Lithogeochemistry and fluid flow in the epithermal Veta Rublo base metal-silver deposit, Chonta Mine (Huancavelica, Perú)

The Chonta Mine (75º00’30” W & 13º04’30”S, 4495 to 5000 m absl), owned by Compañía Minera Caudalosa, operates a polymetallic Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag vein system of the low sulphidation epithermal type, hosted by cenozoic volcanics of dacitic to andesitic composition (Domos de Lava Formation). Veta Rublo, one of the main veins of the system, is worked underground to nearly 300 m. It strikes 60-80º NE and dips 60-70º SE; its width varies between 0.30 and 2.20m, and it crops out along 1 km, but is continued along strike by other veins, as Veta Caudalosa, for some 5 km. Typical metal contents are 7% Zn, 5% Pb, 0.4% Cu and 3 oz/t Ag, with quartz, sericite, sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, fahlore as main minerals, and minor carbonate and sulphosalts.

Valuation of a new entrant in an oligopolistic market, including its option to abandon: A real-life case

The purpose of this paper is to increase current empirical evidence on the relevance of real options for explaining firm investment decisions in oligopolistic markets. We study an actual investment case in the Spanish mobile telephony industry, the entrant in the market of a new operator, Yoigo. We analyze the option to abandon in order to show the relevance of the possibility of selling the company in an oligopolistic market where competitors are not allowed free entrance. The NPV (net present value) of the new entrant is calculated as a starting point. Then, based on the general approach proposed by Copeland and Antikarov (2001), a binomial tree is used to model managerial flexibility in discrete time periods, and value the option to abandon. The strike price of the option is calculated based on incremental EBITDA margins due to selling customers or merging with a competitor.

Analysis and Quality Control from ARIMA Modeling

In this paper, we use ARIMA modelling to estimate a set of characteristics of a short-term indicator (for example, the index of industrial production), as trends, seasonal variations, cyclical oscillations, unpredictability, deterministic effects (as a strike), etc. Thus for each sector and product (more than 1000), we construct a vector of values corresponding to the above-mentioned characteristics, that can be used for data editing.

Seismic Risk Scenarios in Puerto Principe (Haiti). A Tool for Reconstruction and Emergency Planning

The 12 January 2010, an earthquake hit the city of Port-au-Prince, capital of Haiti. The earthquake reached a magnitude Mw 7.0 and the epicenter was located near the town of Léogâne, approximately 25 km west of the capital. The earthquake occurred in the boundary region separating the Caribbean plate and the North American plate. This plate boundary is dominated by left-lateral strike slip motion and compression, and accommodates about 20 mm/y slip, with the Caribbean plate moving eastward with respect to the North American plate (DeMets et al., 2000). Initially the location and focal mechanism of the earthquake seemed to involve straightforward accommodation of oblique relative motion between the Caribbean and North American plates along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system (EPGFZ), however Hayes et al., (2010) combined seismological observations, geologic field data and space geodetic measurements to show that, instead, the rupture process involved slip on multiple faults. Besides, the authors showed that remaining shallow shear strain will be released in future surface-rupturing earthquakes on the EPGFZ. In December 2010, a Spanish cooperation project financed by the Politechnical University of Madrid started with a clear objective: Evaluation of seismic hazard and risk in Haiti and its application to the seismic design, urban planning, emergency and resource management. One of the tasks of the project was devoted to vulnerability assessment of the current building stock and the estimation of seismic risk scenarios. The study was carried out by following the capacity spectrum method as implemented in the software SELENA (Molina et al., 2010). The method requires a detailed classification of the building stock in predominant building typologies (according to the materials in the structure and walls, number of stories and age of construction) and the use of the building (residential, commercial, etc.). Later, the knowledge of the soil characteristics of the city and the simulation of a scenario earthquake will provide the seismic risk scenarios (damaged buildings). The initial results of the study show that one of the highest sources of uncertainties comes from the difficulty of achieving a precise building typologies classification due to the craft construction without any regulations. Also it is observed that although the occurrence of big earthquakes usually helps to decrease the vulnerability of the cities due to the collapse of low quality buildings and the reconstruction of seismically designed buildings, in the case of Port-au-Prince the seismic risk in most of the districts remains high, showing very vulnerable areas. Therefore the local authorities have to drive their efforts towards the quality control of the new buildings, the reinforcement of the existing building stock, the establishment of seismic normatives and the development of emergency planning also through the education of the population.

