The integration of project competences within the post-graduate programme: a case study of the International Masters in Rural Development AGRIS MUNDUS

Experiences relating to the InternationalMasters in Rural Development from the Technical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM), the first Spanish programme to receive a mention as a Registered Education Programme by InternationalProject Management Association (IPMA) are considered. Backed by an educational strategy based on Project-Based Learning dating back twenty years, this programme has managed to adapt to the competence evaluation requirements proposed by the European Space for Higher Education (ESHE). In order to do this the training is linked to the professional qualification using competences as a reference leading to the qualification in project management as established by the IPMA.

Information as a Key Tool for Rural Development. 25 Years of Experience in Spain

The lack of useful information has become a major obstacle that hinders the participation of the members of the community in the development process because they can not accurately perceive how their individual and/or collective action can influence their environment, and because of the lack of elements that support the decision-making processes. This article addresses these issues from the work carried out by the Association Instituto de Desarrollo Comunitario de Cuenca (IDC Cuenca) in the rural areas of this province of Spain for 25 years. The results show how the application of methodologies for the transmission of information tailored to each group of recipients in some aspects, enhances the participation of individuals.

Methodologies for Impact Assessment in the Ex Ante Evaluation of European Rural Development Programmes.

The ex ante quantification of impactsis compulsory when establishing a Rural Development Program (RDP) in the European Union. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to learn how to perform it better. In order to this all of the European 2007-2013 RDPs (a total of 88) and all of their corresponding available ex ante evaluations were analyzed.Results show that less than 50% of all RDPs quantify all the impact indicators and that the most used methodology that allows the quantification of all impact indicators is Input-Output. There are two main difficulties cited for not accomplishing the impact quantification: the heterogeneity of actors and factors involved in the program impacts and the lack of needed information.These difficulties should be addressedby usingnew methods that allow approaching the complexity of the programs and by implementing a better planning that facilitatesgathering the needed information.

Leader Rural Development Program in Spain: Profile and Functions of Workers in Local Action Groups.

Occupations in the labor market are linked with to a minimum basic training and other capacities. Hired workers should be able to accomplish required functions related to their specific job. Regarding the rural development labor market, local action groups? workers have defined performance areas?projects, strategy, organization and training & market?but specific functions within each of these areas are not as clearly defined. Neither both, basic training and capacities needed to perform each job profile within the local action group are defined. This communication analyses training and other capacities linked to each of the job profiles within the local action group. Functions within each of the performance areas previously defined are also analyzed regarding the job profiles.

Analyzing intergibles in rural development project management

Facing the frequent failure of projects in rural areas with top-down approaches, there has been a promotion of participation of the local people in decisions that affect their territories (bottom-up approach) to promote sustainable regional development (Chambers, 1997; Lusthaus et al., 1999; Horton, 2004; Vazquez-Barquero, 2000). In fact participation was deemed necessary to ensure the success and sustainability of projects (UNDP, 2006; WRI, 2008; Davies, 2009). Hence, the progressive strengthening of the local population should be promoted so that they can acquire a range of skills and knowledge that allow them to manage resources properly and undertake productive activities in their territory (Contreras, 2000). These are intangibles and therefore difficult to measure. Hence, in this research a model of integration of intangibles in rural development projects management is proposed. The model designed supplements and enriches the conceptual framework ?Working with People? WWP (Cazorla et al, 2013).

Resilence, rural development and suistainable management: a working with people model approach

Nowadays, it has become evident the need to seek sustainable development models that address challenges arising in a variety of contexts. The resilience concept appears connected to the ability of people to cope with adversities that inevitably arise due to context dynamics, at different spatial and temporal scales. This concept is related to the model known as Working With People (WWP), focused on rural development projects planning, management and evaluation, from the integration of three dimensions: technical-entrepreneurial, ethical-social and political-contextual. The research reported is part of the RETHINK European Project, whose overall aim is farm modernization and rural resilience. The resilience concept has been analyzed, in the scope of rural development projects management, and a relationship with the WWP model has been established. To this end, a thorough review of the scientific literature concerning this topic has been addressed, in order to develop the state of the art of the different concepts and models involved. A conceptual proposal for the integration of resilience in rural development projects sustainable management, through the three-dimensional WWP model is presented.

