Analysis of the "European Charter on General Principles for Protection of the Environment and Sustainable Development" The Council of Europe Document CO-DBP (2003) 2

Analysis of the "European Charter on General Principles for Protection of the Environment and Sustainable Development" The Council of Europe Document CO-DBP (2003) 2

TEM and SAED Characterization of Metakaolin. Pozzolanic Activity

The present study deals with a characterization of metakaolin pozzolanic activity and its chemical character exhibited in the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) blends by means of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Selected-Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) techniques principally. Metakaolin sample was prepared by calcination of kaolin rock (Guadalajara, Spain) at 780°C. Two OPC of different chemical composition from the tricalcium aluminate content point of view were chosen and Portland cement blends series elaborated and then submitted to the pozzolanic activity test (EN 196-5 or Frattini test). The main mineralogical components of the metakaolin are determined qualitatively: χ-alumina and quartz. The chemical character of the metakaolin is described because of its final composition as well as due to its Al atoms possible coordination. The crystalline order of the material is found to be of both amorphous and polycrystalline, being an intimate amorphous mixture of alumina and silica. Finally, all the alumina capable of reacting chemically is denominated and classified as reactive alumina component, Al2O3r−, of pozzolans, as well as the aluminic chemical character of metakaolin in OPC blends is once again proved and exhibited by means of Friedel's salt formation studied already at 4 h-age.

The human side of social technology for climate change mitigation and human development: the case of "efficient stoves" in Brazil

Carbon management has gradually gained attention within the overall environmental management and corporate social responsibility agendas. The clean development mechanism, from Kyoto Protocol, was envisioned as connecting carbon market and sustainable development objectives in developing countries. Previous research has shown that this potential is rarely being achieved. The paper explores how the incorporation of the human side into carbon management reinforces its contribution to generate human development in local communities and to improve the company's image. A case study of a Brazilian company is presented, with the results of the application of an analytical model that incorporates the human side and human development. The selected project is an "efficient stoves" programme. "Efficient stoves" are recognised in Brazil as social technologies. Results suggest that the fact that social technologies value the human side of the technology plays a key role when it comes to analysing the co-benefits of the project implementation.

Is the concept of a green economy a useful way of framing Policy Discussions and policymaking to promote sustainable development?

In the Viewpoints section, academics, practitioners and experts share their perspectives on policy questions relevant to sustainable development. In this issue, experts address the question: “Is the concept of a green economy a useful way of framing policy discussions and policymaking to promote sustainable development?

Participatory modeling for sustainable development in water and agrarian systems: potential and limits of stakeholder involvement

Public participation is increasingly advocated as a necessary feature of natural resources management. The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) is such an example, as it prescribes participatory processes as necessary features in basin management plans (EC 2000). The rationale behind this mandate is that involving interest groups ideally yields higher-quality decisions, which are arguably more likely to meet public acceptance (Pahl-Wostl, 2006). Furthermore, failing to involve stakeholders in policy-making might hamper the implementation of management initiatives, as controversial decisions can lead pressure lobbies to generate public opposition (Giordano et al. 2005, Mouratiadou and Moran 2007).

Motivating Young Students to Start a Career in Nuclear: The Basic Course of Science and Nuclear Technology, An Educational Activity of Spanish Young Generation in Nuclear (JÓVENES NUCLEARES)

