Multi-fluid Eulerian model of an electrospray in a host gas.

An Eulerian multifluid model is used to describe the evolution of an electrospray plume and the flow induced in the surrounding gas by the drag of the electrically charged spray droplets in the space between an injection electrode containing the electrospray source and a collector electrode. The spray is driven by the voltage applied between the two electrodes. Numerical computations and order-of-magnitude estimates for a quiescent gas show that the droplets begin to fly back toward the injection electrode at a certain critical value of the flux of droplets in the spray, which depends very much on the electrical conditions at the injection electrode. As the flux is increased toward its critical value, the electric field induced by the charge of the droplets partially balances the field due to the applied voltage in the vicinity of the injection electrode, leading to a spray that rapidly broadens at a distance from its origin of the order of the stopping distance at which the droplets lose their initial momentum and the effect of their inertia becomes negligible. The axial component of the electric field first changes sign in this region, causing the fly back. The flow induced in the gas significantly changes this picture in the conditions of typical experiments. A gas plume is induced by the drag of the droplets whose entrainment makes the radius of the spray away from the injection electrode smaller than in a quiescent gas, and convects the droplets across the region of negative axial electric field that appears around the origin of the spray when the flux of droplets is increased. This suppresses fly back and allows much higher fluxes to be reached than are possible in a quiescent gas. The limit of large droplet-to-gas mass ratio is discussed. Migration of satellite droplets to the shroud of the spray is reproduced by the Eulerian model, but this process is also affected by the motion of the gas. The gas flow preferentially pushes satellite droplets from the shroud to the core of the spray when the effect of the inertia of the droplets becomes negligible, and thus opposes the well-established electrostatic/inertial mechanism of segregation and may end up concentrating satellite droplets in an intermediate radial region of the spray.

Mission profile based optimization of a wearable power system

A Wearable Power System (WPS) is a portable power source utilized primarily to power the modern soldier’s electronic equipment. Such a system has to satisfy output power demands in the range of 20 W...200 W, specified as a 4-day mission profile and has a weight limit of 4 kg. To meet these demands, an optimization of a WPS, comprising an internal combustion (IC) engine, permanent magnetic three-phase electrical motor/generator, inverter, Li-batteries, DC-DC converters, and controller, is performed in this paper. The mechanical energy extracted from the fuel by IC engine is transferred to the generator that is used to recharge the battery and provide the power to the electrical output load. The main objectives are to select the engine, fuel and battery type, to match the weight of fuel and the number of battery cells, to find the optimal working point of engine and to minimize the system weight. To provide the second output voltage level of 14 VDC, a separate DC-DC converter is connected between the battery and the load, and optimized for the specified mission profile. A prototype of the WPS based on the optimization presented in the paper results in a total system weight of 3.9 kg and fulfils the mission profile.

Saturn power generation with electrodynamic tethers in polar orbit

A power generation scheme based on bare electrodynamic tethers (EDT), working in passive mode is investigated for the purpose of supplying power to scientific missions at Saturn. The system employs a spinning EDT on a lowaltitude polar orbit which permits to efficiently convert plasmasphere energy into useful power. After optimizing the tether design for power generation we compute the supplied power along the orbit and the impact of the Lorentz force on the orbital elements as function of the tether and orbit characteristics. Although uncertainties in the current ionosphere density modeling strongly affect the performance of the system the peak power density of the EDT appears be greater than conventional power systems.

