Nonsteroidal moulting hormone agonists: effects on protein synthesis and cuticle formation in colorado potato beetle larvae.

Larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), that were orally treated with RH-0345 at 0.1 mg l?1, RH-5849 at 10 and 50 mg l?1, tebufenozide at 2 g l?1, and 20-hydroxyecdysone at 2 g l?1, showed symptoms of prematuremoulting, followed by inhibition of ecdysis. In addition, fresh weight gain and total protein content were blocked. The effects on haemolymphal and cuticular polypeptides after PAGE were linked with premature, new epicuticle deposition as was observed under the electron microscope. These observations support the concept that the ecdysteroid-mimicking action of the three nonsteroidal molecules is specific

First Report of Homothallic Isolates of Phytophthora infestans in Commercial Potato Crops (Solanum tuberosum) in the Toluca Valley, Mexico

Phytophthora infestans causes severe symptoms of wilt disease on potato crops (Solanum tuberosum) in the Toluca Valley (Mexico)despite the use of fungicides. P. infestans oospores produced by sexual reproduction can survive in the soil for many years, resisting harsh environments.

Sensory and texture properties of mashed potato incorporated wigh inulin and olive oil blends

The effect of adding different ratios of inulin and extra virgin olive oil blends, formulated without (MPA) and with cryoprotectants (MPB), on texture properties of fresh mashed potatoes and frozen/thawed mashed potatoes was studied. Inulin and extra virgin olive oil behaved like soft ?llers, but inulin was associated with increased?brousness and extra virgin olive oil with increased creaminess. In the total dataset and frozen mashed potatoes, frozen/thawed mashed potatoes, and MPA subgroups, component 1 was a contrast between mechanical and surface textural attributes, whereas in MPB samples component 1 was determined by geometrical attributes. Addition of inulin at 30 g/kg and extra virgin olive oil at 45 g/kg is recommended.

Texture perception determined by doy protein isolate and inulin addition in potato puree: links with mechanical and microstructural features

This study evaluated the effect of adding soy protein isolate (SPI) and long-chain perception, trained and untrained panel inulin (INL) blends with 10 different SPI : INL ratios on the textural, rheological and 17 microstructural properties of freshly made and frozen/thawed potato puree. All the potato puree samples were subjected to a sensory texture pro?le analysis and a 21 trained panel rated the intensity of six descriptors, while an untrained panel did the same on six selected frozen/thawed products. The main SPI : INL ratio effect remained signi?cant for all the descriptors evaluated, when the analysis of variance was applied considering the untrained assessors as random effects. However, only trained panel scores for creaminess corresponded well with untrained assessor. Rheological ?ow index values were linked with variations in perceived consistency, and geometric and surface textural attributes were explained by structural features such as the presence of INL crystallites and SPI coarse strands.

Transcriptional changes and oxidative stress associated with the synergistic interaction between potato virus X and potato virus Y and their relationship with symptom expression.

Many virus diseases of economic importance to agriculture result from mixtures of different pathogens invading the host at a given time. This contrasts with the relatively scarce studies available on the molecular events associated with virus---host interactions in mixed infections. Compared with single infections, co-infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY) resulted in increased systemic symptoms (synergism) that led to necrosis of the newly emerging leaves and death of the plant. A comparative transcriptional analysis was undertaken to identify quantitative and qualitative differences in gene expression during this synergistic infection and correlate these changes with the severe symptoms it caused. Global transcription profiles of doubly infected leaves were compared with those from singly infected leaves using gene ontology enrichment analysis and metabolic pathway annotator software. Functional gene categories altered by the double infection comprise suites of genes regulated coordinately, which are associated with chloroplast functions (downregulated), protein synthesis and degradation (upregulated), carbohydrate metabolism (upregulated), and response to biotic stimulus and stress (upregulated). The expressions of reactive oxygen species?generating enzymes as well as several mitogen-activated protein kinases were also significantly induced. Accordingly, synergistic infection induced a severe oxidative stress in N. benthamiana leaves, as judged by increases in lipid peroxidation and by the generation of superoxide radicals in chloroplasts, which correlated with the misregulation of antioxidative genes in microarray data. Interestingly, expression of genes encoding oxylipin biosynthesis was uniquely upregulated by the synergistic infection. Virus-induced gene silencing of ?-dioxygenase1 delayed cell death during PVX?PVY infection.