The main objective of this course, conducted by Jóvenes Nucleares (Spanish Young Generation in Nuclear, JJNN), a non-profit organization that depends on the Spanish Nuclear Society (SNE) is to pass on basic knowledge about Science and Nuclear Technology to the general public, mostly students and introduce them to its most relevant points. The purposes of this course are to provide general information, to answer the most common questions about Nuclear Energy and to motivate the young students to start a career in nuclear. Therefore, it is directed mainly to high school and university students, but also to general people that wants to learn about the key issues of such an important matter in our society. Anybody could attend the course, as no specific scientific education is required. The course is done at least once a year, during the Annual Meeting of the Spanish Nuclear Society, which takes place in a different Spanish city each time. The course is done also to whichever university or institution that asks for it to JJNN, with the only limit of the presenter´s availability. The course is divided into the following chapters: Physical nuclear and radiation principles, Nuclear power plants, Nuclear safety, Nuclear fuel, Radioactive waste, Decommission of nuclear facilities, Future nuclear power plants, Other uses of nuclear technology, Nuclear energy, climate change and sustainable development. The course is divided into 15 minutes lessons on the above topics, imparted by young professionals, experts in the field that belongs either to the Spanish Young Generation in Nuclear, either to companies and institutions related with nuclear energy. At the end of the course, a 200 pages book with the contents of the course is handed to every member of the audience. This book is also distributed in other course editions at high schools and universities in order to promote the scientific dissemination of the Nuclear Technology. As an extra motivation, JJNN delivers a course certificate to the assistants. At the end of the last edition course, in Santiago de Compostela, the assistants were asked to provide a feedback about it. Some really interesting lessons were learned, that will be very useful to improve next editions of the course. As a general conclusion of the courses it can be said that many of the students that have assisted to the course have increased their motivation in the nuclear field, and hopefully it will help the young talents to choose the nuclear field to develop their careers

Improved ore processing assessed by digital image análisis of the ores: a key to the sustainable development of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

Mining in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), the biggest VMS metallogenetic province known in the world to date, has to face a deep crisis in spite of the huge reserves still known after ≈5 000 years of production. This is due to several factors, as the difficult processing of complex Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag- Au ores, the exhaustion of the oxidation zone orebodies (the richest for gold, in gossan), the scarce demand for sulphuric acid in the world market, and harder environmental regulations. Of these factors, only the first and the last mentioned can be addressed by local ore geologists. A reactivation of mining can therefore only be achieved by an improved and more efficient ore processing, under the constraint of strict environmental controls. Digital image analysis of the ores, coupled to reflected light microscopy, provides a quantified and reliable mineralogical and textural characterization of the ores. The automation of the procedure for the first time furnishes the process engineers with real-time information, to improve the process and to preclude or control pollution; it can be applied to metallurgical tailings as well. This is shown by some examples of the IPB.

Social attitude toward sustainable development in 2025: A case for reinforcing scenario design

This paper shows the role that some foresight tools, such as scenario design, may play in exploring the future impacts of global challenges in our contemporary Society. Additionally, it provides some clues about how to reinforce scenario design so that it displays more in-depth analysis without losing its qualitative nature and communication advantages. Since its inception in the early seventies, scenario design has become one of the most popular foresight tools used in several fields of knowledge. Nevertheless, its wide acceptance has not been seconded by the urban planning academic and professional realm. In some instances, scenario design is just perceived as a story telling technique that generates oversimplified future visions without the support of rigorous and sound analysis. As a matter of fact, the potential of scenario design for providing more in-depth analysis and for connecting with quantitative methods has been generally missed, giving arguments away to its critics. Based on these premises, this document tries to prove the capability of scenario design to anticipate the impacts of complex global challenges and to do it in a more analytical way. These assumptions are tested through a scenario design exercise which explores the future evolution of the sustainable development paradigm (SD) and its implications in the Spanish urban development model. In order to reinforce the perception of scenario design as a useful and added value instrument to urban planners, three sets of implications –functional, parametric and spatial— are displayed to provide substantial and in-depth information for policy makers. This study shows some major findings. First, it is feasible to set up a systematic approach that provides anticipatory intelligence about future disruptive events that may affect the natural environment and socioeconomic fabric of a given territory. Second, there are opportunities for innovating in the Spanish urban planning processes and city governance models. Third, as a foresight tool, scenario design can be substantially reinforced if proper efforts are made to display functional, parametric and spatial implications generated by the scenarios. Fourth, the study confirms that foresight offers interesting opportunities for urban planners, such as anticipating changes, formulating visions, fostering participation and building networks