Molecular tools to improve chestnut management: El Bierzo as a case study

The European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is a multipurpose species that has been widely cultivated around the Mediterranean basin since ancient times. New varieties were brought to the Iberian Peninsula during the Roman Empire, which coexist since then with native populations that survived the last glaciation. The relevance of chestnut cultivation has being steadily growing since the Middle Ages, until the rural decline of the past century put a stop to this trend. Forest fires and diseases were also major factors. Chestnut cultivation is gaining momentum again due to its economic (wood, fruits) and ecologic relevance, and represents currently an important asset in many rural areas of Europe. In this Thesis we apply different molecular tools to help improve current management strategies. For this study we have chosen El Bierzo (Castile and Leon, NW Spain), which has a centenary tradition of chestnut cultivation and management, and also presents several unique features from a genetic perspective (next paragraph). Moreover, its nuts are widely appreciated in Spain and abroad for their organoleptic properties. We have focused our experimental work on two major problems faced by breeders and the industry: the lack of a fine-grained genetic characterization and the need for new strategies to control blight disease. To characterize with sufficient detail the genetic diversity and structure of El Bierzo orchards, we analyzed DNA from 169 trees grafted for nut production covering the entire region. We also analyzed 62 nuts from all traditional varieties. El Bierzo constitutes an outstanding scenario to study chestnut genetics and the influence of human management because: (i) it is located at one extreme of the distribution area; (ii) it is a major glacial refuge for the native species; (iii) it has a long tradition of human management (since Roman times, at least); and (iv) its geographical setting ensures an unusual degree of genetic isolation. Thirteen microsatellite markers provided enough informativeness and discrimination power to genotype at the individual level. Together with an unexpected level of genetic variability, we found evidence of genetic structure, with three major gene pools giving rise to the current population. High levels of genetic differentiation between groups supported this organization. Interestingly, genetic structure does not match with spatial boundaries, suggesting that the exchange of material and cultivation practices have strongly influenced natural gene flow. The microsatellite markers selected for this study were also used to classify a set of 62 samples belonging to all traditional varieties. We identified several cases of synonymies and homonymies, evidencing the need to substitute traditional classification systems with new tools for genetic profiling. Management and conservation strategies should also benefit from these tools. The avenue of high-throughput sequencing technologies, combined with the development of bioinformatics tools, have paved the way to study transcriptomes without the need for a reference genome. We took advantage of RNA sequencing and de novo assembly tools to determine the transcriptional landscape of chestnut in response to blight disease. In addition, we have selected a set of candidate genes with high potential for developing resistant varieties via genetic engineering. Our results evidenced a deep transcriptional reprogramming upon fungal infection. The plant hormones ET and JA appear to orchestrate the defensive response. Interestingly, our results also suggest a role for auxins in modulating such response. Many transcription factors were identified in this work that interact with promoters of genes involved in disease resistance. Among these genes, we have conducted a functional characterization of a two major thaumatin-like proteins (TLP) that belongs to the PR5 family. Two genes encoding chestnut cotyledon TLPs have been previously characterized, termed CsTL1 and CsTL2. We substantiate here their protective role against blight disease for the first time, including in silico, in vitro and in vivo evidence. The synergy between TLPs and other antifungal proteins, particularly endo-p-1,3-glucanases, bolsters their interest for future control strategies based on biotechnological approaches.

Flujo de potencia entre estructuras complejas sometidas a excitaciones de alta frecuencia y aplicaciones a la detección de daño estructural