Jasmonate-dependent modifications of the pectin matrix during potato development function as a defense mechanism targeted by Dickeya dadantii virulence factors

The plant cell wall constitutes an essential protection barrier against pathogen attack. In addition, cell-wall disruption leads to accumulation of jasmonates (JAs), which are key signaling molecules for activation of plant inducible defense responses. However, whether JAs in return modulate the cell-wall composition to reinforce this defensive barrier remains unknown. The enzyme 13-allene oxide synthase (13-AOS) catalyzes the first committed step towards biosynthesis of JAs. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), there are two putative St13-AOS genes, which we show here to be differentially induced upon wounding. We also determine that both genes complement an Arabidopsis aos null mutant, indicating that they encode functional 13-AOS enzymes. Indeed, transgenic potato plants lacking both St13-AOS genes (CoAOS1/2 lines) exhibited a significant reduction of JAs, a concomitant decrease in wound-responsive gene activation, and an increased severity of soft rot disease symptoms caused by Dickeya dadantii. Intriguingly, a hypovirulent D. dadantii pel strain lacking the five major pectate lyases, which causes limited tissue maceration on wild-type plants, regained infectivity in CoAOS1/2 plants. In line with this, we found differences in pectin methyl esterase activity and cell-wall pectin composition between wild-type and CoAOS1/2 plants. Importantly, wild-type plants had pectins with a lower degree of methyl esterification, which are the substrates of the pectate lyases mutated in the pel strain. These results suggest that, during development of potato plants, JAs mediate modification of the pectin matrix to form a defensive barrier that is counteracted by pectinolytic virulence factors from D. dadantii.

Fundamentación del conjunto tractor-apero para la labor de surcado y su influencia en el consumo energético en cultivos de raíces y tubérculos

El cumplimiento de los objetivos agrotécnicos de los cultivos de raíces y tubérculos exige que la labor de surcado configure un caballón que permita el trabajo de los posteriores aperos que participan en las demás labores de cultivo. En la agricultura cubana se emplean diversos tipos de surcadores que difieren en las características de los elementos aporcadores. Este hecho afecta a la capacidad de trabajo del conjunto tractor-apero y por extensión en el consumo de combustible y el rendimiento del cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido fundamentar el empleo del apero más adecuado para la labor de surcado en cultivos de raíces y tubérculos (patata, boniato, yuca) en Fluvisoles, teniendo en cuenta el comportamiento de las dimensiones y forma del caballón, cualidades tecnológicas explotativas del conjunto tractor-apero, consumo energético del proceso productivo y el rendimiento agrícola. Los tratamientos considerados estuvieron determinados por la utilización del surcador fertilizador IIMA-BALDAN 4.500 (T1), y los surcadores aporcadores SA-5 (T2) y SA-3 (T3). En los tres tratamientos se alcanzó un perfil de la sección transversal del caballón de configuración cóncavo-convexo. El surcador BALDAN logró el mejor comportamiento de los indicadores tecnológico-explotativos lo que se tradujo en la mayor capacidad de trabajo de 1,36 ha h-1 y el menor consumo de combustible de 5,38 L ha-1. Este mismo tratamiento proporcionó el mayor rendimiento medio de los cultivos superando en un 43,2% al del surcador SA-5 y en un 57,9% al del surcador SA-3. Desde el punto de vista energético T1, obtuvo una mejor eficiencia energética superior en un 43,5% a la del tratamiento T2, y en un 57,1% a la del tratamiento T3. ABSTRACT The achievement of agrotechnical objectives in the cultivation of roots and tubers demands the plow through activity creates a ridge to allow the work of subsequent farming tools participating in other cultivation works. In Cuban Agriculture various kinds of furrowers are used which differ in the characteristics of their earth up elements. This fact affects work capacity of the tractor-farming tool combination and by extension to fuel consumption and cultivation yield. The aim of this work has been to support the use of the most accurate farming tool in the plow through activity for the cultivation of roots and tubers (potato, sweet potato, cassava) in Fluvisoils, taking into account the behaviour of the ridge´s dimensions and shape, technologic-explotative qualities of the tractor-farming tool combination, energy consumption of the productive process and agricultural yield. The treatments considered were determined by the use of fertlizing furrower IIMA-BALDAN 4.500 (T1), and the earth up furrowers SA-5 (T2) and SA-3 (T3). During the three treatments a transverse section profile of the ridge under concave-convex configuration was obtained. The furrower BALDAN achieved the best behaviour of the technologic-explotative indicators, which was translated into the largest work capacity of 1,36 ha h-1 and the smallest fuel consumption of 5,38 L ha-1. This treatment also provided the biggest average yield of the cultivation, overcoming in a 43,2% the furrower SA-5 and furrower SA-3 in a 57,9%. From the energetic point of view T1 gained better energetic efficiency than treatment T2 in a 43,5% and treatment T3 in a 57,1%.