Genomic analyses of flowering transition and inflorescence development in grapevine = Análisis genómicos de la transición floral y del desarrollo de la inflorescencia en la vid

The general objective of this work is to analyze the regulatory processes underlying flowering transition and inflorescence and flower development in grapevine. Most of these crucial developmental events take place within buds growing during two seasons in two consecutive years. During the first season, the shoot apical meristem within the bud differentiates all the basic elements of the shoot including flowering transition in lateral primordia and development of inflorescence primordia. These events practically end with bud dormancy. The second season, buds resume shoot growth associated to flower formation and development. In grapevine, the lateral meristems can give rise either to tendril or inflorescence primordia that are homologous organs. With this purpose, we performed global transcriptome analyses along the bud annual cycle and during inflorescence and tendril development. In addition, we approach the genomic analysis of the MIKC type MADS-box gene family in grapevine to identify all its members and assign them putative biological functions. Regarding buds developmental cycle, the results indicate that the main factors explaining the global gene expression differences were the processes of bud dormancy and active growth as well as stress responses. Non dormant buds exhibited up-regulation in functional categories typical of actively proliferating and growing cells (photosynthesis, cell cycle regulation, chromatin assembly) whereas in dormant ones the main functional categories up-regulated were associated to stress response pathways together with transcripts related to starch catabolism. Major transcriptional changes during the dormancy period were associated to the para/endodormancy, endo/ecodormancy and ecodormancy/bud break transitions. Global transcriptional analyses along tendril and inflorescence development suggested that these two homologous organs share a common transcriptional program related to cell proliferation functions. Both structures showed a progressive decrease in the expression of categories such as cell-cycle, auxin metabolism/signaling, DNA metabolism, chromatin assembly and a cluster of five transcripts belonging to the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) transcription factor family, that are known to control cell proliferation in other species and determine the size of lateral organs. However, they also showed organ specific transcriptional programs that can be related to their differential organ structure and function. Tendrils showed higher transcription of genes related to photosynthesis, hormone signaling and secondary metabolism than inflorescences, while inflorescences have higher transcriptional activity for genes encoding transcription factors (especially those belonging to the MADS-box gene family). Further analysis along inflorescence development evidenced the relevance of additional functions likely related to processes of flower development such as fatty acid and lipid metabolism, jasmonate signaling and oxylipin biosynthesis. The transcriptional analyses performed highlighted the relevance of several groups of transcriptional regulators in the developmental processes studied. The expression profiles along bud development revealed significant differences for some MADS-box subfamilies in relation to other plant species, like the members of the FLC and SVP subfamilies suggesting new roles for these groups in grapevine. In this way, it was found that VvFLC2 and VvAGL15.1 could participate, together with some members of the SPL-L family, in dormancy regulation, as was shown for some of them in other woody plants. Similarly, the expression patterns of the VvFLC1, VvFUL, VvSOC1.1 (together with VvFT, VvMFT1 and VFL) genes could indicate that they play a role in flowering transition in grapevine, in parallel to their roles in other plant systems. The expression levels of VFL, the grapevine LEAFY homolog, could be crucial to specify the development of inflorescence and flower meristems instead of tendril meristems. MADS-box genes VvAP3.1 and 2, VvPI, VvAG1 and 3, VvSEP1-4, as well as VvBS1 and 2 are likely associated with the events of flower meristems and flower organs differentiation, while VvAP1 and VvFUL-L (together with VvSOC1.1, VvAGL6.2) could be involved on tendril development given their expression patterns. In addition, the biological function ofVvAP1 and VvTFL1A was analyzed using a gene silencing approach in transgenic grapevine plants. Our preliminary results suggested a possible role for both genes in the initiation and differentiation of tendrils. Finally, the genomic analysis of the MADS-box gene family in grapevine revealed differential features regarding number and expression pattern of genes putatively involved in the flowering transition process as compared to those involved in the specification of flower and fruit organ identity. Altogether, the results obtained allow identifying putative candidate genes and pathways regulating grapevine reproductive developmental processes paving the way to future experiments demonstrating specific gene biological functions. RESUMEN El objetivo general de este trabajo es analizar los procesos regulatorios subyacentes a la inducción floral así como al desarrollo de la inflorescencia y la flor en la vid. La mayor parte de estos eventos cruciales tienen lugar en las yemas a lo largo de dos estaciones de crecimiento consecutivas. Durante la primera estación, el meristemo apical contenido en la