Mid-term impact estimation on evaluations of rural development programs

Mid-term evaluations are carried out during the implementation of the program and shall indicate whether it is necessary to redirect and make corrections before the ex-post evaluation, or for the next programming period. One of the core elements within these evaluations is the estimation of programs expected impacts. This is especially important for the Commission in order to support sound decision making, but also a very challenging task, as many evaluators have pointed out, mainly due to the lack of available data at the time the study had to be carried out. The aim of this study is therefore to analyze how impact estimation has been done in all European Union regions, as well as the problems encountered by evaluators.

Technology transfer of renewable energy for rural development: historical evolution and lessons of experience from the model WWP

Technology transfer (TT) in the area of renewable energy (RE) throughout history has been an important tool for rural development (RD). Initially, the TT has been conceptualized as the purchase or donation of machinery from first world countries - without any consideration of staff training and contextual conditions for the adaptation of technology to the needs of the country. Various researches have revealed the existence of different approaches to planning the TT of RE, demonstrating the high complexity of projects from the social and contextual dimension. This paper addresses the conceptual evolution of the TT of RE for RD, examining its different periods considered for three criteria: historical events occurred, the role of stakeholders and changing objectives for the TT of RE for RD. For the conceptual analysis of changes the model Working With People (WWP) is used for planning and project management of high social complexity in RD. The analysis defines the existence of four historical periods in the TT of RE and synthesizes the lessons of experience from the three dimensions (ethical-social, technical-entrepreneurial, and political-contextual) of the WWP model.

Del rural agrario al rural periurbano: instrumentos de desarrollo rural en la comarca de Torrijos (Toledo)

En los últimos años, una de las líneas de investigación que ha suscitado interés en las ciencias sociales es el estudio de la transformación de los territorios. La presente Tesis Doctoral se enmarca dentro de este campo de investigación, utilizando en el análisis los Programas de Desarrollo Rural fruto de la política europea y su aplicación sobre un territorio específico como es la comarca de Torrijos en la provincia de Toledo (España). El objeto de estudio es el proceso de transformación que ha tenido lugar en su ruralidad desde los años noventa del pasado siglo hasta ahora, de manera a aportar elementos al proceso de periurbanización que ha acontecido. Se toma como punto de partida el estudio de la caracterización del medio rural, y de la periurbanización, se repasa la evolución histórica de la política comunitaria de desarrollo rural en un marco teórico, para a continuación centrarnos en el análisis del PDR de Castilla la Mancha 2007-2013 y analizar por un lado, las medidas que se están aplicando en la comarca objeto de estudio, así como el papel específico del Grupo de Desarrollo Rural Castillos de Medio Tajo más focalizado en lo local, por otro. Para el desarrollo de esta tesis, la metodología de investigación empleada ha sido mixta, además del análisis estadístico documental en una primera etapa junto con el estudio minucioso de las medidas del PDR 2007-2013, se ha realizado una investigación empírica basada en entrevistas a diferentes agentes conocedores de la realidad de la comarca, ampliando la recogida de datos primarios con la observación participante, por la vinculación directa con este territorio. El análisis de todo el material recogido nos ha permitido contrastar una serie de hipótesis planteadas y obtener resultados para comprender el proceso de transformación. Así, si bien la proximidad al gran núcleo urbano de Madrid ha conseguido una mejora en la calidad de vida de sus habitantes, la aplicación de las políticas de desarrollo rural no ha conseguido diversificar la economía de esta comarca, por un lado los PDR son demasiado genéricos para responder a especificidades y realidades locales tan diferentes en la Comunidad de Castilla la Mancha, por otro son Programas atemporales que si bien obedecen a una programación dentro de un período, los efectos en la economía adquieren visibilidad (positiva o negativa) en una etapa posterior. En cuando a la acción de los GDR como herramientas de participación local, se observa que su actividad está relacionada con las prioridades de las corporaciones locales, manteniendo la mirada más sobre el rural agrario que fue que en el rural periurbano que acontece. ABSTRACT In the last years one of the lines of research that has caused interest in the social sciences is the study of the transformation of the territories. The present Doctoral Thesis stands within this field of investigation, using in its analysis the Programs of Rural Development product of the European Politics and their application on a specific territory such as the region of Torrijos in the province of Toledo (Spain).The object of the study is the process of transformation that its rural area has undergone since the 1990s until now, so that it adds elements to the development that has taken place there. The study of the characteristics and development of the rural area is taken as a starting point and the historical evolution of the community politics of rural development in a theoretical framework revised, to focus later on the analyses of the PDR of Castilla la Mancha.2007-2013 and to analyze on the one hand the measures that are being applied in the region object of study and on the other hand the specific paper of the Group of Rural Development “Castillos de Medio Tajo”, more focused on the local aspects. For the development of this thesis, the methodology of investigation that has been used has considered two aspects, besides the statistical documentary analyses in a first stage together with the meticulous study of the measures of the PDR 2007- 2013, an empirical investigation based on interviews to different agents who know the reality of the region has been done extending the collection of primary information to the observation of those who participate directly in this investigation. The analysis of all the material has allowed us to confirm a series of raised hypotheses and to obtain results to understand the process of transformation. Thus, although the proximity to the great urban core of Madrid has given an improvement in the quality of life of its habitants, the application of the policies of rural development has not managed to diversify the economy of this area. On the one hand, the PDR is too generic to answer to specifities and local realities so different in the community of Castilla la Mancha, on the other hand they are atemporal programmes that although they obey a programming within a period, their effects in the economy acquire visibility (positive or negative) in a later stage .As for the action of the GDR as tools of local participation, it is observed that their activity is related to the priorities of the local corporations, focusing more on the agrarian rural aspect than on the peri-urban rural it is now.