El tema central de investigación en esta Tesis es el estudio del comportamientodinámico de una estructura mediante modelos que describen la distribución deenergía entre los componentes de la misma y la aplicación de estos modelos parala detección de daños incipientes.Los ensayos dinámicos son un modo de extraer información sobre las propiedadesde una estructura. Si tenemos un modelo de la estructura se podría ajustar éstepara que, con determinado grado de precisión, tenga la misma respuesta que elsistema real ensayado. Después de que se produjese un daño en la estructura,la respuesta al mismo ensayo variará en cierta medida; actualizando el modelo alas nuevas condiciones podemos detectar cambios en la configuración del modeloestructural que nos condujeran a la conclusión de que en la estructura se haproducido un daño.De este modo, la detección de un daño incipiente es posible si somos capacesde distinguir una pequeña variación en los parámetros que definen el modelo. Unrégimen muy apropiado para realizar este tipo de detección es a altas frecuencias,ya que la respuesta es muy dependiente de los pequeños detalles geométricos,dado que el tamaño característico en la estructura asociado a la respuesta esdirectamente proporcional a la velocidad de propagación de las ondas acústicas enel sólido, que para una estructura dada es inalterable, e inversamente proporcionala la frecuencia de la excitación. Al mismo tiempo, esta característica de la respuestaa altas frecuencias hace que un modelo de Elementos Finitos no sea aplicable enla práctica, debido al alto coste computacional.Un modelo ampliamente utilizado en el cálculo de la respuesta de estructurasa altas frecuencias en ingeniería es el SEA (Statistical Energy Analysis). El SEAaplica el balance energético a cada componente estructural, relacionando la energíade vibración de estos con la potencia disipada por cada uno de ellos y la potenciatransmitida entre ellos, cuya suma debe ser igual a la potencia inyectada a cadacomponente estructural. Esta relación es lineal y viene caracterizada por los factoresde pérdidas. Las magnitudes que intervienen en la respuesta se consideranpromediadas en la geometría, la frecuencia y el tiempo.Actualizar el modelo SEA a datos de ensayo es, por lo tanto, calcular losfactores de pérdidas que reproduzcan la respuesta obtenida en éste. Esta actualización,si se hace de manera directa, supone la resolución de un problema inversoque tiene la característica de estar mal condicionado. En la Tesis se propone actualizarel modelo SEA, no en término de los factores de pérdidas, sino en términos deparámetros estructurales que tienen sentido físico cuando se trata de la respuestaa altas frecuencias, como son los factores de disipación de cada componente, susdensidades modales y las rigideces características de los elementos de acoplamiento.Los factores de pérdidas se calculan como función de estos parámetros. Estaformulación es desarrollada de manera original en esta Tesis y principalmente sefunda en la hipótesis de alta densidad modal, es decir, que en la respuesta participanun gran número de modos de cada componente estructural.La teoría general del método SEA, establece que el modelo es válido bajounas hipótesis sobre la naturaleza de las excitaciones externas muy restrictivas,como que éstas deben ser de tipo ruido blanco local. Este tipo de carga es difícil dereproducir en condiciones de ensayo. En la Tesis mostramos con casos prácticos queesta restricción se puede relajar y, en particular, los resultados son suficientementebuenos cuando la estructura se somete a una carga armónica en escalón.Bajo estas aproximaciones se desarrolla un algoritmo de optimización por pasosque permite actualizar un modelo SEA a un ensayo transitorio cuando la carga esde tipo armónica en escalón. Este algoritmo actualiza el modelo no solamente parauna banda de frecuencia en particular sino para diversas bandas de frecuencia demanera simultánea, con el objetivo de plantear un problema mejor condicionado.Por último, se define un índice de daño que mide el cambio en la matriz depérdidas cuando se produce un daño estructural en una localización concreta deun componente. Se simula numéricamente la respuesta de una estructura