yema diferencia los elementos básicos del pámpano, lo cual incluye la inducción de la floración en los meristemos laterales y el subsiguiente desarrollo de primordios de inflorescencia. Estos procesos prácticamente cesan con la entrada en dormición de la yema. En la segunda estación, se reanuda el crecimiento del pámpano acompañado por la formación y desarrollo de las flores. En la vid, los meristemos laterales pueden dar lugar a primordios de inflorescencia o de zarcillo que son considerados órganos homólogos. Con este objetivo llevamos a cabo un estudio a nivel del transcriptoma de la yema a lo largo de su ciclo anual, así como a lo largo del desarrollo de la inflorescencia y del zarcillo. Además realizamos un análisis genómico de la familia MADS de factores transcripcionales (concretamente aquellos del tipo MIKC) para identificar todos sus miembros y tratar de asignarles posibles funciones biológicas. En cuanto al ciclo de desarrollo de la yema, los resultados indican que los principales factores que explican las diferencias globales en la expresión génica fueron los procesos de dormición de la yema y el crecimiento activo junto con las respuestas a diversos tipos de estrés. Las yemas no durmientes mostraron un incremento en la expresión de genes contenidos en categorías funcionales típicas de células en proliferación y crecimiento activo (como fotosíntesis, regulación del ciclo celular, ensamblaje de cromatina), mientras que en las yemas durmientes, las principales categorías funcionales activadas estaban asociadas a respuestas a estrés, así como con el catabolismo de almidón. Los mayores cambios observados a nivel de transcriptoma en la yema coincidieron con las transiciones de para/endodormición, endo/ecodormición y ecodormición/brotación. Los análisis transcripcionales globales a lo largo del desarrollo del zarcillo y de la inflorescencia sugirieron que estos dos órganos homólogos comparten un programa transcripcional común, relacionado con funciones de proliferación celular. Ambas estructuras mostraron un descenso progresivo en la expresión de genes pertenecientes a categorías funcionales como regulación del ciclo celular, metabolismo/señalización por auxinas, metabolismo de ADN, ensamblaje de cromatina y un grupo de cinco tránscritos pertenecientes a la familia de factores transcripcionales GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF), que han sido asociados con el control de la proliferación celular y en determinar el tamaño de los órganos laterales en otras especies. Sin embargo, también pusieron de manifiesto programas transcripcionales que podrían estar relacionados con la diferente estructura y función de dichos órganos. Los zarcillos mostraron mayor actividad transcripcional de genes relacionados con fotosíntesis, señalización hormonal y metabolismo secundario que las inflorescencias, mientras que éstas presentaron mayor actividad transcripcional de genes codificantes de factores de transcripción (especialmente los pertenecientes a la familia MADS-box). Análisis adicionales a lo largo del desarrollo de la inflorescencia evidenciaron la relevancia de otras funciones posiblemente relacionadas con el desarrollo floral, como el metabolismo de lípidos y ácidos grasos, la señalización mediada por jasmonato y la biosíntesis de oxilipinas. Los análisis transcripcionales llevados a cabo pusieron de manifiesto la relevancia de varios grupos de factores transcripcionales en los procesos estudiados. Los perfiles de expresión estudiados a lo largo del desarrollo de la yema mostraron diferencias significativas en algunas de las subfamilias de genes MADS con respecto a otras especies vegetales, como las observadas en los miembros de las subfamilias FLC y SVP, lo cual sugiere que podrían desempeñar nuevas funciones en la vid. En este sentido, se encontró que los genes VvFLC2 y VvAGL15.1 podrían participar, junto con algunos miembros de la familia SPL-L, en la regulación de la dormición. De un modo similar, los patrones de expresión de los genes VvFLC1, VvFUL, VvSOC1.1 (junto con VvFT, VvMFT1 y VFL) podría indicar que desempeñan un papel en la regulación de la inducción de la floración en la vid, como se ha observado en otros sistemas vegetales. Los niveles de expresión de VFL, el homólogo en vid del gen LEAFY de A. thaliana podrían ser cruciales para la especificación del desarrollo de meristemos de inflorescencia y flor en lugar de meristemos de zarcillo. Los genes VvAP3.1 y 2, VvPI, VvAG1 y 3, VvSEP1-4, así como VvBS1 y 2 parecen estar asociados con los eventos de diferenciación de meristemos y órganos florales, mientras que VvAP1 y VvFUL-L (junto con VvSOC1.1 y VvAGL6.2) podrían estar implicados en el desarrollo del zarcillo dados sus patrones de expresión. Adicionalmente, se analizó la función biológica de los genes VvAP1 y VvTFL1A por medio de una estrategia de silenciamiento génico. Los datos preliminares sugieren un posible papel para ambos genes en la iniciación y diferenciación de los zarcillos. Finalmente, el análisis genómico de la familia MADS en vid evidenció diferencias con respecto a otras especies vegetales en cuanto a número de miembros y patrón de expresión en genes supuestamente implicados en la inducción de la floración, en comparación con aquellos relacionados con la especificación de identidad de órganos florales y desarrollo del fruto. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos han permitido identificar posibles rutas y genes candidatos a participar en la regulación de los procesos de desarrollo reproductivo de la vid, sentando las bases de futuros experimentos encaminados a conocer la funciones biológicas de genes específicos.

