermalhydraulics codes such as COBRA-TF and FLICA, allowing transient analysis of LWR at both fine-mesh and coarse-mesh scales. In order to enable also 3D pin-by-pin and nodal coupled NK-TH simulations of SFR, different developments are in progress. This paper presents the first steps towards the application of COBAYA3 to this type of reactors. ANDES solver, already extended to triangular-Z geometry, has been applied to fast reactor steady-state calculations. The required cross section libraries were generated with ERANOS code for several configurations. The limitations encountered in the application of the Analytic Coarse Mesh Finite Difference (ACMFD) method –implemented inside ANDES– to fast reactors are presented and the sensitivity of the method when using a high number of energy groups is studied. ANDES performance is assessed by comparison with the results provided by ERANOS, using a mini-core model in 33 energy groups. Furthermore, a benchmark from the NEA for a small 3D FBR in hexagonal-Z geometry and 4 energy groups is also employed to verify the behavior of the code with few energy groups.

E-comparisons: A new approach to round robin tests for environmental noise assessment in transport infrastructures

The increasing importance of pollutant noise has led to the creation of many new noise testing laboratories in recent years. For this reason and due to the legal implications that noise reporting may have, it is necessary to create procedures intended to guarantee the quality of the testing and its results. For instance, the ISO/IEC standard 17025:2005 specifies general requirements for the competence of testing laboratories. In this standard, interlaboratory comparisons are one of the main measures that must be applied to guarantee the quality of laboratories when applying specific methodologies for testing. In the specific case of environmental noise, round robin tests are usually difficult to design, as it is difficult to find scenarios that can be available and controlled while the participants carry out the measurements. Monitoring and controlling the factors that can influence the measurements (source emissions, propagation, background noise…) is not usually affordable, so the most extended solution is to create very effortless scenarios, where most of the factors that can have an influence on the results are excluded (sampling, processing of results, background noise, source detection…) The new approach described in this paper only requires the organizer to make actual measurements (or prepare virtual ones). Applying and interpreting a common reference document (standard, regulation…), the participants must analyze these input data independently to provide the results, which will be compared among the participants. The measurement costs are severely reduced for the participants, there is no need to monitor the scenario conditions, and almost any relevant factor can be included in this methodology