formadapor vigas donde producimos un daño en la sección de una de ellas; como se tratade un cálculo a altas frecuencias, la simulación se hace mediante el Método delos Elementos Espectrales para lo que ha sido necesario desarrollar dentro de laTesis un elemento espectral de tipo viga dañada en una sección determinada. Losresultados obtenidos permiten localizar el componente estructural en que se haproducido el daño y la sección en que éste se encuentra con determinado grado deconfianza.AbstractThe main subject under research in this Thesis is the study of the dynamic behaviourof a structure using models that describe the energy distribution betweenthe components of the structure and the applicability of these models to incipientdamage detection.Dynamic tests are a way to extract information about the properties of astructure. If we have a model of the structure, it can be updated in order toreproduce the same response as in experimental tests, within a certain degree ofaccuracy. After damage occurs, the response will change to some extent; modelupdating to the new test conditions can help to detect changes in the structuralmodel leading to the conclusión that damage has occurred.In this way incipient damage detection is possible if we are able to detect srnallvariations in the model parameters. It turns out that the high frequency regimeis highly relevant for incipient damage detection, because the response is verysensitive to small structural geometric details. The characteristic length associatedwith the response is proportional to the propagation speed of acoustic waves insidethe solid, but inversely proportional to the excitation frequency. At the same time,this fact makes the application of a Finite Element Method impractical due to thehigh computational cost.A widely used model in engineering when dealing with the high frequencyresponse is SEA (Statistical Energy Analysis). SEA applies the energy balance toeach structural component, relating their vibrational energy with the dissipatedpower and the transmitted power between the different components; their summust be equal to the input power to each of them. This relationship is linear andcharacterized by loss factors. The magnitudes considered in the response shouldbe averaged in geometry, frequency and time.SEA model updating to test data is equivalent to calculating the loss factorsthat provide a better fit to the experimental response. This is formulated as an illconditionedinverse problem. In this Thesis a new updating algorithm is proposedfor the study of the high frequency response regime in terms of parameters withphysical meaning such as the internal dissipation factors, modal densities andcharacteristic coupling stiffness. The loss factors are then calculated from theseparameters. The approach is developed entirely in this Thesis and is mainlybased on a high modal density asumption, that is to say, a large number of modescontributes to the response.General SEA theory establishes the validity of the model under the asumptionof very restrictive external excitations. These should behave as a local white noise.This kind of excitation is difficult to reproduce in an experimental environment.In this Thesis we show that in practical cases this assumption can be relaxed, inparticular, results are good enough when the structure is excited with a harmonicstep function.Under these assumptions an optimization algorithm is developed for SEAmodel updating to a transient test when external loads are harmonic step functions.This algorithm considers the response not only in a single frequency band,but also for several of them simultaneously.A damage index is defined that measures the change in the loss factor matrixwhen a damage has occurred at a certain location in the structure. The structuresconsidered in this study are built with damaged beam elements; as we are dealingwith the high frequency response, the numerical simulation is implemented witha Spectral Element Method. It has therefore been necessary to develop a spectralbeam damaged element as well. The reported results show that damage detectionis possible with this algorithm, moreover, damage location is also possible withina certain degree of accuracy.