Sustainable development using fuzzy logic

Se utiliza la lógica borrosa para elaborar un modelo útil para analizar el desarrollo sostenible de proyectos. The sustainable development is defined as “the development that satisfies needs of the present time without endangering the capacity of future generations to satisfy theirs”. The term “sustainable development” represents that balance between the satisfaction of present needs and the future ones, offering options of technological and social growth for reducing the risks meaning trends of topical increase. The idea of sustainability can be analysed from three perspectives: environmental, social and economic

The impact of sustainable construction and knowledge management on sustainability goals. A review of the venezuelan renewable energy sector

The recognition of the relevance of energy, especially of the renewable energies generated by the sun, water, wind, tides, modern biomass or thermal is growing significantly in the global society based on the possibility it has to improve societies′ quality of life, to support poverty reduction and sustainable development. Renewable energy, and mainly the energy generated by large hydropower generation projects that supply most of the renewable energy consumed by developing countries, requires many technical, legal, financial and social complex processes sustained by innovations and valuable knowledge. Besides these efforts, renewable energy requires a solid infrastructure to generate and distribute the energy resources needed to solve the basic needs of society. This demands a proper construction performance to deliver the energy projects planned according to specifications and respecting environmental and social concerns, which implies the observance of sustainable construction guidelines. But construction projects are complex and demanding and frequently face time and cost overruns that may cause negative impacts on the initial planning and thus on society. The renewable energy issue and the large renewable energy power generation and distribution projects are particularly significant for developing countries and for Latin America in particular, as this region concentrates an important hydropower potential and installed capacity. Using as references the performance of Venezuelan large hydropower generation projects and the Guri dam construction, this research evaluates the tight relationship existing between sustainable construction and knowledge management and their impact to achieve sustainability goals. The knowledge management processes are proposed as a basic strategy to allow learning from successes and failures obtained in previous projects and transform the enhancement opportunites into actions to improve the performance of the renewable energy power generation and distribution projects.