Growth of Fusarium species as affected by temperature and osmotic potential (NaCl and KCl) interactions.

Myceliar growth of 90 Fusarium strains os F. acuminatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F.verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani an F. sambucinum isolated from fluvial channels and sea beds of the south-eastern coast of Spain was tested on potato-dextrose-agar adjusted to different matric potentials with either KCl or NaCl (from - 1.50 to - 144.54 bars).

The interactive effects of temperature and osmotic potential on the growth of marines isolates of Fusarium solani

The mycelial growth of 18 Fusarium solani strains isolated from sea beds of the south-eastern coast of Spain was tested on potato-dextrose agar adjusted to different osmotic potentials with either KCl or NACl (-1.50 to -144.54 bars) in 10ºC intervals ranging from 15 to 35ºC. Fungal growth was determined by measuring colony diameter after 4 days incubation. Mycelial growth was maximal at 25ºC. The quantity and frequency pattern of mycelial growth of F. solani differ significantly at 15 and 25ºC, with maximal occurring at the highest water potential tested (-1.50 bars); and at 35ºC, with a maximal mycelial growth at -13.79 bars. The effect of water potential was independent of salt composition. The general growth pattern of F. solani showed declining growth at potentials below -41.79 bars. Fungal growth at 35ºC was always higher than that growth at 15ºC, of all the water potentials tested. Significant differences observed in the response of mycelia to water potential and temperature as main and interactive effects. The viability of cultures was increasingly inhibited as the water potential dropped, but some growth was still observed at -99.56 bars. These findings could indicate that marine strains of F. solani have a physiological mechanism that permits survival in environments with low water potential. The observed differences in viability and the magnitude growth could indicate that the biological factors governing potential and actual growth are affected by osmotic potential in different ways.

The Interactive Effects of Temperature and Osmotic Potential on the Growth of Aquatic Isolates of Fusarium culmorum.

The mycelial growth of 10 Fusarium culmorum strains isolated from water of the Andarax riverbed in the provinces of Granada and Almeria in southeastern Spain was tested on potato-dextroseagar adjusted to different osmotic potentials with either KCl or NaCl (−1.50 to−144.54 bars) at 10◦C intervals ranging from15◦ to 35◦C. Fungal growth was determined by measuring colony diameter after 4 d of incubation. Mycelial growth was maximal at 25◦C. The quantity and capacity of mycelial growth of F. culmorum were similar at 15 and 25◦C, with maximal growth occurring at −13.79 bars water potential and a lack of growth at 35◦C. The effect of water potential was independent of salt composition. The general growth pattern of Fusarium culmorum growth declined at potentials below −13.79 bars. Fungal growth at 25◦C was always greater than growth at 15◦C, at all of the water potentials tested. Significant differences were observed in the response ofmycelia to water potential and temperature as main and interactive effects. The number of isolates that showed growth was increasingly inhibited as the water potential dropped, but some growth was still observable at −99.56 bars. These findings could indicate that F. culmorum strains isolated from water have a physiological mechanism that permits survival in environments with low water potential. Propagules of Fusarium culmorum are transported long distances by river water, which could explain the severity of diseases caused by F.culmorum on cereal plants irrigated with river water and its interaction under hydric stress ormoderate soil salinity. The observed differences in growth magnitude and capacity could indicate that the biological factors governing potential and actual growth are affected by osmotic potential in different ways.

Diminished UV-absorbing nets reduce the Spreads and population density of Macrosiphum euphorbiae in lettuce.