Evaluación de las Prestaciones de una Red WiMAX Móvil en un Escenario de Alta Movilidad

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of mobile WiMAX technology for users in a highly mobility scenario for an operating frequency of 3.5 GHz. By utilizing a modified version of the extended Erceg’s propagation model, based on the introduction of Rayleigh fading due to multipath, we have calculated the received desired power and the interference power to obtain the statistical signal-to-interference-plusnoise rate (as a function of mean value and variance of cochannel interference) and the user throughput. A rural scenario composed of a transmitting base station and users in moving vehicles along a cell sector is proposed. The obtained results about coverage and throughput have been simulated by a tool built in MATLAB

Integración de baterías en sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados a red

La situación actual del mercado energético en España y el imparable aumento de las tasas por parte de las eléctricas, está fomentando la búsqueda de fuentes de energía alternativas que permitan a la población poder abastecerse de electricidad, sin tener que pagar unos costes tan elevados. Para cubrir esta necesidad, la energía fotovoltaica y sobretodo el autoconsumo con inyección a red o balance neto, está adquiriendo cada vez más importancia dentro del mundo energético. Pero la penetración de esta tecnología en la Red Eléctrica Española tiene un freno, la desconfianza por parte del operador de la red, ya que la fotovoltaica es una fuente de energía intermitente, que puede introducir inestabilidades en el sistema en caso de alta penetración. Por ello se necesita ganar la confianza de las eléctricas, haciendo que sea una energía predecible, que aporte potencia a la red eléctrica cuando se le pida y que opere participando en la regulación de la frecuencia del sistema eléctrico. Para tal fin, el grupo de investigación de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos, perteneciente al IES de la UPM, está llevando a cabo un proyecto de investigación denominado PV CROPS, financiado por la Comisión Europea, y que tiene por objetivo desarrollar estas estrategias de gestión. En este contexto, el objetivo de este Proyecto Fin de Carrera consiste en implementar un Banco de Ensayos con Integración de Baterías en Sistemas FV Conectados a Red, que permita desarrollar, ensayar y validar estas estrategias. Aprovechando la disponibilidad para usar el Hogar Digital, instalado en la EUITT de la UPM, hemos montado el banco de ensayos en un laboratorio contiguo, y así, poder utilizar este Hogar como un caso real de consumos energéticos de una vivienda. Este banco de ensayos permitirá obtener información de la energía generada por la instalación fotovoltaica y del consumo real de la "casa" anexa, para desarrollar posteriormente estrategias de gestión de la electricidad. El Banco de Ensayos está compuesto por tres bloques principales, interconectados entre sí:  Subsistema de Captación de Datos y Comunicación. Encargado de monitorizar los elementos energéticos y de enviar la información recopilada al Subsistema de Control. Formado por analizadores de red eléctrica, monofásicos y de continua, y una pasarela orientada a la conversión del medio físico Ethernet a RS485.  Subsistema de Control. Punto de observación y recopilación de toda la información que proviene de los elementos energéticos. Es el subsistema donde se crearán y se implementarán estrategias de control energético. Compuesto por un equipo Pxie, controlador empotrado en un chasis de gama industrial, y un equipo PC Host, compuesto por una workstation y tres monitores.  Subsistema de Energía. Formado por los elementos que generan, controlan o consumen energía eléctrica, en el Banco de Ensayos. Constituido por una pérgola FV, un inversor, un inversor bidireccional y un bloque de baterías. El último paso ha sido llevar a cabo un Ejemplo de Aplicación Práctica, con el que hemos probado que el Banco de Ensayos está listo para usarse, es operativo y completamente funcional en operaciones de monitorización de generación energética fotovoltaica y consumo energético. ABSTRACT. The current situation of the energetic market in Spain and the unstoppable increase of the tax on the part of the electrical companies, is promoting the search of alternative sources of energy that allow to the population being able to be supplied of electricity, without having to pay so high costs. To meet this need, the photovoltaic power and above all the self-consumption with injection to network, it is increasingly important inside the energetic world. It allows to the individual not only to pay less for the electricity, in addition it allows to obtain benefits for the energy generated in his own home. But the penetration of this technology in the Electrical Spanish Network has an obstacle, the distrust on the part of the operator of the electrical network, due to the photovoltaic is an intermittent source of energy, which can introduce instabilities in the system in case of high penetration. Therefore it´s necessary to reach the confidence of the electricity companies, making it a predictable energy, which provides with power to the electrical network whenever necessary and that operates taking part in the regulation of the frequency of the electric system. For such an end, the group of system investigation Photovoltaic, belonging to the IES of the UPM, there is carrying out a project of investigation named PV CROPS, financed by the European Commission, and that has for aim to develop these strategies of management. In this context, the objective of this Senior Thesis consists in implementing a Bank of Tests with Integration of Batteries in Photovoltaic Systems Connected to Network, which allows developing, testing and validating these strategies. Taking advantage of the availability to use the Digital Home installed in the EUITT of the UPM, we have mounted the bank of tests in a contiguous laboratory to use this Home as a real case of energetic consumptions of a house. This bank of tests will allow obtaining information of the energy generated by the photovoltaic installation and information of the royal consumption of the attached "house", to develop later strategies of management of the electricity. The Bank of Tests is composed by three principal blocks, interconnected each other:  Subsystem of Gathering of data and Communication. In charge of monitoring the energetic elements and sending the information compiled to the Subsystem of Control. Formed by power analyzers, AC and DC, and a gateway for the conversion of the Ethernet physical medium to RS485.  Subsystem of Control. Point of observation and compilation of all the information that comes from the energetic elements. It is the subsystem where there will be created and there will be implemented strategies of energetic control. Composed of a Pxie, controller fixed in an industrial range chassis, and a PC Host, formed by a workstation and three monitors.  Subsystem of Energy. Formed by the elements of generating, controlling or consuming electric power, in the Bank of Tests. Made of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, a twoway inverter and a batteries block. The last step has been performing an Example of Practical Application we have proved that the Bank of Tests is ready to be used, it´s operative and fully functional in monitoring operations of energetic photovoltaic generation and energetic consumption.