La evaluación como herramienta para la mejora de planes,programas y proyectos: evolución y contribuciones al desarrollo rural.

Evaluation is a new discipline and, whilst it has a long way to go, it has already made many advances. The growing importance of this field is exemplified in its increasing use in international organizations and public policies at a national, regional or local level, as well as in the exponential growth of evaluation societies around the world. The expansion of an ?evaluation culture? is explained by its significant utility by providing evidence to help decision-making and by providing a value system that establishes criteria and explicit standards by which to judge the interventions. These contributions have great relevance in the rural development field,thus, evaluation has become a great support for achieving sustainable development processes.

Project management competence analysis in rural communities through territorial representation: application to Aymara women communities in Puno (Peru)

The acquisition of technical, contextual and behavioral competences is a prerequisite for sustainable development and strengthening of rural communities. Territorial display of the status of these skills helps to design the necessary learning, so its inclusion in planning processes is useful for decision making. The article discusses the application of visual representation of competences in a rural development project with Aymara women communities in Peru. The results show an improvement of transparency and dialogue, resulting in a more successful project management and strengthening of social organization.

Adaptación del modelo leader en el territorio huejotzingo, puebla: una nueva propuesta de desarrollo rural local

Free people association constructed from button to above to get better conditions of people using local resources, are among others, elements of local development. LEADER (Liaisons HQWUH DFWLYLWpV GH 'HYHORSHPHQW GH /¶(FRQRPLH 5XUDO) is the Europe Union model of rural development. The LEADER method is conformed in seven features which are factors of success in the approach of applying in different territories . The actions held in the municipal council of rural development of San Andres C a l p a n during 2010 showed some elements of LEADER for it´s adjustment: 1).- territory definition , 2).- local association , 3).- financing. It´s used a methodology consists of reviewing documents about the financing and association in the territory studied, survey applying t define the model of agricultural production and development along with mayors of different municipalities, the economical and social actors. The definition performance field with territory integration of citizen councils as groups of local action and a financing strategy are part of the results of this process of adapting in this territory

Capacity building in development projects

Development projects of different types mainly aim to alleviate poverty and ameliorate the livelihoods of local people. One of the strategies commonly used is to focus on organizations and build from their existing capacities in order to improve their living standards or try to build new organizations to work in a common project. Social and human capitals are two key components of these organizations and they might be crucial to the success of the actions that they accomplish. Both can be considered as part of the social capacity of the local organization. This capacity can be enforced with development projects through capacity building. This term means much more than training activities as it includes not only human resource development but also organizational and institutional development (UNESCO, 2010). Capacity and capacity building concepts, as well as capacity measurements in this context are explored to build a framework to evaluate the social capacity generated with the interventions and better plan the actions to be undertaken by the projects to succeed. The focus is set on rural development projects.