UV-absorbing covers reduce the incidence of injurious insect pests and viruses in protected crops. In the present study, the effect of a UV-absorbing net (Bionet) on the spatio-temporal dynamics of the potato aphid on lettuce plants was evaluated. A field experiment was conducted during three seasons in two identical tunnels divided in four plots. A set of lettuce plants were artificially infested with Macrosiphum euphorbiae adults and the population was estimated by counting aphids on every plant over 7 to 9 weeks. Insect population grew exponentially but a significantly lower aphid density was present on plants grown under the UV-absorbing cover compared to a standard 50 mesh net. Similarly, in laboratory conditions, life table parameters were significantly reduced under the Bionet. Moreover, SADIE analysis showed that the spatial distribution of aphids was effectively limited under the UV-absorbing nets. Our results indicate that UV-absorbing nets should be considered as an important component of lettuce indoor cropping systems preventing pesticide applications and reducing the risk of spread of aphid-borne virus diseases.

Comparative characterization of dietary fibre-Enriched Frozen/thawed mashed potatoes

The potential use of commercial fibres (pea fibre, inulin, and their blends), as fibre-enriching agents in frozen/thawed mashed potatoes was reported. Pea fibre and inulin supplementations conferred hardness and softness to the product, respectively. Differences were attributed to the relationship of the fibre with the potato starch matrix. The association of pea fibre at low concentration (<15 g/kg mashed potatoes) and inulin at high concentration (>45 g/kg) is strongly encouraged to fortify the diet without promoting negative effects on textural and rheological properties of frozen/thawed mashed potatoes or colour and overall acceptability of the resulting products.

Protein isolate and inulin: chemical, rheological and structural basis

Soy protein isolate is typical vegetable protein with health-enhancing activities. Inulin, a prebiotic no digestible carbohydrate, has functional properties. A mashed potato serving of 200 g with added soy protein isolate and inulin concentrations of 15?60 g kg provides from 3 to 12 g of soy protein isolate and/or inulin, respectively. Currently, no information is available about the possible texture-modifying effect of this non-ionizable polar carbohydrate in different soy-based food systems. In this study, the effect of the addition of soy protein isolate and inulin blends at different soy protein isolate: inulin ratios on the degree of inulin polymerization and the rheological and structural properties of fresh mashed and frozen/thawed mashed potatoes were evaluated. The inulin chemical structure remained intact throughout the various treatments, and soy protein isolate did not affect inulin composition being a protein compatible with this fructan. Small-strain rheology showed that both ingredients behaved like soft fillers. In the frozen/thawed mashed potatoes samples,0 addition of 30 : 30 and 15 : 60 blend ratios significantly increased elasticity (G value) compared with 0 : 0 control, consequently reducing the freeze/thaw stability conferred by the cryoprotectants. Inulin crystallites caused a significant strengthening effect on soy protein isolate gel. Micrographs revealed that soy protein isolate supports the inulin structure by building up a second fine-stranded network. Thereby, possibility of using soy protein isolate and inulin in combination with mashed potatoes to provide a highly nutritious and healthy product is promising.

Instrument for testing the impact response of different materials. Application to apples and pears

Based on two research projects, a device for testing the response to-impact of fruits and related materials has been designed and tested during the last three years. As it is not related directly to potatoes, this contribution focuses mainly on the principles of impact and static loading and on the description of the device, and the type of results obtained up to now in different fruits.

Desarrollo de aplicaciones de comunicaciones inalámbricas en sistemas de monitorización estructural desarrollados en aeronáutica.