Preliminary mineralogy and ore petrology of the intermediate-sulfidation pallancata deposit, Ayacucho, Peru

Se investiga la compleja mineralogía del Yacimiento de Pallancata (6º productor de plata del mundo) y se establecen las condiciones de formación (P.T) basadas en la petrología de las menas comparada con los datos de mineralogía experimental y en la petrografía y microtermometría de inclusiones fluídas en la ganga silicatada, resultando un depósito típicamente caracterizado como epitermal de sulfuración intermedia.ABSTRACT:Pallancata is a world-class intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposit, hosted by upper Miocene volcanics of the south-central Peruvian Andes in a sinuous N70ºW, ∼75º SW strike-slip structure, with wide (up to 35 m) pull-apart dilation zones related to bends of the vein strike. The structural evolution of the vein from earlier brecciation to later open space infill resembles the Shila Paula district (Chauvet et al. 2006). Fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry show that ore deposition is related to protracted boiling of very diluted, mainly meteoric fluids, starting at 250–260 ºC, under ∼300 m hydrostatic head. The mineralogical-petrological study reveals a complex sequence of mineralization (eight stages) and mineral reactions consistent with Ag2S enrichment or Sb2S3 depletion, or both, during cooling over the temperature range 250–200 ºC: pyrite, sphalerite, galena, miargyrite, pyrargyrite-proustite, chalcopyrite, polybasite-pearceite, argentite (now acanthite), and Au–Ag alloy (“electrum”). This Ag2S enrichment and Sb2S3depletion during cooling may be explained by decay of a Ag-rich galena precursor at deeper levels (Pb2S2–AgSbS2 solid solution), which rapidly becomes unstable with decreasing temperature, producing residual (stoichiometric) PbS and more mobile Ag and Sb sulfide phases, which migrated upward and laterally away from the thermal core of the system. The core is still undisclosed by mining works, but the available geochemical evidence (logAg/log Pb ratios decreasing at depth) is consistent with this interpretation, implying a deeper potential resource. Data from sulfide geothermometry, based on mineral equilibria, document the thermal evolution of the system below 200 ºC (stephanite, uytenbogaardtite, jalpaite, stromeyerite, mckinstryite, among others). The end of the most productive stages (3, 4, and 5) is marked by the precipitation of stephanite at temperatures below 197 ± 5 ºC, but precipitation of residual silver continues through the waning stages of the hydrothermal system down to <93.3 ºC (stromeyerite) or in a supergene redistribution (stage 8, acanthite II).

Arquitectura para volver a vivir

This article describes how architecture can help communities to recover themselves after the strike of a natural disaster. Este artículo describe cómo la arquitectura puede ayudar a las comunidades a recuperarse después de un desastre natural.

Análisis de la embarcabilidad de aviones de combate terrestres

La retirada de los aviones Harrier, en servicio en operaciones embarcadas con Armadas de diferentes países, está basada en la perspectiva de poder sustituirlos por el F-35B, versión de operación vertical del controvertido programa Joint Strike Fighter. Este proyecto en realidad engloba el diseño de tres aviones de combate muy distintos entre sí, que, a pesar de tener una considerable parte en común, y dados sus muy diferentes requisitos, es un proyecto tremendamente complejo. Como consecuencia de todo esto, y ante el sobrecoste y los continuos retrasos acumulados en el desarrollo de un proyecto tan ambicioso, se plantean numerosas incertidumbres temporales y económicas, que hacen atractivo el estudio de posibles alternativas de menor riesgo. Esta tesis es un trabajo de investigación tecnológica que plantea el estudio de la modificación de determinados diseños de aviones de combate de operación terrestre, con idea de que puedan satisfacer los exigentes requisitos de operación desde un buque. Tras estudiar las peculiaridades de dichas operaciones, y analizar los tipos de buque y sus necesidades de modificación asociadas más importantes, se propone qué acciones a realizar, y se identifican las áreas de mayor interés, permitiendo establecer un procedimiento objetivo de comparación, con el fin de poder seleccionar los potenciales candidatos para su adaptación. Se aplica esta metodología, en particular, a dos casos de diseño de especial interés; el Eurofighter Typhoon y el Saab Gripen. En ambos, y por lo que respecta a las modificaciones planteadas, no se aprecian especiales dificultades que permitan descartar las posibilidades técnicas de su adaptación. Por último, y dada la complejidad de la consecución del objetivo final, se sugieren posibles líneas de investigación, desde completar y extender la filosofía de trabajo a otros subsistemas, al análisis de los costes de las modificaciones. ABSTRACT The Harrier fleet has been in active service in several Navies from different countries as a carrier-based aircraft. However, this aircraft may be withdrawn and replaced by the F-35B, a vertical capability version of the controversial Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) programme, which great complexity and constant development delays raise numerous uncertainties from a temporal and economical point of view. In fact, this program encompasses the design of three different fighter aircraft which, at the same time, share many similarities. All these aspects led us to undertake the analysis of other lower-risk alternatives. This thesis is a technological research work aimed at studying those design changes required for several fighter aircraft, initially designed for ground operation, in order to make them fullfil the highly demanding requirements for operating from aircraft carriers. After analizing the peculiarities of such operations, and studying different types of ships as well as their most significant modifications, specific actions to undertake are proposed, and those areas of greatest interest are identified, for the purposes of establishing an objective comparison procedure, and selecting potential candidates for this adaptation. This methodology is applied to design two specific cases of particular concern: the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Saab Gripen. In both instances, no major problems have been encountered regarding the modifications suggested. Finally, given the complexity of the analysis performed, some future research lines are outlined such as completing and extending this methodology to other subsystems, and giving an initial estimate of the modification costs.