River Restoration in Spain: Theoretical and Practical Approach in the Context of the European Water Framework Directive.

River restoration is becoming a priority in many countries because of increasing the awareness of environmental degradation. In Europe, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) has significantly reinforced river restoration, encouraging the improvement of ecological status for water bodies. To fulfill the WFD requirements, the Spanish Ministry of the Environment developed in 2006 a National Strategy for River Restoration whose design and implementation are described in this paper. At the same time many restoration projects have been conducted, and sixty of them have been evaluated in terms of stated objectives and pressures and implemented restoration measures. Riparian vegetation enhancement, weir removal and fish passes were the most frequently implemented restoration measures, although the greatest pressures came from hydrologic alteration caused by flow regulation for irrigation purposes. Water deficits in quantity and quality associated with uncontrolled water demands seriously affect Mediterranean rivers and represent the main constraint to achieving good ecological status of Spanish rivers, most of them intensively regulated. Proper environmental allocation of in-stream flows would need deep restrictions in agricultural water use which seem to be of very difficult social acceptance. This situation highlights the need to integrate land-use and rural development policies with water resources and river management, and identifies additional difficulties in achieving the WFD objectives and good ecological status of rivers in Mediterranean countries.

Evaluación de competencias en programas de formación en el sector rural : el caso de la maestría tecnológica para prestadores de servicios profesionales (PSP) en México

El objetivo de la presente investigación doctoral es proponer una metodología para evaluar las competencias en programas de formación en el sector rural mexicano. Para ello hemos realizado una exhausta revisión documental a nivel internacional sobre el concepto de competencia, sus orígenes y su evolución, para poder diseñar la metodología de su evaluación, así como el identificar los diferentes enfoques, herramientas y técnicas utilizadas actualmente para la evaluación de las competencias. Una vez comprendido el concepto de competencia, haber observado que existen saberes implícitos en ella, además de haber identificado las competencias necesarias por parte de los actores sociales presentes en el medio rural mexicano para el logro de un desarrollo rural integral dentro de sus territorios, y haberlos integrado en el diseño de la metodología, hemos realizado una propuesta metodológica considerando los instrumentos disponibles en México y enmarcados en la normativa legal vigente, que pudieran aportar evidencias de desempeño de un sujeto. Además como parte de la metodología se ha diseñado y validado un cuestionario psicométrico para poder evaluar las competencias personales de los sujetos presentes en el medio rural mexicano. La aplicación empírica de la metodología propuesta fue realizada a un estudio de caso en México, particularmente a Prestadores de Servicios Profesionales (PSP) del medio rural, estudiantes de una maestría tecnológica diseñada bajo un enfoque de competencias por el Colegio de Postgraduados, Institución de enseñanza, investigación y servicio en Ciencias Agrícolas. Los resultados evidencian que la propuesta metodológica es significativa para poder evaluar las competencias en el sector rural mexicano. Abstract The objective of this PhD thesis is to propose a methodology to assess competences in training programs in rural Mexico. We therefore performed an exhausted international literature review on the concept of competence, its origins and evolution, in order to design their evaluation methodology and also identified the different approaches, tools and techniques currently used for the assessment of competences. Once we understand the concept of competence, have noticed that there are implicit knowledge in it, and having identified the competences needed by social actors in rural Mexico, for the achievement of a integrated rural development within their territories, and integrated them into the design of the methodology, we have made a methodology considering the tools available in Mexico and framed in the current legislation, which could provide evidence of performance of a subject. Also as part of the methodology we designed and validated a psychometric questionnaire to assess behavioral competences of the individuals present in rural Mexico. The empirical application of the proposed methodology was performed at a case study in Mexico, particularly to providers of farming professionals services (PSP), students from a technological master designed under a competence approach by the Colegio de Postgraduados, an Institution of teaching, research and service in Agricultural Sciences. The results show that the proposed methodology is meaningful to assess competences in rural Mexico.