Desarrollo de circuitos de alta frecuencia para LTE

En este proyecto realizaremos un estudio del efecto de las interferencias procedentes de las redes públicas y veremos cómo afectan el rendimiento de las comunicaciones GSM-R que están en la banda de frecuencias adyacente, por un lado, definiremos las características de las redes públicas y como afectan los niveles de potencia y los anchos de banda de redes de banda ancha, especialmente LTE que dispone de un ancho de banda adaptativo que puede llegar hasta 20 MHZ, y por otro lado definiremos las características y las exigencias de las comunicaciones GSM-R que es una red privada que se utiliza actualmente para comunicaciones ferroviales. Con el objetivo de determinar el origen y los motivos de estas interferencias vamos a explicar cómo se produzcan las emisiones no deseadas de las redes públicas que son fruto de la intermodulación que se produzca por las características no lineales de los amplificadores, entre las emisiones no deseadas se puede diferenciar entre el dominio de los espurios y el dominio de las emisiones fuera de banda, para determinar el nivel de las emisiones fuera de banda definiremos la relación de fugas del canal adyacente, ACLR, que determina la diferencia entre el pico de la señal deseada y el nivel de señal interferente en la banda de paso. Veremos cómo afectan estas emisiones no deseadas a las comunicaciones GSMR en el caso de interferencias procedentes de señales de banda estrecha, como es el caso de GSM, y como afectan en el caso de emisiones de banda ancha con los protocolos UMTS y LTE, también estudiaremos como varia el rendimiento de la comunicación GSM-R frente a señales LTE de diferentes anchos de banda. Para reducir el impacto de las interferencias sobre los receptores GSM-R, analizaremos el efecto de los filtros de entrada de los receptores GSM-R y veremos cómo varia la BER y la ACLR. Además, con el objetivo de evaluar el rendimiento del receptor GSM-R ante diferentes tipos de interferencias, simularemos dos escenarios donde la red GSM-R se verá afectada por las interferencias procedente de una estación base de red pública, en el primer escenario la distancia entre la BS y MS GSM-R será de 4.6 KM, mientras en el segundo escenario simularemos una situación típica cuando un tren está a una distancia corta (25 m) de la BS de red pública. Finalmente presentaremos los resultados en forma de graficas de BER y ACLR, y tablas indicando los diferentes niveles de interferencias y la diferencia entre la potencia a la que obtenemos un valor óptimo de BER, 10-3, sin interferencia y la potencia a la que obtenemos el mismo valor con interferencias. ABSTRACT In this project we will study the interference effect from public networks and how they affect the performance of GSM-R communications that are in the adjacent frequency band, furthermore, we will define the characteristics of public networks and will explain how the power levels and bandwidth broadband networks are affected as a result, especially LTE with adaptive bandwidth that can reach 20 MHZ. Lastly, we will define the characteristics and requirements of the GSM-R communications, a private network that is currently used for railways communications. In order to determine the origin and motives of these interferences, we will explain what causes unwanted emissions of public networks that occur as a result. The intermodulation, which is caused by the nonlinear characteristics of amplifiers. Unwanted emissions from the transmitter are divided into OOB (out-of-band) emission and spurious emissions. The OOB emissions are defined by an Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) requirement. We'll analyze the effect of the OOB emission on the GSM-R communication in the case of interference from narrowband signals such as GSM, and how they affect emissions in the case of broadband such as UMTS and LTE; also we will study how performance varies with GSM-R versus LTE signals of different bandwidths. To reduce the impact of interference on the GSM-R receiver, we analyze the effect of input filters GSM-R receivers to see how it affects the BER (Bits Error Rate) and ACLR. To analyze the GSM-R receiver performance in this project, we will simulate two scenarios when the GSM-R will be affected by interference from a base station (BS). In the first case the distance between the public network BS and MS GSM-R is 4.6 KM, while the second case simulates a typical situation when a train is within a short distance, 25 m, of a public network BS. Finally, we will present the results as BER and ACLR graphs, and tables showing different levels of interference and the differences between the power to obtain an optimal value of BER, 10-3, without interference, and the power that gets the same value with interference.

Short, high current electrodynamic tether

An electrodynamic tether experiment, to be carried out in the Russian spacecraft Almaz, is proposed. A 10 km tether would be deployed downwards; the lower 8 km would be nonconductive, the upper 2 km would be conductive, bare, and 2.2 mm in diameter, and would act as a thruster, with power supply at the top. This hybrid arrangement allows for other, onelectrodynamic experiments,reducing costs; it also limits the induced electromotive force, reducing the power to be handled. The current-voltage characteristic of contactors would be measured. With the anode switched off, the wire itself should collect a current over 5 A at day conditions, providing a thrust of 0.11 N at a 0.77 kW power.

Towards an abstract domain for resource analysis of logic programs using sized types

We present a novel general resource analysis for logic programs based on sized types.Sized types are representations that incorporate structural (shape) information and allow expressing both lower and upper bounds on the size of a set of terms and their subterms at any position and depth. They also allow relating the sizes of terms and subterms occurring at different argument positions in logic predicates. Using these sized types, the resource analysis can infer both lower and upper bounds on the resources used by all the procedures in a program as functions on input term (and subterm) sizes, overcoming limitations of existing analyses and enhancing their precision. Our new resource analysis has been developed within the abstract interpretation framework, as an extension of the sized types abstract domain, and has been integrated into the Ciao preprocessor, CiaoPP. The abstract domain operations are integrated with the setting up and solving of recurrence equations for both, inferring size and resource usage functions. We show that the analysis is an improvement over the previous resource analysis present in CiaoPP and compares well in power to state of the art systems.