Los Sistemas de SHM o de monitorización de la integridad estructural surgen ante la necesidad de mejorar los métodos de evaluación y de test no destructivos convencionales. De esta manera, se puede tener controlado todo tipo de estructuras en las cuales su correcto estado o funcionamiento suponga un factor crítico. Un Sistema SHM permite analizar una estructura concreta capturando de manera periódica el estado de la integridad estructural, que en este proyecto se ha aplicado a estructuras aeronáuticas. P.A.M.E.L.A. (Phase Array Monitoring for Enhanced Life Assessment) es la denominación utilizada para definir una serie de equipos electrónicos para Sistemas SHM desarrollados por AERNOVA y los Grupos de Diseño Electrónico de las universidades UPV/EHU y UPM. Los dispositivos P.A.M.E.L.A. originalmente no cuentan con tecnología Wi-Fi, por lo que incorporan un módulo hardware independiente que se encarga de las comunicaciones inalámbricas, a los que se les denomina Nodos. Estos Nodos poseen un Sistema Operativo propio y todo lo necesario para administrar y organizar la red Mallada Wi-Fi. De esta manera se obtiene una red mallada inalámbrica compuesta por Nodos que interconectan los Sistemas SHM y que se encargan de transmitir los datos a los equipos que procesan los resultados adquiridos por P.A.M.E.L.A. Los Nodos son dispositivos empotrados que llevan instalados un firmware basado en una distribución de Linux para Nodos (o Routers), llamado Openwrt. Que para disponer de una red mallada necesitan de un protocolo orientado a este tipo de redes. Entre las opciones de protocolo más destacadas se puede mencionar: DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing), B.A.T.M.A.N-Adv (Better Approach To Mobile Adhoc Networking Advance), BMX (una versión de B.A.T.M.A.N-Adv), AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) y el DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). Además de la existencia de protocolos orientados a las redes malladas, también hay organizaciones que se dedican a desarrollar firmware que los utilizan, como es el caso del firmware llamado Nightwing que utiliza BMX, Freifunk que utiliza OLSR o Potato Mesh que utiliza B.A.T.M.A.N-Adv. La ventaja de estos tres firmwares mencionados es que las agrupaciones que las desarrollan proporcionan las imágenes precompiladas del sistema,listas para cargarlas en distintos modelos de Nodos. En este proyecto se han instalado las imágenes en los Nodos y se han probado los protocolos BMX, OLSR y B.A.T.M.A.N.-Adv. Concluyendo que la red gestionada por B.A.T.M.A.N.-Adv era la que mejor rendimiento obtenía en cuanto a estabilidad y ancho de banda. Después de haber definido el protocolo a usar, se procedió a desarrollar una distribución basada en Openwrt, que utilice B.A.T.M.A.N.-Adv para crear la red mallada, pero que se ajuste mejor a las necesidades del proyecto, ya que Nightwing, Freifunk y Potato Mesh no lo hacían. Además se implementan aplicaciones en lenguaje ANSI C y en LabVIEW para interactuar con los Nodos y los Sistemas SHM. También se procede a hacer alguna modificación en el Hardware de P.A.M.E.L.A. y del Nodo para obtener una mejor integración entre los dos dispositivos. Y por ultimo, se prueba la transferencia de datos de los Nodos en distintos escenarios. ABSTRACT. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems arise from the need of improving assessment methods and conventional nondestructive tests. Critical structures can be monitored using SHM. A SHM system analyzes periodically a specific structure capturing the state of structural integrity. The aim of this project is to contribute in the implementation of Mesh network for SHM system in aircraft structures. P.A.M.E.L.A. (Phase Array Monitoring for Enhanced Life Assessment) is the name for electronic equipment developed by AERNOVA, the Electronic Design Groups of university UPV/EHU and the Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics research group from UPM. P.A.M.E.L.A. devices were not originally equipped with Wi-Fi interface. In this project a separate hardware module that handles wireless communications (nodes) has been added. The nodes include an operating system for manage the Wi-Fi Mesh Network and they form the wireless mesh network to link SHM systems with monitoring equipment. Nodes are embedded devices with an installed firmware based on special Linux distribution used in routers or nodes, called OpenWRT. They need a Mesh Protocol to stablish the network. The most common protocols options are: DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing), BATMAN-Adv (Better Approach To Mobile Ad-hoc Networking Advance), BMX (a version of BATMAN-Adv) AODV (Ad hoc on-Demand Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). In addition, there are organizations that are dedicated to develope firmware using these Mesh Protocols, for instance: Nightwing uses BMX, Freifunk use OLSR and Potato Mesh uses BATMAN-Adv. The advantage of these three firmwares is that these groups develop pre-compiled images of the system ready to be loaded in several models of Nodes. In this project the images were installed in the nodes. In this way, BMX, OLSR and BATMAN-Adv have been tested. We conclude that the protocol BATMAN-Adv has better performance in terms of stability and bandwidth. After choosing the protocol, the objective was to develop a distribution based on OpenWRT, using BATMAN-Adv to create the mesh network. This distribution is fitted to the requirements of this project. Besides, in this project it has been developed applications in C language and LabVIEW to interact with the Nodes and the SHM systems. The project also address some modifications to the PAMELA hardware and the Node, for better integration between both elements. Finally, data transfer tests among the different nodes in different scenarios has been carried out.