Electrodynamic tethers for spacecraft propulsion

Relatively short electrodynamic tethers can use solar power to "push" against a planetary magnetic field to achieve propul sion without expenditure of propellant. The groundwork has been laid for this type of propulsion. Recent important milestones include retrieval of a tether in space (TSS-1, 1992), successful deployment of a 20-km-long tether in space (SEDS-1, 1993), and operation of an electrodynamic tether with tether current driven in both directions (PMG, 1993). The planned Propulsive Small Expendable Deployer System (ProSEDS) experiment will use the flight-proven Small Expendable Deployer System (SEDS) to deploy a 5-km bare copper tether from a Delta II upper stage to achieve -0,4 N drag thrust, thus deorbiting the stage, The experiment will use a predominantly "bare" tether for current collection in lieu of the endmass collector and insulated tether approach used on previous missions, Theory and ground-based plasma chamber testing indicate that the bare tether is a highly efficient current collector. The flight experiment is a precursor to utilization of the technology on the International Space tation (JSS) for reboost and the electrodynamic tether pper stage demonstration misión which will be capable of orbit raising, lowering, and inclination changes—all using electrodynamic thrust. In addition, the use of this type of propulsion may be attractive for future missions to Jupiter.

Metodología de Ejecución y Explotación de los Ensayos en Vuelo de Flameo

El flameo o flutter es un fenómeno vibratorio debido a la interacción de fuerzas inerciales, elásticas y aerodinámicas. Consiste en un intercambio de energía, que se puede observar en el cambio de amortiguamientos, entre dos o más modos estructurales, denominados modos críticos, cuyas frecuencias tienden a acercarse (coalescencia de frecuencias). Los ensayos en vuelo de flameo suponen un gran riesgo debido a la posibilidad de una perdida brusca de estabilidad aeroelástica (flameo explosivo) con la posibilidad de destrucción de la aeronave. Además existen otros fenómenos asociados que pueden aparecer como el LCO (Limit Cycle Oscillation) y la interacción con los mandos de vuelo. Debido a esto, se deben llevar a cabo análisis exhaustivos, que incluyen GVT (vibraciones en tierra), antes de comenzar los ensayos en vuelo, y estos últimos deben ser ejecutados con robustos procedimientos. El objetivo de los ensayos es delimitar la frontera de estabilidad sin llegar a ella, manteniéndose siempre dentro de la envolvente estable de vuelo. Para lograrlo se necesitan métodos de predicción, siendo el “Flutter Margin”, el más utilizado. Para saber cuánta estabilidad aeroelástica tiene el avión y lo lejos que está de la frontera de estabilidad (a través de métodos de predicción) los parámetros modales, en particular la frecuencia y el amortiguamiento, son de vital importancia. El ensayo en vuelo consiste en la excitación de la estructura a diferentes condiciones de vuelo, la medición de la respuesta y su análisis para obtener los dos parámetros mencionados. Un gran esfuerzo se dedica al análisis en tiempo real de las señales como un medio de reducir el riesgo de este tipo de ensayos. Existen numerosos métodos de Análisis Modal, pero pocos capaces de analizar las señales procedentes de los ensayos de flameo, debido a sus especiales características. Un método novedoso, basado en la Descomposición por Valores Singulares (SVD) y la factorización QR, ha sido desarrollado y aplicado al análisis de señales procedentes de vuelos de flameo del F-18. El método es capaz de identificar frecuencia y amortiguamiento de los modos críticos. El algoritmo se basa en la capacidad del SVD para el análisis, modelización y predicción de series de datos con características periódicas y en su capacidad de identificar el rango de una matriz, así como en la aptitud del QR para seleccionar la mejor base vectorial entre un conjunto de vectores para representar el campo vectorial que forman. El análisis de señales de flameo simuladas y reales demuestra, bajo ciertas condiciones, la efectividad, robustez, resistencia al ruido y capacidad de automatización del método propuesto. ABSTRACT Flutter involves the interaction between inertial, elastic and aerodynamic forces. It consists on an exchange of energy, identified by change in damping, between two or more structural modes, named critical modes, whose frequencies tend to get closer to each other (frequency coalescence). Flight flutter testing involves high risk because of the possibility of an abrupt lost in aeroelastic stability (hard flutter) that may lead to aircraft destruction. Moreover associated phenomena may happen during the flight as LCO (Limit Cycle Oscillation) and coupling with flight controls. Because of that, intensive analyses, including GVT (Ground Vibration Test), have to be performed before beginning the flights test and during them consistent procedures have to be followed. The test objective is to identify the stability border, maintaining the aircraft always inside the stable domain. To achieve that flutter speed prediction methods have to be used, the most employed being the “Flutter Margin”. In order to know how much aeroelastic stability remains and how far the aircraft is from the stability border (using the prediction methods), modal parameters, in particular frequency and damping are paramount. So flight test consists in exciting the structure at various flight conditions, measuring the response and identifying in real-time these two parameters. A great deal of effort is being devoted to real-time flight data analysis as an effective way to reduce the risk. Numerous Modal Analysis algorithms are available, but very few are suitable to analyze signals coming from flutter testing due to their special features. A new method, based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and QR factorization, has been developed and applied to the analysis of F-18 flutter flight-test data. The method is capable of identifying the frequency and damping of the critical aircraft modes. The algorithm relies on the capability of SVD for the analysis, modelling and prediction of data series with periodic features and also on its power to identify matrix rank as well as QR competence for selecting the best basis among a set of vectors in order to represent a given vector space of such a set. The analysis of simulated and real flutter flight test data demonstrates, under specific conditions, the effectiveness, robustness, noise-immunity and the capability for automation of the method proposed.

Resource usage analysis of logic programs via abstract interpretation using sized types

We present a novel general resource analysis for logic programs based on sized types. Sized types are representations that incorporate structural (shape) information and allow expressing both lower and upper bounds on the size of a set of terms and their subterms at any position and depth. They also allow relating the sizes of terms and subterms occurring at different argument positions in logic predicates. Using these sized types, the resource analysis can infer both lower and upper bounds on the resources used by all the procedures in a program as functions on input term (and subterm) sizes, overcoming limitations of existing resource analyses and enhancing their precision. Our new resource analysis has been developed within the abstract interpretation framework, as an extension of the sized types abstract domain, and has been integrated into the Ciao preprocessor, CiaoPP. The abstract domain operations are integrated with the setting up and solving of recurrence equations for inferring both size and resource usage functions. We show that the analysis is an improvement over the previous resource analysis present in CiaoPP and compares well in power to state of the art systems.

Source terms for calculations of vaporizing and burning fuel sprays with non-unity Lewis numbers in gases with temperature-dependent thermal conductivities

Liquid-fueled burners are used in a number of propulsion devices ranging from internal combustion engines to gas turbines. The structure of spray flames is quite complex and involves a wide range of time and spatial scales in both premixed and non-premixed modes (Williams 1965; Luo et al. 2011). A number of spray-combustion regimes can be observed experimentally in canonical scenarios of practical relevance such as counterflow diffusion flames (Li 1997), as sketched in figure 1, and for which different microscalemodelling strategies are needed. In this study, source terms for the conservation equations are calculated for heating, vaporizing and burning sprays in the single-droplet combustion regime. The present analysis provides extended formulation for source terms, which include non-unity Lewis numbers and variable thermal conductivities.

Advanced data acquisition system implementation for the ITER Neutron Diagnostic use case using EPICS and FlexRIO technology on a PXIe platform

In the framework of the ITER Control Breakdown Structure (CBS), Plant System Instrumentation & Control (I&C) defines the hardware and software required to control one or more plant systems [1]. For diagnostics, most of the complex Plant System I&C are to be delivered by ITER Domestic Agencies (DAs). As an example for the DAs, ITER Organization (IO) has developed several use cases for diagnostics Plant System I&C that fully comply with guidelines presented in the Plant Control Design Handbook (PCDH) [2]. One such use case is for neutron diagnostics, specifically the Fission Chamber (FC), which is responsible for delivering time-resolved measurements of neutron source strength and fusion power to aid in assessing the functional performance of ITER [3]. ITER will deploy four Fission Chamber units, each consisting of three individual FC detectors. Two of these detectors contain Uranium 235 for Neutron detection, while a third "dummy" detector will provide gamma and noise detection. The neutron flux from each MFC is measured by the three methods: . Counting Mode: measures the number of individual pulses and their location in the record. Pulse parameters (threshold and width) are user configurable. . Campbelling Mode (Mean Square Voltage): measures the RMS deviation in signal amplitude from its average value. .Current Mode: integrates the signal amplitude over the measurement period